BIOENERGY NO 5 2013 Tchara : hoto P

Compiling global statistics on for energy for a ”GlobalBI OBioenergyENERG YOutlook” – A W ORLD Biomass Combined Heat - How do we get onO Fto OthePP sameORTUNITIES page? and Power (CHP)

Biofuels for transport – AN IMPORTANT SOURCE Good news for Mother Nature. She has a sound technical partner.

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www.andritz.com Heinz Kopetz: – a world of opportunities

!"#$% &'% ()*+, -")%#%*./ 0!!)$"0&")# was &e following articles are excerpts from a series of formed in !""# it has grown in both strength and fact sheets, produced by the WBA, to inform its read- FULL VERSIONS in$uence on a global stage through the support of ers of modern developments in the %eld of bioenergy. OF ARTICLES; governments, scientists and private sector funding. &e WBA is convinced that bioenergy is a sustainable, worldbioenergy.org Simultaneously we are ensuring that our work re- clean energy source that we will increasingly need, in mains scienti%cally veri%able and most importantly, order to one day completely rid ourselves from our impartial to all outside in$uence. &e WBA’s mission dependence on unsustainable, polluting or dangerous statement has not changed since its formation; ‘To energy sources. We are sure you will draw the same promote the use of sustainable bioenergy globally.’ conclusions from the information we have put together Today, the WBA is recognised globally by the IPCC, within these pages and we welcome (and encourage!) UN, EU, IRENA (International Renewable Energy you to join the discussion. Agency) and the REN Alliance (International Renew- For the full versions of the articles, please visit the able Energy Alliance). WBA website; www.worldbioenergy.org Since the industrial revolution governments’ for- eign policy and major industry across all sectors have Yours sincerely, dictated how time, e'ort and money is spent ensuring the continued extraction of resources in or- der to continue competitive international trade. Bioenergy is (often literally) a growing source and a vital part of the futures sustain- able energy system that has not “stolen food o' the table”, but in the future could actually add to interna- Heinz Kopetz, tional . President of the World Bioenergy Association Bioenergy today is woven into society on many lev- els, with public perception varying tremendously from country to country.

WORLD BIOENERGY 2014 3–5 JUNE 2014 JÖNKÖPING, SWEDEN CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION WWW.WORLDBIOENERGY.COM ON BIOMASS FOR ENERGY Including World Biorefinery

CONTENTS Bioenergy is published by the World Bioenergy Association Bioenergy – a world of opportunities 3

Holländargatan 17, SE 111 60 Stockholm, Sweden The WBA concept for the mitigation of climate change: 4 Tel: +46 8 441 70 80 100% renewable energy is possible Web: www.worldbioenergy.org E-mail: [email protected] Biogas – an important renewable energy source 7 Publisher: Heinz Kopetz Editors: Karin Haara, Andrew Potter Biofuels for transport 10 Sales: Andrew Potter Production: Malin Fredriksson The carbon neutrality of biomass from forests 12 Print: Ark-Tryckaren, Jönköping, Sweden Cover photo: ©tchara Biomass combined heat and power (CHP) 15

Small-scale biomass heating 17

BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 3 INTRODUCTION above the 1990 level. Annual net CO2 emissions from anthropo- Recently the first part of the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC on genic land use change were 0.9 GtC on average during 2002 to

“Climate Change ” was published in Stockholm. The WBA has sum- 2011.” Hence the CO2 emissions caused by burning fossil fuels marized three important messages from this report as follows: are ten times higher than those of land use change! The chance for mitigation Human influence The IPCC publication also contains an optimistic message point- The human influence on our climate now appears effectively to ing out that mankind still has the choice to mitigate climate be proven. The report says: change in this century. In the report a mitigation scenario is “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant presented within the context of rather modest climate change. cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century”. In this IPCC scenario cumulative CO2 emissions of 270GtC are Fossil fuels as main cause of climate change assumed in the period of 2012 – 2100 as compared to 1685 GtC Burning fossil fuels is the dominant cause for the increase of emissions in the high emission scenario. The report concludes: “ Limiting climate change will require substantial and sustained CO2 in the atmosphere. The report explains: “There is an up- take of energy in the climate system due to the positive radia- reductions of greenhouse gas emissions.” tive forcing. The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is In the remainder of this article the WBA will present a strategy

caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 towards getting 100% of our energy from renewables in the

since 1750.” and further: “ Annual CO2 emissions from fossil fuel future; a strategy that simultaneously leads to a more successful combustion and cement production were 9.5GtC in 2011, 54% mitigation of climate change.

The WBA concept for the mitigation of climate change: 100% renewable energy is possible

THE FIRST STEP ON THE Table 1: electricity generation sectors. White pellets MITIGATION PATHWAY: MORE Proposed electricity generation and also, in future, torri%ed pellets, have a THAN 50% RENEWABLES BY 2035! 2010, IEA 2035, WBA high and can therefore be Energy sources TWh TWh &e cornerstones for the changes needed to traded worldwide at low cost, as long as the Fossil sources 14 447 3 200 the global energy system by !"() are: main consumer is located near the coast. In t"SFEVDUJPOJOUIFFOFSHZDPOTVNQUJPOJO Nuclear 2756 2 800 developing countries with a high share of traditional biomass and charcoal, the main the developed world, Total RE* 4207 32 600 focus will have to be improvements in e.- t(MPCBMMZBUXFOUZGPMEJODSFBTFPGXJOEBOE Total generation 21 408 38 600 solar energy from a relatively low level, ciency and technology used and to drive the t"UISFFGPMEJODSFBTFPGCJPNBTTGSPN Share of RE 20% 84% move to sustainable production. already relatively high levels, * electricity from wind, solar geothermal, hydro and biomass. t"IBMWJOHJOUIFVTFPGGPTTJMGVFMT Table 2: &e technologies and resources are avail- Proposed heat energy production able for this proposal of increased implemen- Heat Energy sources 2010, IEA 2035, WBA tation of renewable energies. What is still Paradoxically the heating sector is often Mtoe Mtoe needed is a reliable political framework and overlooked in the discussion about energy Fossil sources 3 320 1 576 conditions that attract private capital invest- strategies although for the developed world Bioenergy 1 132 2 684 ment for this energy revolution and clear and heating makes up about )"* of %nal energy. Other RES 38 516 simple rules to drive and guide a sustainable &e main sources of renewable heat are bio- development of biomass. &is transforma- mass, geothermal energy and solar energy. from geothermal 9 86 tion has to comprise the markets for electric- WBA proposes a strong push for renewable from solar thermal 29 430 ity, heat and transport. &e WBA proposes heat, especially based on biomass and solar Total renewable heat 1170 3 200 targets for renewable electricity, heat and thermal technologies. Total heat 4 490 4 776 transport until !"() in line with the mitiga- &is rapid growth of the use of biomass tion scenario of the IPCC. for heat requires speci%c strategies for dif- Share of RE 26% 67% ferent countries. In countries north of -) Electricity degrees latitude, biomass in the form of Transport &e WBA proposes a rapid deployment of wood chips, other wood residues and agri- In the year !"+" the share of renewables in renewable electricity such as electricity from cultural by-products such as should be the transport sector including road, train, wind, solar and other technologies with an increasingly used in district heating plants, ship and air transport, was low. Out of the annual growth rate of #.)*. Such a develop- plus the use of heat from biomass cogenera- total consumption of !(,/ Mtoe (00.)EJ) ment in combination with a stable produc- tion plants. But also the service and manu- /" Mtoe (!.) EJ) were covered by biofuels, tion of nuclear electricity would completely facturing sector will become an interesting mainly ethanol and , and !- Mtoe change the structure of the industry. In !"(), market for this kind of biomass-sourced (+EJ) by electricity. As #"* of electricity was electricity demand will be higher than !"+", heat. not renewable in !"+" the total amount of with the share of renewable electricity above In addition, a rapidly growing pellets in- renewables in transport was only /-Mtoe, #"* and the fossil fuel-based electricity dustry will supply pellets for residential, corresponding to !.,*. reduced by more than ,)*. manufacturing and service sector, and for In the year !"() the WBA does not ex-

