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Infectious Diseases of Rwanda INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF RWANDA Stephen Berger, MD 2015 Edition Infectious Diseases of Rwanda - 2015 edition Copyright Infectious Diseases of Rwanda - 2015 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2015 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN: 978-1-4988-0605-3 Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or etiologic grouping (Coltiviruses - Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application. Similarly, a number of diseases which are generally diagnosed and treated outside of the field of Infectious Diseases are not included, despite the fact that a clear infectious etiology exists. Examples include Peptic ulcer, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Human papilloma virus infections, etc. In contrast, a number of other entities of unknown etiology which do present to Infectious Diseases specialists have been included: Kawasaki's disease, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Kikuchi and Kimura diseases. Several minor infections having minimal relevance to the field of Geographic Medicine are not covered: Paronychia, Otitis externa, Molluscum contagiosum, etc. © 2015 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 402 Infectious Diseases of Rwanda - 2015 edition Introduction: The GIDEON e-book series Infectious Diseases of Rwanda is one in a series of GIDEON ebooks which summarize the status of individual infectious diseases, in every country of the world. Data are based on the GIDEON web application (www.gideononline.com) which relies on standard text books, peer-review journals, Health Ministry reports and ProMED, supplemented by an ongoing search of the medical literature. Chapters are arranged alphabetically, by disease name. Each section is divided into four sub-sections: 1. Descriptive epidemiology 2. Summary of clinical features 3. Status of the disease in Rwanda 4. References The initial items in the first section, Descriptive epidemiology, are defined as follows: Agent Classification (e.g., virus, parasite) and taxonomic designation. Reservoir Any animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host. Vector An arthropod or other living carrier which transports an infectious agent from an infected organism or reservoir to a susceptible individual or immediate surroundings. Vehicle The mode of transmission for an infectious agent. This generally implies a passive and inanimate (i.e., non-vector) mode. A chapter outlining the routine vaccination schedule of Rwanda follows the diseases chapters. There are 353 generic infectious diseases in the world today. 217 of these are endemic, or potentially endemic, to Rwanda. A number of other diseases are not relevant to Rwanda and have not been included in this book. In addition to endemic diseases, we have included all published data regarding imported diseases and infection among expatriates from Rwanda. The availability and quality of literature regarding specific infectious diseases vary from country to country. As such, you may find that many of the sections in this book are limited to a general discussion of the disease itself - with no data regarding Rwanda. This is a book about the geography and epidemiology of Infection. Comprehensive and up-to-date information regarding the causes, diagnosis and treatment of each disease is available in the GIDEON web application. Many of the diseases are generic. For example, such designations as Pneumonia bacterial and Urinary tract infection include a number of individual diseases. These appear under the subheading, Synonyms, listed under each disease. We welcome feedback, and will be pleased to add any relevant, sourced material. Email us at [email protected] For more information about GIDEON see the section About GIDEON and visit www.gideononline.com Last updated: February 1, 2015 © 2015 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 3 of 402 Infectious Diseases of Rwanda - 2015 edition Table of Contents Introduction: The GIDEON e-book series ......................... 3 Dientamoeba fragilis infection .......................................93 Actinomycosis .............................................................. 7 Diphtheria+ ................................................................94 Adenovirus infection+.................................................... 9 Diphyllobothriasis ........................................................97 Aeromonas & marine Vibrio infx.+................................. 11 Dipylidiasis .................................................................98 AIDS+....................................................................... 13 Dirofilariasis ...............................................................99 Amoeba - free living ................................................... 18 Echinococcosis - unilocular ......................................... 100 Amoebic abscess+ ...................................................... 20 Endemic syphilis (bejel) ............................................. 103 Amoebic colitis+ ......................................................... 21 Endocarditis - infectious ............................................. 104 Animal bite-associated infection ................................... 23 Enterobiasis.............................................................. 105 Anisakiasis ................................................................ 24 Enterovirus infection .................................................. 106 Anthrax+ ................................................................... 26 Epidural abscess ....................................................... 108 Ascariasis+ ................................................................ 30 Erysipelas or cellulitis................................................. 109 Aspergillosis .............................................................. 32 Erysipeloid ............................................................... 110 Bacillary angiomatosis................................................. 33 Erythrasma .............................................................. 111 + Bacillus cereus food poisoning ...................................... 34 Escherichia coli diarrhea ........................................... 112 Bacterial vaginosis+ .................................................... 35 Filariasis - Bancroftian................................................ 114 Balantidiasis+............................................................. 37 Fungal infection - invasive .......................................... 116 + Bartonellosis - cat borne.............................................. 38 Gastroenteritis - viral ............................................... 118 Bartonellosis - other systemic+..................................... 40 GB virus C infection ................................................... 120 Bertiella and Inermicapsifer+........................................ 42 Gianotti-Crosti syndrome............................................ 121 + Blastocystis hominis infection....................................... 43 Giardiasis ............................................................... 122 + Blastomycosis*........................................................... 44 Gonococcal infection ................................................ 124 Botulism.................................................................... 46 Granuloma inguinale.................................................. 126 Brain abscess............................................................. 48 Hantavirus infection - Old World ..................................127 + Brucellosis+ ............................................................... 49 Hepatitis A .............................................................. 129 + Bunyaviridae infections - misc. ..................................... 53 Hepatitis B .............................................................. 131 + Campylobacteriosis+ ................................................... 54 Hepatitis C .............................................................
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