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Study on Electrical Energy Storage for Ships

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Study on Electrical Energy Storage for Ships European Maritime Safety Agency STUDY ON credit: itsflowingtothesoul/Shutterstock.com ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE FOR SHIPS BATTERY SYSTEMS FOR MARITIME APPLICATIONS – TECHNOLOGY, SUSTAINABILITY AND SAFETY May 2020 EMSA MARITIME BATTERY STUDY Electrical Energy Storage for Ships EMSA European Maritime Safety Agency Report No.: 2019-0217, Rev. 04 Document No.: 11B59ZDK-1 Date: 2020-05-05 Project name: EMSA Maritime Battery Study DNV GL AS Maritime Report title: Electrical Energy Storage for Ships Environment Advisory Customer: EMSA European Maritime Safety Agency, Veritasveien 1 Cais do Sodré 1363 Høvik 1249-206 LISBOA Norway Portugal Customer contact: Ricardo Batista Date of issue: 2020-05-05 Project No.: 10122143 Organisation unit: Environment Advisory Report No.: 2019-0217, Rev. 04 Document No.: 11B59ZDK-1 Applicable contract(s) governing the provision of this Report: Objective: Review the technologies and applications relevant for storing electrical energy on ships. Prepared by: Verified by: Approved by: Henrik Helgesen Gerd Petra Haugom Terje Sverud Senior Consultant Principle Consultant Head of Section Sondre Henningsgård Benjamin Gully Narve Mjøs Discipline Leader Senior Engineer Director Battery Services & Projects Andrea Aarseth Langli Nathaniel Frithiof Consultant Senior Consultant Copyright © DNV GL 2020. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise agreed in writing: (i) This publication or parts thereof may not be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, whether digitally or otherwise; (ii) The content of this publication shall be kept confidential by the customer; (iii) No third party may rely on its contents; and (iv) DNV GL undertakes no duty of care toward any third party. Reference to part of this publication which may lead to misinterpretation is prohibited. DNV GL and the Horizon Graphic are trademarks of DNV GL AS DNV GL Distribution: Keywords: ☒ OPEN. Unrestricted distribution, internal and external. Maritime batteries, hybrids solutions, ☐ INTERNAL use only. Internal DNV GL document. battery technology development, safety, ☐ CONFIDENTIAL. Distribution within DNV GL according to gap analysis applicable contract.* ☐ SECRET. Authorized access only. *Specify distribution: Rev. No. Date Reason for Issue Prepared by Verified by Approved by 0 2018-10-22 Draft issue H.Helgesen, S. G. P. Haugom/ N. Mjøs 1 2018-11-29 Second interim draft issue Henningsgård, A. B. Gully 2 2019-02-24 First issue Langli 3 2019-04-12 Second issue 4 2020-05-05 Update: executive summary, section A. Langli, S. G. P. Haugom/ T. Sverud 2.2.2, 6.6, after receiving feedback on Henningsgård N. Frithiof second issue from EMSA on 2020-04-08 DNV GL – Report No. 2019-0217, Rev. 04 – www.dnvgl.com Page i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2018, the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) commissioned DNV GL to perform a study on the use of electrical storage systems in shipping, with the objective of providing an overview of technology, research, feasibility, regulations and safety of battery systems in maritime applications. The main sections of the study are presented in the diagram of Figure i. Part A Part B Part C Battery Applications Framework Projects Safety Technology in Shipping Development Concepts and Battery List of relevant Rules & Battery Safety Technology applications in projects Standards Hazards overview shipping Environmental Future beyond Key research Regulatory Gap Risk and Social 2020 areas Analysis Assessment Aspects Best Future Ship-specific Technologies Research challenges for Shipping Needs Figure i – Main Structure of the Study PART A – Battery technology for maritime/ PART B - Standards/regulations/guidelines for maritime battery installations and Part C – Battery safety and safety assessment Table i below presents the main objectives of the study, per section: Section Objective 1 TECHNOLOGY • Presentation of the different electrical energy storage system technologies with a focus on those with most relevance in maritime applications • Identification of most promising battery technologies for marine applications 2 PROJECTS • Summary information on existing and recent research projects, with a focus on EU co-funded projects 3 APPLICATION • Identify the different application concepts for marine batteries in hybrid or all-electric ships, with particular consideration for different operational profiles 4 ENVIRONMENT • Discussion, in a life-cycle perspective, of the main environmental aspects regarding the use of batteries in shipping 5 COST • Discussion of the main cost components in the life-cycle cost of maritime batteries 6-7 REGULATIONS • Listing of the different regulatory instruments directly or