4 BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 pect a dominant role for renewables in the ported by additional energy transport sector. &e WBA proposes an in- from geothermal resources. crease of %rst-generation fuels, of advanced t 4NBMM GVSUIFS HSPXUI PG biofuels and of biomethane for transport, to hydropower and of biomass ((- Mtoe in total. Electricity use will grow mainly for transport fuels for trains and subways, and for shorter dis- t%FDFOUSBMJTFEFOFSHZTVQQMZ tance road tra.c but not for long-distance &e lion’s share of the en- road tra.c, or for trucks. Biofuels used by ergy supply in a +""* RE ships and air tra.c will increase in response world would come from so- to binding targets. lar and wind, the rest from bioenergy, geothermal and hydro. Such a system would

Table 3: Structure of energy use in the Photo: Roman Milert transport sector have dramatic advantages as compared to the present Energy sources 2010, IEA 2035, WBA Mtoe Mtoe system. Oil/others 2 294 2 293

Electricity 24 95 Cheap energy in the future Biofuels 59 334 One main di'erence concerns Total RES 83 429 the fuel cost. Fossil energy Total 2 377 2 722 and biomass have feedstock costs whereas Future innovations facilitate switch to 100% renewables Share of RE 2.7% 16% wind, solar, hydro and geothermal don’t have feedstock costs but only operating and In the next !" years many innovations in THE FINAL GOAL: capital costs. the energy %eld will again take place – just 100% RENEWABLES &e proposed transformation of the en- as many innovations were observed over ergy system would mean that the share of the last !" years. &ese innovations will fa- &e %rst priority concerns the time period cilitate the transformation to a +""* renew- from !"+" to !"(). &is is the timespan in energies without costs for the feedstock increases from (* now to !)* in !"() and able energy system. which the transformation to a new energy &e main challenge until !"() should be system has to begin and be partly imple- more than /"* in the future. &is means energy could become really cheap. the transformation of the electricity and mented in order to follow the mitigation heating sector to renewables; renewable pathway. Yet, the described energy concept transport should not be the main concern for !"() is only an intermediate target on Table 5: Changing share of energies without feedstock cost, % as long as far bigger quantities of fossil fuels the way to an energy system based com- are used for heat or electricity generation. 2010 2035 2050 pletely on renewables. Such an an energy &e transformation of the transport sector system can be reached in the period between Energy carriers without feedstock cost 3 24 63 should follow later, based on new experienc- !"() and !")". es to be gained over the next two decades. &e following Table - presents a vision for It also can be expected that the demand for Reduction of the CO emissions, the sustainable energy system of the future. 2 heating/cooling will go down in the longer no nuclear risks, no wars for It should be noted that in such a sustainable run due to the better energy e.ciencies of energy resources! system a negligible quantity of fossil fuels buildings – then a larger share of biomass The biggest advantages of the new RE might still be needed for speci%c purposes, would be available to be used for the genera- system lies in the avoidance of CO! emis- for example remote industrial processes. tion of transport fuels after !"(). &e main characteristics of the path be- sions, the various risks associated with WBA is convinced: the best answer to nuclear power plants and reduced risk of yond !"() to a +""* RE world will be: the new IPCC report on climate change is an future conflicts arising from dwindling t " SFEVDUJPO PG UIF UPUBM QSJNBSZ FOFSHZ accelerated transition to an energy system fossil resources. +""* RE is the way to- demand due to energy savings and a higher without reliance on fossil and nuclear en- wards an environmental-friendly, peace- e.ciency of the total system. FSHZ (PWFSONFOU QPMJDJFT BOE JOWFTUNFOU ful and sustainable energy future. t1IBTFPVUPGOVDMFBSFOFSHZ decisions should be directed towards this t1IBTFPVUPGGPTTJMGVFMTFYDFQUGPSBTNBMM goal. A delay in the transformation of the New employment quantity for transport and special uses in energy system deepens the problem. It leads In addition the transformation to such a sys- industry. to additional global warming and would re- tem would create millions of jobs as a big part t4USPOHGVSUIFSHSPXUIPGTPMBSFMFDUSJD- quire even bigger adjustment e'orts in the of the total energy system has to be renewed. ity, solar heat and wind electricity sup- future. +""* renewable energy is possible within less than -" years! &e faster we take this road, the better for the future! Q Table 4: The transformation to 100% renewable energy sources (RE) LITERATURE: Energy sources 2010, IEA, Mtoe 2035, WBA, Mtoe Vision towards 2050, Mtoe IEA, World Energy Outlook. !"+!. Paris. Fossil 10 327 5 153 238 (2.1 %) IPCC. First part of )th Assessment Report Nuclear 719 740 0 on “Climate Change !"#$: %e Physical Science Hydro 295 593 715 (6.3%) Basis – Summary for Policy Makers”. Stock- holm. !"+( Bioenergy 1 277 3 650 4 055 (35.4 %) Other RE 112 2 504 6 441 (56.2 %) World Bioenergy Association – internal papers. Stockholm. !"+(. TOTAL 12 730 12 640 11 449 Share of RE in % 13.3 53.4 97.1

BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 5  ́   ́

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6 BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 SUMMARY

’Biogas’ is a gas produced by anaerobic fermentation of different forms of organic matter and is composed mainly of methane (CH4)

and carbon dioxide (CO2). The global potential of biogas is large enough to provide a substantial share of future gas demand; estima- tions show that biogas could cover around 6% of the global primary energy supply, or one quarter of the present consumption of natural gas (fossil methane gas). Typical feedstocks for biogas production are manure and sewage, residues of crop production (i.e., straw), the organic fraction of the waste from households and industry, as well as energy crops including and grass silage. Biogas – an important renewable energy source Photo: Bernd Wittelsbach Bernd Photo: INTRODUCTION Worldwide, biomass (including putrescible waste and bio-wastes) accounts for more than two thirds of all renewable energy sup- plied. Among biomass sources, biogas is an interesting option with a large potential that o'ers many exciting possibilities to supplant and therefore reduce our depend- ence on fossil fuels. Currently the modern biogas production industry is just at the beginning of wider im- plementation. With the exception of a few DPVOUSJFT MJLF(FSNBOZ XIJDIBSFBMSFBEZ demonstrating its real potential) only a tiny part of this global potential has been real- ized. Reasons for the slow deployment of Biogas energy plant in Germany. Biogas already provides more than 3% of the whole of Germany’s electricity biogas include: a lack of information about consumption, as well as significant amounts of industrial heat, transport fuels, and volume injected into the the possibilities of biogas, a lack of a trained natural gas grid. labor force, high capital cost for the setting up of commercial plants, generally inad- Sewage sludge production) are agricultural plants grown equate and un-reliable government support Sewage sludge refers to the residual, semi- speci%cally for feedstock in biogas plants. policies and the competition of natural gas solid material left from wastewater treat- Typical energy crops in Europe and North as a cheaper alternative in many parts of the ment. It can be used as a feedstock for bi- America are maize and sweet sorghum. Sug- world. ogas. &is is done in many wastewater treat- ar beet is also gaining importance in north- A speci%c advantage of biogas technology ment plants. &e residues from digestion ern Europe. &e mix of manure and maize is in the utilisation of organic wastes and can be used as conditioner. is a common feedstock for biogas plants on other organic byproducts for energy pro- farms in Europe. duction, as opposed to disposal via land%lls, Manure which inevitably leads to further emissions Manure is produced by intensively housed Other agricultural feedstocks of greenhouse gases by the process of slow livestock and in some countries it is stored Other agricultural feedstocks that can be decomposition. on farms for several months in both liquid used for biogas are catch crops that are PS TPMJE GPSN GPS VTF BT GFSUJMJ[FS %VSJOH planted after the harvest of the main crop; FEEDSTOCK storage, can take place which allows a second harvest on the same Biogas can be produced from most biomass in the bottom layers of the manure, produc- piece of land within one year. Ley crops and waste materials regardless of their com- ing methane that might be released to the (crops planted on land resting between position and over a large range of moisture atmosphere if it were not used for energy or commercial crop cycles) also have some po- contents (although very high moisture con- $ared. Blending manure with energy crops tential and are already used in some places. tent material of under )* dry matter re- or other waste streams for anaerobic diges- Also green cuttings and other fresh leafy duces biogas yield) with limited feedstock tion is an attractive option to increase bi- materials coming from the maintenance of preparation. ogas production. In developing countries, the landscape, such as from trimming of manure is often used in small family-scale trees, bushes and grass, can be used for bi- Organic fraction in landfills anaerobic digesters and the gas is mostly ogas plants as well. By extracting and processing the landfill used for cooking, with other applications gas so it can be used for energy purposes being domestic lighting or running spark Waste streams for biogas – usually as a fuel for gas engine-driven ignition engines. %JêFSFOU CZQSPEVDUT PS SFTJEVFT PG UIF generators. Moreover, landfill gas utili- food processing and prepared food produc- TBUJPO SFEVDFT HSFFO IPVTF HBT ()(  Energy crops tion industries – breweries, sugar plants, emissions. Energy crops (in the context of biogas fruit processing, slaughter houses, etc., but

BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 7 also food waste, used kitchen oil, the organ- ing the production of the biogas in one place BIOGAS AROUND THE WORLD ic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the subsequent transportation of the Experience with domestic biogas can all be used as biogas feedstock. biogas to a central CHP plant, or upgrading technology in Developing Countries station, located near a gas pipeline for injec- Around the world, the implementation of USE AND APPLICATION tion into the regional gas grid. domestic biogas technology has occurred Biogas covers a variety of markets, includ- in countries where governments have been Support policies ing electricity, heat and transportation fu- involved in the subsidy, planning, design, els. Whereas using the gas for direct com- It is true that modern biogas production is construction, operation and maintenance bustion in household stoves and gas lamps only developing rapidly in regions with a of biogas plants. &e giant biogas countries is common in some countries, producing consistent and e'ective government sup- China and India (April !"+" to March !"++) electricity from biogas is still relatively rare port policy. &e main elements of a typically produced !.# million and +)",""" biogas in most developing countries. In industri- TVDDFTTGVM TVQQPSU QPMJDZ BSF (VBSBOUFFE plants respectively in !"++, arriving at im- alized countries, power generation is the access to the electricity and gas grids, rea- pressive cumulative numbers of -!.# million main purpose of biogas plants; conversion sonable feed-in tari's for electricity and and -.) million units installed of all sizes of biogas to electricity has become a stand- biomethane, investment grants, education from a few m( in volume upwards. ard technology. and training of the labor force, support poli- ɥF /FUIFSMBOET %FWFMPQNFOU 0SHBOJ[B- After fermentation the biogas is normally cies to include the use of heat, some varia- tion, SNV, supports national programs on do- cooled, dried of water vapour and cleaned of tion of a carbon tax on equivalent fossil fu- mestic biogas that aim to establish commer- hydrogen sul%de to produce a good combus- els, support for methane fuelled vehicles. cially viable domestic biogas sectors in which tion gas for gas engines. As with natural gas, biogas (particularly local companies market, install and service in its upgraded form) is a high quality en- biogas plants for households in developing Upgrading ergy carrier. It should therefore primarily be countries. &e countries supported by SNV Biogas produced from anaerobic digestion used for energy services that demand high have installed a total of more than -,),""" cannot be used directly as vehicle fuel or in- quality energy such as combined heat and plants by the %rst half of !"+!. Financial sup- jected into a gas grid; it must be upgraded to power generation, or transport. port was provided by a wide spectrum of na- biomethane %rst. &e gas is cleaned of par- tional and international organisations. ticles, water and hydrogen sul%de to reduce THE GLOBAL POTENTIAL the risk of corrosion. &e gas is upgraded by &e feedstock is diverse and the potential The United States removing carbon dioxide to raise the energy and classi%cation can be illustrated brie$y &e U.S. has over !,!"" sites producing bi- content and create a gas with constant qual- as in Table ) below. ogas: +0+ anaerobic digesters on farms, ap- ity consisting of about 0#* methane. &e potential is reported in units of bi- ( ( proximately +,)"" anaerobic digesters at Several techniques for removing carbon omethane (+ m biomethane = +./, Nm wastewater treatment plants (only !)" cur- dioxide from biogas exist today and they are biogas) to make it readily comparable with rently use the biogas they produce) and ),/ continually being improved. &ese methods natural gas. land%ll gas projects. By comparison, Europe include water scrubbing, pressure swing ab- For the EU!, the potential, excluding has over +",""" operating digesters; some sorption (PSA), organic physical scrubbing, energy crops, was estimated as )"., billion ( ( communities are essentially fossil fuel free chemical scrubbing and upgrading using m biomethane with (+., billion m coming because of them. membrane technology. from agriculture and +0." billion m( from the waste sources. &e total potential, in- Europe Emerging biogas concepts cluding energy crops on )* of the arable In order to reach the EU member state tar- for infrastructure and supply ( land, was estimated to be ,,.0 billion m gets for renewable energies for !"!" and to %JêFSFOUSFRVJSFNFOUTGPSCJPHBTVTF TVDI (!#"- PJ). &is corresponds to +)* of the ful%ll European direc- as heat generation or upgrading for injection present consumption of natural (fossil) gas tive requirements, anaerobic digestion is into a gas grid, requires di'erent con%gura- in the . seen to be one of the key technologies. tions of the biogas plants’ locations and Several studies in Europe show that the In total, !+.+ billion m( of biogas, corre- size. Early on, when biogas was beginning to potential for biogas without using energy sponding to +!., billion m( biomethane, was be used to produce energy, CHP units were crops is of the order of (,/ PJ per + Million produced in !"+" in the European Union. often placed at the same location. More re- inhabitants. &e electricity production from biogas in cently new concepts have emerged involv- !"++, with a growth rate of +# .!* reached ().0 TWh, while over the same period biogas

Table 5: Potential for biogas in PJ (Billion m³ biomethane), CH 4: EU 27, China, World heat sales to factories or heating networks Type of resource EU 27 EU 27 China China World World increased by +/*. PJ Billion m³ PJ Billion m³ PJ Billion m³ Germany: Industrial scale CH4 CH4 CH4 (FSNBOZ JT &VSPQFT CJHHFTU CJPHBT QSP- Manure 738 20.5 2 591 72 ducer and the market leader in biogas Residues (straw from grain, corn, , 407 11.3 1152 32 technology. In !"+!, the number of biogas landscape cleaning) plants reached ,-,", including #" units Energy crops 978 27,2 1 799 50 producing biomethane. Total from agriculture 2 123 59 5 542 154 22 674 630 The total electric output produced Urban waste (organic fraction of MSW) 360 10 2591 72 by biogas in !"+! was !" TWh, equating to the supply of )., million houses with Agro-industry waste (organic fraction) 108 3 1152 32 electricity. Biogas already provides more Sewage sludge 216 6 576 16 UIBOŴǜPGUIFXIPMFPG(FSNBOZTFMFD- 3 Total waste, billion m CH4 684 19 4 319 120 13 316 370 tricity consumption, as well as significant Total (agriculture and waste) 2 807 78 9 861 274 35 990 1 000 amounts of industrial heat, transport fu- els, and volumes injected into the natural Total in EJ 2.8 9.9 35,9 gas grid.

