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In Search of Clean Water: Human Rights and the Mining Industry in Katanga, DRC

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In Search of Clean Water: Human Rights and the Mining Industry in Katanga, DRC In search of clean water: human rights and the mining industry in Katanga, DRC Andrés Zaragoza Montejano Réseau Ressources Naturelles 1 Editorial In search of clean water: human rights and the mining industry in Katanga, DRC Author: Andrés Zaragoza Montejano Layout: Anne Hullebroeck Front Cover image: Boy running to gather water for the day, Democratic Republic of the Congo. (IPIS 2013) Antwerp, November 2013 Acknowledgements: This report has been developed in collaboration with Sabin Mande, from the Réseau Ressources Naturelles in DRC (RRN-RDC) and with inputs from Helene Ramos dos Santos, Natalia Uribe and Tobias Schmitz from Waterlex. This report is also the result of the insights received by local civil society in Lubumbashi (Katanga, DRC) as part of a capacity building workshop on the human right to water carried out in January 2013. This project was possible through the support of the City of Antwerp and the Belgian Development Cooperation. WaterLex is an NGO based in Geneva (Switzerland) committed to develop sustainable solutions based on human rights to improve water governance worldwide. http://www.waterlex.org/ IPIS is an independent research institute devoted to peace and development in sub-Saharan Africa. Our thematic focus concerns three core themes: arms trade, exploitation of natural resources, and business & human rights. Drawing from its expertise, IPIS also engages in capacity building and technical training for NGOs, governments and other stakeholders in our focal region. 2 Executive Summary Today, around 1,8 billion people in the world do not have access to safe water. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the most water-rich country in Africa, 51 million people lack access to potable water; only 26% of the population has access to safe drinking water. This is one of the lowest access rates in the world. In the Katanga province, rich in cobalt and copper, some industrial mining companies operate provoking significant pollution of water sources, seriously affecting the local population. Although there is a lack of comprehensive data available, several studies conducted by local civil society show environmental, health and socio-economic negative effects. As a State party to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, the DRC has the obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the human right to safe drinking water of its population. The Congolese government has to take effective measures to combat water pollution by industrial mining companies, following the work made at the African Human Rights System in relation to natural resources governance and human rights. This report begins by setting out the context in the Katanga province and providing an overview of the human right to water. It then assesses, firstly, whether mining companies comply with the national mining regulations, stressing also the importance of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and taking the concept of human rights due diligence as a benchmark; secondly, the performance of the DRC vis-a-vis its international human rights obligations, emphasising the participation of state-owned companies in the mining sector; and lastly, the role of the home States of the polluting companies and their extraterritorial obligations regarding the protection of the human right to water in the DRC. The Congolese legislation regulating the mining sector is fairly developed and obliges companies to make sure that they do not pollute water sources as part of their operations. Although the law could be improved to include human rights due diligence (a concept embedded in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights) as a requirement to protect the right to water from corporate abuses, the core problem lies in the implementation and enforcement of the law. The Congolese State fails to provide adequate protection for the human right to water of its citizens. The lack of law enforcement, the structural corruption, the insufficient capacity of public officials or the fundamental problems in the justice system are some of the causes leading to the negative situation regarding the right to water in the Katanga province and the impunity in which many mining companies operate. The Congolese State participates actively in the mining sector in Katanga through the state-owned company Gecamines or by being a required shareholder in the entities conducting their operations in Katanga. The State has to take into consideration its human rights obligations also when participating in the mining industry and use its prominent position to make sure it fulfils its responsibilities regarding the right to water. Many foreign companies carry out their mining operations in the DRC through subsidiaries that are sometimes involved in human rights abuses. Considering that the Congolese government is often not able or willing to protect the human rights of those within its jurisdiction, an additional possibility is to examine the extraterritorial human rights obligations of the home States of these foreign companies. These obligations are outlined in the Maastricht Principles, a document taking forward the growing view that States should protect the human right to water from the abuses made by companies, also outside their territory. 3 Table of Contents General background: the water crisis 6 Introduction: the focus of the report 6 Katanga province: mining and water pollution 8 1. Actors in the mining sector: public and private companies 8 2. Water pollution by the industrial mining sector 10 The human right to water. States’ legal obligations under international law 12 1. The recognition of the human right to safe drinking water 12 Recognition at the international level 12 Recognition at the regional level: The African Human Rights System 13 Nature, content and scope 14 2. The relation between the human right to water and other human rights 16 Mining companies: the responsibility to respect the human right to water 18 1. Obligations under national law 18 2. Human rights due diligence: an overview from the UN Guiding Principles perspective 18 3. Additional measures that mining companies should take to respect the human right to water 20 Water pollution and governance 22 1. Legislation and governance in the water and mining sectors 22 The water sector 22 The mining sector 23 2. Institutional framework 24 3. Judicial framework 25 4. The State as an economic actor 26 The State’s responsibilities and Gecamines 26 The State as a shareholder in mining companies 27 The role of foreign states: extraterritorial human rights obligations 28 Conclusions 30 Recommendations 31 List of acronyms 33 4 26°0'0"E 27°0'0"E 28°0'0"E 29°0'0"E !(Bukama Lubudi !( 10°0'0"S 10°0'0"S Kasenga !( Kambove !( 11°0'0"S !( 11°0'0"S Likasi ZAMBIA !(Lubumbashi !( Kipushi Kafubu river 12°0'0"S 12°0'0"S Sakania Uganda !( 13°0'0"S 13°0'0"S Tanzania Angola Zambia 0 15 30 60 90 120 150 Km 14°0'0"S 14°0'0"S 26°0'0"E 27°0'0"E 28°0'0"E 29°0'0"E 5 General background: the water crisis Today, around 1,8 billion people in the world do not have access to safe water and 2.5 billion lack improved sanitation.1 The consequences of these facts are as alarming as they are ignored by the general public. Every year, around 2 million people die due to diarrhoeal diseases, most of them children less than 5 years old. Today, 5,500 people will die because they do not have adequate access to water and sanitation. That means 4 people per minute.2 The vast majority of these deaths occur in developing countries.3 In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the most water-rich country in Africa, 51 million people lack access to potable water. Despite possessing approximately 52% of Africa’s surface water reserves, only 26% of the population in the DRC has access to safe drinking water. This is one of the lowest access rates in the world.4 The lack of access to safe drinking water is also a key element that feeds negative dynamics, undermining development and tending to perpetuate poverty. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, 40 billion hours are spent each year collecting water, which is equivalent to a year’s worth of labour by the entire workforce in France.5 Also, children lose 443 million school days each year worldwide due to water-related diseases; that time is equivalent to an entire school year for all seven-year-old children in Ethiopia.6 The problems that cause this situation vary from country to country. However, the World Health Organisation (WHO) lists as the main ones: the lack of priority given to the sector; lack of financial resources; lack of sustainability of water supply and sanitation services; poor hygiene behaviours and inadequate sanitation in public places including hospitals, health centres and schools.7 The United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation highlighted the serious negative effects that water pollution provoked by extractive industries can have on the health of affected communities.8 She stressed that “the mining sector poses particular challenges”.9 The deficient management of the hazardous substances and waste created by extractive industries makes water the most affected resource by this sector.10 Introduction: the focus of the report The focus of this report will be on one of the causes contributing to the water crisis in a concrete geographical area: water pollution in the Katanga province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the province, significant pollution of water sources by mining companies can be found, seriously affecting the local population. In the meantime, a combination of factors can be detected: lack of enforcement of regulation, structural corruption, influence peddling, conflicts of interests, lack of compliance by the 1 UN Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, A/HRC/24/44, 11 July 2013, §2.
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