indirectly related to batteries, with a special focus on maritime projects • Gap analysis and identification of the key regulatory aspects that deserve most attention from a legislation development perspective 8-9 SAFETY • Identification of possible hazardous events on the deployment and use of battery systems in maritime applications • HAZID Workshop organization DNV GL – Report No. 2019-0217, Rev. 04 – www.dnvgl.com Page ii Part A reviews available battery technologies as well as those under development. It also presents research projects that have been piloted and demonstrated the feasibility of battery systems in maritime, as well as the thriving market situation that has developed. Part A also presents an analysis of the role of batteries in many of the potential ship segments and applications, offering a high level feasibility study that can be used for a primary assessment on the applicability of battery technology for a given vessel. Battery application onboard ships can have multiple functional roles. Relevant roles are presented in Figure ii below. While batteries can fully power a vessel for short distance or duration, improving performance and energy efficiency of the overall vessel is often the key purpose. Figure ii - Functional roles of battery systems onboard ships Different ships have different operating profiles and batteries must respond to specific energy and power demand while also having in consideration the desired/expected life-cycle for the battery. Figures iv to vii, provide insight on system configurations for applications of maritime batteries. The legend for the symbols used are presented in Figure iii. System topologies from Figure iv to viii follow a logic of increased role of the battery system in the concept presented. Figure iii - Symbols (symbols used in the figures below) DNV GL – Report No. 2019-0217, Rev. 04 – www.dnvgl.com Page iii Figure iv – Mechanical Figure v – Fuel Cell and Batteries (electrochemical energy systems) (electrochemical energy systems) Figure vi – Fuel Cell and Batteries Figure vii – Fuel Cell and Batteries (electrochemical energy systems) (electrochemical energy systems) Figure viii – Fuel Cell and Batteries (electrochemical energy systems) Different battery technologies are reviewed and evaluated for marine applications. Based on our review, the most interesting of the future technologies is considered to be solid state, preferably combined with metal air. This combination improves specific energy, energy density and safety features. When these technologies have matured, vessels will be able to sail longer distances all electric, while the risk for thermal runaway is also reduced. However, conductivity and lifetime issues need to be solved before the technology can be utilized. The presented outcome with respect to battery technology development up to 2050 outlines the following key expected developments: 1) Increasing availability of technologies to adopt solid-state electrolyte, supported by materials technology advances, mitigation of material structure associated problems and increasing availability of suitable materials needed for technology feasible production/deployment. DNV GL – Report No. 2019-0217, Rev. 04 – www.dnvgl.com Page iv 2) Metal-air technology as a key vector for development, with significant energy density potential, up to 20/30 times higher than current state-of-the-art lithium-ion technology. 3) Battery management systems development expected to incorporate predictive failure assessment, charging/discharging and state-of-charge monitoring based on machine learning principles. 4) Life-cycle cost reduction of batteries to be improved. Feasibility of maritime battery applications in different shipping sectors are summarised in Table ii and iii. Table ii Summary table with typical values with regard to application feasibility and benefit Ship type Fuel savings Payback time Main battery Factors which can maximize potential (years) function benefit (%) considered Ferry All electric where Low electricity costs, high port Up to 100 Less than 5 feasible time, low crossing distance Offshore DP - Spinning Low power and energy needs for 5 – 20 2 - 5 supply vessel reserve backup Cruise Hybrid operating in Ability to operate in all electric < 5 Highly variable all electric, ticket to mode for extended period trade Offshore Spinning reserve 10 – 15 1 – 3 Closed bus, large battery size drilling unit and peak shaving Fishing vessel Hybrid load 3 - 30+ 3 - 7 levelling and Diesel sizing relative to loads spinning reserve Fish farm Hybrid load vessel 5-15 % 3-7 levelling and Diesel sizing relative to loads spinning reserve Shuttle tanker DP - spinning Low power and energy needs for 5 – 20 2 - 5 reserve backup Short sea All electric or many Highly variable Highly variable Vessel and duty cycle dependent shipping hybrid uses Deep sea Highly variable, detailed duty
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