8 BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 Sweden: World leader in the biogas is not available. It can be roughly Economic and social benefits use of biogas for transport calculated that globally biogas delivers (" Increased employment: ( Sweden is a world leader in upgrading and – -" billion m biomethane equivalent, cor- Promoting biogas production from or- use of biomethane for transport, and has responding to +"#" – +--" PJ, thus, only a ganic wastes and sustainably produced many ‘biogas vehicles’, including private very small fraction of the potential of biogas feedstocks results in creation of perma- cars, buses, and even a biogas train and for energy has been realized so far. nent jobs and regional development. &e a biogas touring car team. At the end of involvement of many interested parties in !"+!, there were nearly --,""" gas vehicles THE BENEFITS OF planning, construction, cost estimation, in Sweden: + #"" buses, nearly /"" trucks BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY production, control and distribution is and the rest being cars and light transport Biogas plants provide multiple bene%ts at needed to ensure the successful develop- vehicles (often part of municipal $eets). the household, local, national, and interna- ment of biogas technology. Compared to the end of !"++ (one year ear- tional level. &ese bene%ts are appreciated lier), the number of gas vehicles increased di'erently in di'erent countries and can Sustainable energy resource: by about +- percent. Over a similar period be classi%ed according to their impact on &e development of biogas represents a of time the number of upgrading plants energy security, employment, environment strategically important step away from de- has reached -, plants, representing a !!* and poverty. pendence on fossil fuels whilst contributing growth in numbers since !""#. to the development of a sustainable energy Environmental benefits supply and enhanced energy security in the China: Leader in Anaerobic digestion of wastes results in re- long-term. household biogas plants duced contamination of groundwater, sur- In China the renewable energy policy is face water, and other resources. Anaerobic Decentralized energy generation: driving the steady development and im- digestion e'ectively destroys such harmful One of the advantages of biogas technology plementation of biogas. As of !"+(, China pathogens such as E.coli and M. avium para- is that it can be established locally, without has nearly -! million small biogas digesters tuburculosis. E1uent from biogas digesters the need for long-distance transportation or in operation, producing biogas for house- can serve as high quality organic fertilizer, import of raw materials. Small or medium- holds, for cooking, and a further /",""" displacing import or production of synthet- sized companies and local authorities can small, medium and large scale installations ic nitrogenous fertilisers. Finally, anaerobic establish biogas plants anywhere. producing biogas for industrial purposes. digestion serves to reduce the volume of Total biogas output in !"+" is estimated at wastes and the associated problem of their +) billion m( biogas, equivalent to 0 billion disposal. Sustainable waste management: m( biomethane. China also has ambitious Utilising organic waste for biogas reduces targets for !"!". The impact on the greenhouse effect the amount that must be otherwise taken tŲű űűűOFXBHSJDVMUVSBMCJPHBTQSPKFDUT Biogas produced on a sustainable basis can care of in some other way, for example by tŷ űűűOFXJOEVTUSJBMCJPHBTQSPKFDUT TJHOJëDBOUMZSFEVDFHSFFOIPVTFHBT ()(  combustion, or transport to land%lls. t*OTUBMMFECJPHBTHFOFSBUPSDBQBDJUZŴ űűű emissions. Of the (" million tons of meth- MW ane emitted worldwide per year (generated Clean fuel for industry: t5PUBMCJPHBTPVUQVUŶűCJMMJPON( biogas, from the di'erent animal waste manage- Methane is a fuel in demand by industry; equivalent to (" billion m( of biomethane. ment systems like solid storage, anaero- partly because it is a gas that delivers a high In China it is envisaged that in the future bic lagoon, liquid/slurry storage, pasture quality combustion that can be precisely a percentage of the biogas produced will be etc), about half could be avoided through controlled. Methane burns with a clean and upgraded and subsequently injected into anaerobic treatment. It is estimated that pure $ame which means that boilers and the gas grid network for use as transport through anaerobic treatment of animal other equipment are not clogged by soot fuel, CHP or industry. waste and subsequent use of the methane and cinders. &e result is a cleaner work- produced for energy, about +(,!- million place environment and often a reduced maintenance costs for the plant. Q Global production tons of CH- emission can be avoided world- Exact global data on the energy supply by wide per year.

POSITION OF WBA WBA advocates that each country set up a biogas development plan WBA advocates that biogas production should be an important part with the target to use at least 30% of the biogas potential by 2030. of the strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and im- Such a plan should not only contain quantitative targets but also an prove energy security everywhere. Biogas production uses feed- array of measures and a system of monitoring to reach the targets. stock that would otherwise be left to decay and emit GHGs resulting This should be valid for countries in the developing world as well as in a number of environmental problems. Biogas also replaces fossil the developed world. fuels which further reduces emissions of GHG. The global institutions such as the organization of the UN with its af- The deployment of biogas technology requires a decentralized ap- filiates, the World Bank, and the coming Green Climate Fund, should proach involving many new entrepreneurs. The construction and suc- offer financing instruments that support small and medium sized cessful operation of biogas plants needs an integrated support policy biogas plants and not just large-scale applications. by governments, comprising the following elements: WBA is convinced that such an integrated approach to the develop- ‡7UDLQLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQRIWKHODERUIRUFH ment of biogas would enhance the national energy security, gener- ‡0RQLWRULQJDQGFRQWLQXRXVLPSURYHPHQWVLQWKHSODQWVRSHUDWLRQ ate employment (especially in rural areas) and contribute positively ‡$FFHVVWRWKHHOHFWULFLW\DQGJDVJULGV to climate change mitigation. Q Reliable long-lasting financial support in the form of tariffs for the electricity or biomethane sold to the grid and to vehicle fuels.

BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 9 SUMMARY Biofuels for transport are part of important strategies to improve fuel security, mitigate climate change and support rural development. In 2010 some 84 millions tonnes of conventional biofuels based on crops containing starch, sugar or vegetable oil were delivered, which represents some 104 billion litres of fuels that address 2.7% of the global demand for transportation fuels. 0DQ\VWXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKHUHLVHQRXJKODQGDYDLODEOHWRSURGXFHPRUHIRRGPRUHIHHGDQGPRUHELRIXHOV+RZHYHUWKHDYDLODEOH ODQGKDVWREHXVHGLQDEHWWHUZD\,QUHFHQW\HDUVPRUHWKDQ0KDODQGKDVEHHQVHWDVLGHDURXQGWKHJOREHDQGQRWXVHGDWDOO Therefore a priority for all governments and international organizations must be to improve agricultural and forestry production meth- ods worldwide in a sustainable and socially acceptable way. In addition, conventional production could become part of a global strategy to compensate for the strong variations of harvests that comes with climate change. Biofuels for transport INTRODUCTION modity prices have been $uctuating over the atmosphere cannot be prevented. To the the past decade and were particularly high contrary CO emissions will increase due to In recent years, several major challenges ! have become a focus of public interest. Key in !"",/"#. A number of di'erent factors higher consumption of fossil fuels. issues in this context are: worries about en- are in$uencing them such as: increasing fos- Advanced biofuels ergy security, the need to mitigate climate sil oil prices, bad harvests (as a consequence change, e'orts to stimulate economic devel- of extreme weather situations), growing &e volumes of possible feedstock for the opment including the creation of jobs in ag- demand of food for an increasing popula- production of advanced biofuels are vast: riculture and the renewable energy industry. tion with changing eating habits, slower by-products from agriculture such as straw, As a consequence biofuels as renewable fuels improvements in productivity gains due to , rice husks, oil palm empty fruit for transport became part of a new energy low investments in agriculture and %nally bunches, MSW, by-products of the forest- strategy in many countries. the production of biofuels. and-wood industry, woody harvest residues, According to several studies, among these dedicated cellulosic energy crops like grass- BIOFUELS IN THE di'erent factors biofuels have a minor im- es, short rotation woody coppices and algal PUBLIC DISCUSSION pact on the level of global food prices. Im- biomass. portantly these studies have also shown One big advantage of these fuels is there is The global context that the higher commodity prices have no direct competition with the food market. In !"+" global biofuel production reached many positive e'ects in the global agricul- As a result di'erent technologies are un- +"- bn litre and protein feed production tural commodities market. &ey provide der development and several pilot and an in- for the market related to biofuels reached strong incentives for increased returns for creasing number of demonstration plants are ,0.+Mt protein feed. &e net use of arable farmers for example in developing coun- under construction or entering production. land for biofuels in !"+" was +,-*.Several tries, thus o'ering important development Now the time is ripe to start commercial global developments in$uence the discus- bene%ts. plants to gain experience in large-scale op- sion on biofuels: eration. &e production cost will be high due tɥFXPSMEQPQVMBUJPOJTHSPXJOHBOOV- ILUC discussion and biofuels to a combination of the very high capital ally by ," million people; &e discussion of indirect land use change investment requirements for plants, a lack

t *O ųűŲŲ $0! emissions reached a maxi- (ILUC) caused by biofuels started a few of experience, the complexity of the con- mum of (- billion tonnes; far above the limit years ago. version technology and the need to build to comply with the !2C target! (MPCBMMZUIFVTFPGMBOEJTDIBOHJOHQFS- up logistic chains that can supply su.cient t (MPCBM XBSNJOH BOE UIF HSPXJOH GSF- manently: the population grows, deserts feed stock volumes for large capacity plants quency of extreme weather events are be- are expanding due to the loss of protection at reasonable costs. Only commercial plants coming a threat for a secure food production for fertile land, forests are expanding in one can bring the needed experience for further in the future. part of the world and declining in other development and a quantity of fuel produc- t"SFEVDUJPOPG()(FNJTTJPOTDBOPOMZ parts, urban settlements are getting bigger, tion that will make signi%cant impacts on be achieved, if the transport sector reduces more land is used for roads and other in- the market. its emissions. frastructure, and large tracts of potentially &ese facts demonstrate some of the chal- productive is just left idle Conventional biofuels lenges the global society is facing. due to market failure, poor incentives, or and food security lack of technology or capacity. Furhermore, Climate change is more and more becom- Commodity prices, a growing consumption of meat requires ing a threat to global food security, largely malnutrition and biofuels more land. because more extreme weather events, and It is regrettable that still hundreds of mil- Just to develop this example: &e in- shifting rainfall patterns are predicted to lions of the world’s people don’t get enough creased demand for meat over the last +) cause bad harvests more frequently. to eat. &is problem has existed for many years has required more additional land for &e di'erence in global crop harvests be- decades but thankfully the situation is feed production for animals than was used tween good and bad years typically oscillates slowly improving. -" years ago one quarter for any expansion of biofuel production. If around +" per cent. More extreme weather of mankind su'ered hunger, in !"+! it was in one part of the world such as in Europe, poses a risk that these ‘oscillations’ can be- less than +)*, while these levels of hunger biofuel production is reduced on the basis come larger. In this context conventional and malnutrition are unacceptable, the of ILUC calculations and the other trends biofuels can be seen as an insurance; in improvement continues. Agricultural com- continue unchanged, the shift of carbon to years with good or normal harvests the bio-

10 BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 fuel production capacity can be fully used food shortage might be urgent immediately. fuels at home is not a sustainable concept, whereas in years with bad global harvests Hence it makes sense to use several percent it only favours trade. In countries with no fuel production is reduced. of the cropland for biofuels also from the adequate land policy it might increase the &e feedstock is used for food and feed standpoint of food security. demand for land that, due to other factors, and more fossil fuels are temporarily used is already in high demand leading to land instead for transport. Such a concept, in- Global trade, land grabbing at the detriment of the indigenous cluding remuneration payments for plants grabbing and biofuels or rural population. shut down for a period of time, would bet- &e expansion of biofuels has to be sup- Only those countries should export feed- ter secure the food supply than set-aside ported within a global policy to decrease the stock for biofuels that already have a suc- programs. &ese set-aside programs imply dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate cli- cessful national and genuinely sustainable no production on the concerned land and mate change – not only in Europe but world- biofuels policy that prevents land grabbing it might take one or two years to get a crop wide. &e build up of a biofuel production within its boundaries. Q harvest from this land, whereas a global for export while continuing the use of fossil

POSITION OF WBA use of several per cent of the agricultural land for the production of WBA sees that the main driver for an accelerated transformation biomass for fuels. Not only is better use of the available land an im- of the global energy system is the struggle for better fuel security. perative for all countries, this will also help to improve the security of A second driver is the threat of accelerated climate change in this food supply of the local population, stimulate endogenous economic century resulting in negative consequences regarding temperature, growth and reduce poverty in many regions. sea level and frequency of extreme weather globally. According to On the European discussion: The European discussion on biofuels and ILUC factors appears exaggerated. It only can be understood WBA calculations the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels need to be reduced by 50% by 2035 to keep on track towards the “under 2°C under the assumption that one; temperature rise” target. 1. Ignores the issue of energy security and rural development. Improved fuel security: 40 years ago, during the winter 1973/74 2. Takes for granted that fossil fuels are always available. an oil crisis severely hampered the supply of transport fuels. The 3. Believes that economic models completely portray the complex transport sector and agriculture were severely affected. In some relationships between land use, socio-economic development, pro- regions even the planting of new crops in spring 1974 was compro- tein supply, meat production, elasticity of commodity markets etc. mised. Nobody can rule out the development of a similar situation ILUC models are a blunt tool and don’t portray the complex reality. within the next two decades. WBA is against the application of ILUC factors and favours targeted Therefore, WBA supports a consistent, far sighted further deploy- regional strategies to minimize emissions by land use change. In ad-

ment of biofuels for transport as an important strategy to improve dition the CO2 emissions by land use changes are declining and are

fuel security worldwide. not the big cause of a growing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere;

Conventional biofuels can grow: Conventional biofuel production this increase of the CO2 concentration is mainly caused by the use can grow to cover 5-7% of the global transport demand by 2035 of fossil fuels. without compromising social, economic and environmental condi- The proposed change of the rules for biofuels only a few years after tions and in many instances improving them. It is important that the they have been decided upon by the European Authorities under- public recognize these crops as being an important basis for the mines the confidence of investors, reduces jobs and will hamper global protein supply as well as for transport fuel. future investments. The limitation of first-generation biofuels to 6%

Advanced biofuels are vital but need commercialisation: Ad- will serve the fossil fuel industry, increase CO2 emissions and di- vanced biofuels are vital for the future but they are yet to enter the minish protein production in Europe when compared to the 10% market on the basis of commercial production units. As produc- target. WBA sees a pragmatic solution of the present discussion in tion costs are currently higher than the market price this can only sticking to the 10% target but adding subtargets for 10% ethanol, happen if governments set up reliable and long-lasting framework 7% biodiesel and the rest to 10% using other renewable transport conditions for investors to offset the initial higher cost. If these com- technologies such as advanced biofuels, biomethane, electricity but mercial plants develop successfully, advanced biofuels could cover without referring to a higher counting of specific technologies.

5-10% of the transport sector by 2035, with biomethane for trans- On CO2 emission and biofuels: Conventional biofuels such as eth- port included. anol, biodiesel and biogas are the only commercially available low On agriculture: 0XFK PRUH HPSKDVLV LV QHHGHG WR LPSURYH WKH emission option to replace fossil fuels at present. For many years agricultural productivity worldwide by a set of measures such as these will be needed – bedding the path for advanced biofuels. Bio- education, training, supply with modern inputs, improved facilities fuels are only one portion of the suite of transportation solutions for the storage of the harvests to avoid losses, improved access to required, other renewable technologies for transport must be pro- markets, better extension services, more research to increase the moted as well. production per hectare and also to increase surface of arable land Finally, the use of land for energy is nothing new. Before entering by a new land policy such as fighting desertification and regaining the fossil age mankind used 20 – 30% of the land to produce feed degraded land for production. for animals used for traction and transport. Leaving the fossil age On land availability: There is enough land available to feed a grow- means that again a few percent of the land will be needed to pro- ing population and for the production of biofuels. We advocate the duce energy for transport and traction! Q

BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 11 SUMMARY

The carbon released by the burning of fossil fuels is not part of the ‘natural’ and is rapidly increasing the CO2 content of

the world’s atmosphere. In 2011 about 90% of total CO2 emissions were a result of burning fossil fuels. The continued use of fossil fuels is creating an increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that will be a huge burden for future generations. Alternatively the use of forest biomass for energy is carbon neutral, on the basis that the carbon is absorbed from the atmosphere to form biomass by forest ecosystems and carbon is released back to the atmosphere by biomass decay or by combustion. The absorp- tion process can be alleviated by proper forest management e.g. by harvesting trees/stands with low absorption capacity and replace them (over time) with more effective trees/stands. It is a fundamental requirement of sustainable forestry that the carbon absorption capability in forests remains stable or increases over time. Permanent deforestation and unsustainable forest management lead to a decline of the carbon absorption capability of the forest which must be avoided. The forests are part of the global carbon pool atmosphere - within which the carbon moves as part of the natural carbon cycle. Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy has to be the core strategy with regards to future climate policies. Utilising biomass from sustainably managed forests can play an important role in this strategy. Several countries have demonstrated that both a build-up of carbon in forests and an increase of forest biomass for energy is simultaneously achievable through good forest management practice.

Claims are being made, that trees should rather be left to grow to stock further CO2 and not be harvested. However this cannot be a solution because forests will stop growing as soon as the trees are mature. It would also mean not utilising the sustainable products from forests: timber, paper, energy and to replace them by fossil fuel based products. The carbon neutrality of biomass from forests FORESTS AND THE CARBON CYCLE On the earth a natural carbon cycle exists between the atmosphere, the oceans and land. &e plants sequester carbon from the atmospheric CO! through the process of photosynthesis which is powered by the en- ergy provided directly from the sun. &is carbon is later released to the atmos- phere by the decay of the organic matter, by its use as food or as biomass for energy. In contrast to the biological carbon cycle, the combustion of fossil fuels injects addi- tional carbon stored over millions of years deep beneath the earth’s surface into the Figure 4. In a sustainable managed forest trees of different age grow side by side. The photo shows a sustainable atmosphere and thus unbalances the global managed forest in Sierra Nevada, USA, certified by the Forest Council (FSC). Source: ppcnet.org carbon cycle. In some circumstances the use of forest ist together and over a longer period of time creasing the stored carbon content of the biomass can increase the CO! content of the they absorb about the same amount of CO! forest. A sustainably managed forest can be atmosphere. &is can happen, when net re- from the atmosphere as they release via de- described as follows: lease of the forest-stored carbon occurs as composition and breathing. &ese forests &e fertility of the soil is safeguarded a consequence of deforestation, of the over are considered to be in equilibrium and serve and the quantity of wood harvested and use of forests or of the transformation of as carbon storage, not as a carbon sink. removed is equal or less than the quantity overage forests to young productive forests Newly planted forests are absorbing more produced. Trees are harvested before reach- and these shifts in a speci%c area are not CO! than they release – they are considered ing their stage of maturity or natural death. compensated for by a net growth of forest to be carbon sinks and are building up ad- &ese forests have a net growth of biomass biomass. &ese changes do not add addition- ditional carbon storage, however as soon as that can be harvested. al carbon in to the land-ocean-atmosphere they reach their phase of maturity they are &e harvested volume may change from cycle, they only redistribute it; they should no longer carbon sinks but serve as carbon period to period. If less wood is harvested be avoided as they are harmful for the cli- storage, and will eventually turn into a car- than produced the total wood stock and mate. bon source (if they are transformed into thus carbon stock increases. &is form of younger productive forests without utilisa- forest management can go on for hundreds THE NATURAL LIFE CYCLE OF tion of the wood or stored carbon). of years; it combines the storage of carbon A TREE AND THE DIFFERENT with the net production of biomass to be- FOREST ECOSYSTEMS The sustainably managed forest come materials for buildings or for energy The unmanaged forest Sustainable forest management means that production. In a forest ecosystem undisturbed by human the average annual wood output can be kept In these forests the quantity of carbon se- in$uences, normally trees of all phases ex- stable for hundreds of years without de- questered also grows but does not reach the

12 BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 level of mature forests. Typically these forests tinue to grow and absorb CO! and fossil fuels Table 1: Global carbon balance for 2010: are comprised of trees that have varying ages. are used instead. &is argument may have Carbon sources in Gt Carbon sinks in Gt Regarding forestry policy, additional cri- some validity as long as the trees are grow- Fossil fuels 9,1 2,6 teria for sustainable forestry management ing vigorously but it is not valid any more if Land Use Change 0,9 Oceans 2,4 are in use. &e most important being; main- trees are reaching maturity. taining , avalanche or watershed As soon as this phase is reached, no net Atmosphere 5,0 protection, social services and recreation. carbon is being absorbed while the emis- Total 10,0 Total 10,0 Although these are important, they are of sions of burning fossil fuels continue to in- Source: www.globalcarbonproject.org no relevance concerning the carbon cycle. crease the carbon content of the atmosphere &e opposite of sustainable forestry man- directly. agement is the overuse of forests resulting Alternative suggestions infer that burning about )!, billion m( wood, and the annual ( in more carbon being released than is se- old trees releases CO! immediately, whereas removal is (.- billion m !

RVFTUFSFE CZ HSPXJOH USFFT %FGPSFTUBUJPO the decomposition of old trees to CO! and Over the last +" years the forest area was is the extreme case of such disequilibrium. other green house gases in nature takes increasing in Asia (mainly China), in North many years, so there is a time lag in favor America and Europe and decreasing in Afri- HOW TOO NARROW ANALYTICAL of less emissions now by not burning trees. ca, South America and Australia. &e global BOUNDARIES CONTRIBUTES TO &is analysis ignores that mature trees occu- net loss in forest area annually was ).! mil- MISLEADING RESULTS py the space that could otherwise be utilized lion ha. Any forest ecosystem has a lifetime of centu- by young trees. &ese old trees are no longer In the boreal forest zone, (Northern Rus- ries and covers many hectares. If an analysis a carbon sink but a slow carbon emitter. If sia, Northern Canada and Northern Scan- of the carbon cycle of a forest is limited to a fossil fuels are used instead of this biomass dinavia), the regeneration of these forests short time period or a single stand, the in- two sources of emissions exist: the burning takes place after %res, massive insect at- teraction over time and space might be over- of fossil fuels and the decomposition of bio- tacks, wind throw, etc., resulting in more looked resulting in misleading conclusions mass. &e fact is, by comparison, the impact or less even-aged stands. Very large areas of as a consequence. on the climate will be worse. these forests in Canada and Russia are over- mature and so are already at the point, or Misleading conclusion 1: carbon debt Misleading conclusion 3: the build up close to the stage, of being a carbon source. &e %rst misleading result of a narrow or of over-aged forest is sustainable &e forests store a huge amount of car- limited analysis is the myth of ‘carbon Finally, it is sometimes argued that using bon in the growing wood stock, in litter and debt’ of forest biomass. &ere is no carbon forests solely as carbon storage and not as dead biomass and in the . In !"+" the debt in using forest biomass because all the productive ecosystem might help to comply total carbon stock of forests is estimated at carbon released by using the biomass was with politically de%ned climate targets with- ŷŶųHJHBUPOOFT (U DBSCPO PGXIJDIBCPVU previously absorbed from the atmosphere. in limited time frames and that ultimately ųŹź(UJTJOUIFHSPXJOHCJPNBTTɥFMPTT It is impossible to burn a tree that has not there is no need to care about the situation of carbon stored in forest biomass due to already grown from absorption of atmos- afterwards. &is argument completely ig- deforestation and overuse is estimated at pheric carbon. &e majority of assumptions nores the principle of as it was BCPVUűŶ(UQFSZFBS ŲŹ(U$0!). in the theories on carbon debt and payback de%ned in the UN report Our common future: &e carbon stored in forests can be in- time of biomass are wrong, because they as- “ is development creased if deforestation is strongly limited sume that %rst you burn the tree and then that meets the needs of the present without and new forests are created by natural ex- you grow it! compromising the ability of future generations pansion or a'orestation. A net increase of In addition, in a sustainably managed for- to meet their own needs.” the global forest area by at least +"" million est the young growing trees absorb all the Sustainability cannot be reduced to a ha would lead to an additional carbon up- carbon that is released by any burning of concept of a few years de%ned by political UBLFPGűųŸ(UDBSCPO Ųű(U$0!) annually. biomass from old trees. &is fact might be targets; it is a principle that includes the (&is assumes biomass production of ),- t overlooked if one studies only an individual responsibility of the present generation for biomass dry matter/ha annually) tree or a de%ned area instead of considering the well-being of the generations to come! &ese %gures have to be set in relation to the ecosystem of the forest as a whole. &e transformation of productive growing the global carbon emissions caused by fos- In regions with an unsustainable forest forests to unproductive mature forests and sil fuels. In !"++ these emissions reached management there is a net shift of carbon using fossil fuels instead is unsustainable in źųŷ(UDBSCPO Ŵŵ(U$0!), (- times more release from the forest biomass to the at- many respects: than the additional +"" million ha of forests mosphere. But also in this case the carbon tɥFDBQBDJUZPGGPSFTUTUPTUPSFDBSCPOJT DPVMEBCTPSCBOOVBMMZ%VSJOHUIFMBTUZFBST stems from the atmosphere and no ad- used up by the present generation, fossil fuels have become the dominating ditional carbon is injected from the earth tɥFGPTTJMGVFMSFTPVSDFTBSFEFQMFUFE cause for the increasing CO! content in the crust to the natural carbon cycle. t$MJNBUFDIBOHFXJMMCFBDDFMFSBUFEBTTPPO atmosphere as the following carbon balance as the forests don’t absorb additional carbon for the year !"+" shows.

Misleading conclusion 2: Misleading results of an analysis with nar- As Table + shows, 0"* of the CO! emis- leave the trees in the forests row criteria about the role of forests in the sions come from burning fossil fuels and Another misleading result of too narrow carbon cycle might cause decision makers to the cement industry and +"* from land use analysis is the conclusion that it is better for postpone the transformation of the energy DIBOHFT8JUIJOUIJTű ź(USFMBUFEUPMBOE the climate to leave trees in the forests and systems to the next generation. But there is VTFű Ŷ(U XIJDIDPSSFTQPOETUPŶǜPGUP- use fossil fuels instead rather than sustain- no time left for this kind of procrastination. tal emissions, are due to deforestation and ably harvesting the trees and use part, or all overuse of forests. On the other hand, it can of them for energy. THE GLOBAL ROLE OF FORESTS be seen that the biosphere in total absorbs

One argument behind this position says IN THE CARBON CYCLE more CO! than land use related sources emit. that the burning of wood releases more CO! &e global forest area in !"+" was -,"(! &ese relations changed dramatically over per unit energy than combustion of oil or billion hectares, with ("* of these forests the last )" years. Whereas around +0)" the gas and therefore the CO! content of the being used for wood production. &e grow- emissions from fossil fuels and land use atmosphere remains lower if the trees con- ing wood stock on this area is estimated at were almost equal, at present the emissions

BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 13 from fossil fuels are +" times higher and these emissions are increasingly stored in POSITION OF WBA the atmosphere. Biomass is a carbon-neutral energy source, because the plants absorb CO2 from the atmos- &erefore the reduction in the use of fossil phere via photosynthesis and this carbon is eventually released to the atmosphere via the fuels is the central challenge of climate poli- decay of biomass or by using it. Biomass in forests can be harvested while at the same time the cy. Better management of currently used for- carbon stock in the forest is increased, ensuring a carbon-neutral source of renewable energy. ests by the transformation of +" – +)* of un- ‡:%$IDYRUVDIXUWKHUOLPLWDWLRQRIGHIRUHVWDWLRQDQGDZHOOILQDQFHGJOREDODIIRUHVWDWLRQ used forests to sustainably managed forests and the use of the increment of +"" million program of 10-20 million ha annually for the next ten years in all continents, especially in ha new forests for energy could contribute to Africa and South America, in order to reach a net increase of the global forest area by at the energy system with an additional (" EJ, least 100 million ha by 2025. replacing #* of the fossil fuels. ‡7RPHHWWKHJURZLQJGHPDQGRIIRUHVWELRPDVVIRUHQHUJ\LWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRXVHELJJHU EUROPE AS A share of the existing forests as sustainably managed forests and to improve forest manage- POSITIVE EXAMPLE ment worldwide. In Europe, the forest area increased over the ‡:%$FRQVLGHUVWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRISURGXFWLYHIRUHVWVWRRYHUDJHGIRUHVWVIRUWKHVDNHRI last +" years by /,/,""" hectares, and the carbon storage (without net biomass production) as a mistake, and supports instead replac- carbon stock is also increasing. Even in coun- ing fossil fuels by biomass sourced from sustainably managed forests. tries with a high share of biomass in the en- ‡:%$UHMHFWVWKHFRQFHSWRI©FDUERQGHEWªRIELRPDVVDQGHPSKDVL]HVWKHFDUERQGHEW ergy system such as Sweden – where biomass caused by continued use of fossil fuels is a huge liability for future generations. provides over ("* of the primary energy de- mand - the carbon stock in the forests today ‡7KHJURZLQJGHPDQGIRUVROLGELRPDVVPLJKWOHDGWRDUHGXFWLRQRIFDUERQVHTXHVWHUHG is much higher than decades ago. &is exam- in forests in some parts of the world. This should be avoided. Therefore WBA urges gov- ple shows that an increase of forest biomass ernments to enforce a forest management policy in their countries based on the principle and build up of carbon in the forest can be of sustainability, and proposes to introduce sustainability criteria as developed by WBA in reached simultaneously by applying sustain- combination with a Biomass Certification system, to apply to companies using or trading in able forest practice. Q large quantities of solid biomass. On the way to a low carbon economy, biomass from for- ests will have to play an important role in replacing fossil fuels, especially in the heating and transportation sector. Q

The Biomass Heating System

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© Foto: KWB | Foto/Subbotn Ann SUMMARY Combined heat and power (CHP) means the simultaneous production and utilization of heat and electricity. Combined heat and power production uses a series of proven, reliable and cost effective technologies that are already making an important contribution to meet- ing global heat and electricity demand. CHP, particularly together with district heating and cooling (DHC), is an important part of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction strategies, due to higher efficiency and hence, a reduced need for fuels. The construction of new DHC grids is in many cases a pre- requisite for an increased CHP application.

Biomass Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

INTRODUCTION Before Stand-alone power plants Stand-alone power plants, also named con- densation plants, only deliver electricity meaning that any heat generated during the process is lost in the $ue gases and the cool- ing water. At the very high steam temperature and pressure used in these plants, it is possible to reach over -"* electricity e.ciency. With an advanced (and expensive) gas combined cycle process, it is possible to increase the electricity e.ciency up to )"-))*.

Combined Heat and Power plants Unlike a stand-alone power plant, CHP plants deliver borth electricity and usable After heat and are therefore much more e.cient in terms of usable energy output. When planning for a CHP plant the investigation of the demand of heating and cooling in the surrounding area is crucial, whether this be for industry or residential use. Using the CHP model with a modern com- bustion steam cycle and a relatively large CHP unit (>)" MWe) could produce approxi- mately ()* electricity and ))* useful heat- ing and/or cooling energy. &e energy loss within this unit is only +"*. With di'erent advanced technologies in- DMVEJOH *OUFHSBUFE (BTJëDBUJPO $PNCJOFE $ZDMF *($$  JU JT QPTTJCMF UP JODSFBTF UIF electricity output to about )"*, based on The city of Sundsvall in middle Sweden is located between two mountain ranges. Before district heat- a %xed heating demand. Smaller (under +" ing was introduced, smoke from hundreds of chimneys and smoke stacks caused serious , MWe) biomass-fuelled CHP plants using particularly on cold winter days. Today almost all of the houses are connected to the district heating steam turbines, depending on the fuel and grid, supplying 80,000 people with heat. And the air quality has improved accordingly. the technology implemented, can achieve an Pictures supplied by Sundsvall Energi. Photo: Torbjörn Berhkvist overall e.ciency of #)-0"*, and electricity e.ciency of +!-!)*, or in the case of biogas In regions where there is no adequate pre- bine. &e cool water is then distributed in a fuelling a gas motor, up to (#* as electricity. sent demand for heat, there may be an op- district cooling pipe system to provide cool- portunity to have cooling provided for hous- ing in warmer months to many of the same District Heating and Cooling (DHC) es and o.ces, institutions and industries. CVJMEJOHT BT UIF %)$ HSJE TFSWJDFT IFBU JO – infrastructure In this case an absorption heat pump can colder months. %)$ TZTUFNT EJTUSJCVUF IPU XBUFS  TUFBN utilize the heat from the CHP plant. Heat *O%)$HSJET TVTUBJOBCMFFOFSHZTPVSDFT or chilled water generated at a central plant pumps in general use electricity to move and new types of production technologies FJUIFS%)$PS$)1QMBOU UISPVHITFQBSBUF heat from a cool space into warm space, are adopted, and existing ones signi%cantly systems of insulated pipes to residential and making the cool space warmer and the warm extended. Various biofuels and waste re- DPNNFSDJBMCVJMEJOHTDPOOFDUFEUPUIF%)$ space cooler. Absorption heat pumps use a sources are increasingly replacing fossil fu- system. Once the (hot or cold) water is used small amount of electricity but get most of els in existing and new CHP facilities. Other in customer buildings, it is returned to the their energy from a heat source. renewables like (deep) geothermal and solar central plant to be reheated or re-cooled In the case of a CHP plant, the absorption from large thermal plants are also being in- and then circulated through the closed-loop heat pump is driven by the heat from the creasingly integrated. %)$QJQJOHTZTUFN condensed steam having passed by the tur-

BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 15 Table 1: Bioenergy power plant fuel tion is seen as an ine.cient use of biomass. QPXFS  XIFO OP BEEJUJPOBM ()( FNJTTJPOT conversion efficiencies and cost components Modern commercially viable heating, cooling from changes in land use occur. Capacity Typical Power Capital Operating and technologies can reach ef- ɥFMPXFTUMJGFDZDMF()(FNJTTJPOTDBOCF Generation Costs Costs (% %ciency levels of up to #"-0"*, whereas pro- achieved through use of residues and wastes Efficiency (USD/kW) of Capital Cost) duction of electricity alone from biomass may on site, for instance in pulp and paper mills.

10 MW 14-18 6 000-9 800 5.5-6.5 only have an e.ciency of around !)-("*. When using waste and residues, methane (CH-) emissions that occur through decay of 10-50 MW 18-33 3 900-5 800 5.0-6.0 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF organic waste is avoided. Emission savings of BIOMASS-FUELLED CHP more than +""* compared to fossil fuels can 50 MW 28-40 2 400-4 200 3.0-5.0 Finance be achieved.” Co-firing* 35-39 300-700 2.5-3.5 &e IEA’s Technology Roadmap ”Bioenergy for *Co-firing costs relate only to the investment in ad- Heat and Power” !"+! shows an overview of Biomass to electricity ditional systems needed for handling the biomass biomass-fuelled plant fuel conversion e.cien- on a global scale fuels, with no contribution to the costs of the coal- cies and cost breakdowns. See table + above. (MPCBM JOTUBMMFE CJPNBTTGVFMMFE FMFDUSJDJUZ fired plant itself. Efficiencies refer to a plant without Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). According to Table +, the bigger the plant, generating capacity in !"+" was estimated the lower the speci%c cost of investment per BUŷų(8 DPSSFTQPOEJOHUPųŹű58IPGFMFD- MW capacity. Yet, this relationship is only tricity produced and requiring about +"/ AN EXAMPLE DEMONSTRATING one part of the picture. Normally, the bigger million tons of oil-equivalent (Mtoe) of bio- BIOMASS FOR CHP the plant the more di.cult it is to %nd a heat mass. &e electricity is mostly generated in A modern ) MW electrical capacity biomass demand big enough to use the heat by-prod- stand-alone power plants. An important task fuelled combined heat and power (CHP) uct of the electricity production, and also the is to convert them to CHP. plant generates around (",""" MWhe of longer the distances to haul the biomass to &is %gure of !#" TWh corresponds to electricity and )",""" MWh of heat energy the plant. E.cient CHP plants can only be +.)* of the global power production. Power annually. &is plant would require about built if the plants thermal output matches generation from biomass is still concentrat- -",""" green tons (()* moisture) woody the local demand for heat. FEJO0&$%DPVOUSJFT CVU$IJOBBOE#SB[JM biomass (roughly +!" thousand MWh fuel In many cases a necessary scale of heat are also becoming increasingly important energy value). demand might depend on the existence of a producers thanks to support programmes CHP is designed to capture this ‘excess’ %)$TZTUFN"EJTUSJDUIFBUJOHHSJEJTQBSUPG for biomass electricity generation, in par- heat and use it for productive purposes. &e the infrastructure of a town or city. Energy ticular from agricultural residues. heat is distributed to customers via insu- utilities specializing in producing electricity Solid biomass (by-products of the forest lated pipes. After the heat energy is drawn (there are some exceptions like Scandina- industry, straw, bagasse, pellets) is the main o' via a heat exchanger the water returns vian countries) are normally not interested material for bioelectricity production. It is in another pipe to the boiler. By using a far JO CVJMEJOH %)$ TZTUFNT ɥFSFGPSF QVCMJD used in CHP plants, in dedicated electricity higher percentage of the energy in the fuel, policy at municipal, state or federal level may plants, or for co-%ring (biomass used to- CHP technology should result in energy cost IBWFUPSFRVJSFUIFDPOTUSVDUJPOPG%)$TZT- gether with coal, for example). Co-%ring is savings, waste heat reduction and lower CO! tems as a prerequisite for the development the source of about +"* of total biopower. emissions. of CHP plants in those places where there is &e share of CHP plants using biomass is &e key to an economically viable CHP no industrial heat consumer. relatively low but detailed %gures are not plant is that there must be a demand for available. A remarkable increase in produc- the heat that is captured from the electric- Environment tion of biopower can be expected in many ity generating process. In Europe, small and &e IEA’s Technology Roadmap ”Bioenergy countries, increasingly based on pellets, large scale district heating plants are increas- for Heat and Power”, !"+!, indicates: “Bio- and this will be strongly dependent on gov- ingly using CHP technology and these plants energy for heat and power can provide con- ernment policies. Q have proven to be very e.cient. siderable emission reductions compared to Using biomass solely for electricity genera- coal, oil and natural gas-generated heat and

POSITION OF WBA Exemptions (in terms of electricity production without the use WBA favors the sustainable, cost-competitive and efficient use of heat) are justified if the biomass to electricity plant uses re- of biomass for energy. The production of electricity from bio- sidues or by-products that are not easily transported over long mass without utilisation of the heat is not efficient. Therefore distances and that are produced in regions without a big de- WBA supports the adoption of CHP technology in using biomass mand for heat; for example, straw in the vast rural regions of the for electricity production. world. It is better to use straw in an electricity only plant than to It is recommended that governments create economic frame- just burn it on the field. works and conditions favouring CHP development. For example: Some companies are interested in continuing the operation of feed-in tariffs or green electricity certificates for biomass to fossil-fuelled electricity production plants without heat use but

electricity applications only if the overall efficiency of the plant is to reduce the plants CO2 emissions by co-firing with biomass. higher than 60%. Other examples of the frameworks are plan- This is not the solution for the future because it requires the ning authorisation of biomass co-firing installation only if the continuation of an inefficient energy system and waste of the efficiency is above 60%, support programs for the construction limited biomass resource. The long-term solution is in utilising the heat, by conversion of the current plant or construction of a of DHC grids and a CO2 tax on coal, heating oil and natural gas to make heat from CHP plants more competitive. new CHP plant. Q SUMMARY Worldwide more than 75% of all biomass is used for cooking and in small-scale heating devices (for space and water heating). This article has been produced to give an overview of various biomass heating systems below 100 kW, and their potential beneficial applications. In many regions globally people are using old or outdated equipment with low energy conversion efficiency that can result in relatively high emissions. Yet, in the last decade, significant improvements in the technology of small-scale biomass combustion have been achieved. These improvements concern the preparation of the biomass fuel as well as the combustion technology, resulting in high efficiencies and a reduction of emissions by more than 90% when compared to older equipment. Small-Scale Biomass Heating

INTRODUCTION Figure 1: Efficiency and CO emissions of small-scale wood boilers In the northern hemisphere about )"* of the %nal energy requirement is heat energy. At present, district heating is uncommon globally, with a few exceptions in parts of Europe, meaning that residential heating is mainly provided by burning fossil fuels in small-scale or by using electricity from the national grid. Among the renewable sourc- es of heat generation, biomass is the most signi%cant source, responsible for over 0"* of all renewable heat. Wood is by far the most dominant fuel source for biomass heat generation. This figure shows how small-scale wood boilers efficiency have beenFigure increased 1: Efficiency and CO andemissions CO emissions decreased of in THE HEATING VALUE the last 30 years of technological improvements. small-scale wood boilers OF BIOMASS Source:[13] &e energy content of biomass depends needed. &is high storage volume is consid- heating and drying, followed by the for- primarily on the moisture content of the ered the biggest problem when using chips mation and combustion of volatile gases biomass and the dry weight with the heat- in small-scale heating. and %nally the combustion of charcoal. ing content of +kg absolute dry biomass be- Modern research into the process of wood ing )kWh (+#MJ). &e higher the moisture Wood pellets combustion has led to the construction of content, the lower the useful available heat. Wood pellets can be seen as a major heating new types of wood boilers. &ese new boil- Part of the energy content of wet biomass is fuel for the !+st century. Pellets are small, ers supply metered air to various combus- needed to evaporate the water present in the standardized, cylindrical and densi%ed tion areas and employ sophisticated $ue biomass. Also some water is formed during wood pieces with moisture content below gas treatments. Whereas traditional wood combustion by the combination of hydrogen +"*, thatFigure can 1:be Efficiency transported and COeconomically, emissions of boilers may reach an e.ciency of ("* to and oxygen that are part of the dry matter of burned completelysmall and-scale suit wood an boilers automated -"*, and produce a lot of smoke and other wood. &e evaporation of + kg water requires GFFEJOHQSPDFTT%VFUPUIFTFQFMMFUTIJHISource:[13] emissions, modern high-tech boilers reach "./# kWh (!.-- MJ). density, the storage volume is signi%cantly e.ciencies above 0"* and result in a tre- reduced when compared to %rewood or mendous reduction of emissions. WOOD FUELS FOR wood chips. For example, to store the en- SMALL-SCALE HEATING ergy equivalent of + m( heating oil, only ( AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT FOR Firewood m( (! tons) of pellets are required. Today SMALL-SCALE HEATING WITH Firewood is the dominant biomass fuel for pellets are also becoming more increasingly WOOD FUELS traditional use but is also popular in mod- available with more than /"" pellet plants Firewood stoves ern small boilers. &e moisture content of in operation worldwide. In !"+" global wood &ese stoves can be used to heat single %rewood determines how well it burns and pellet production reached +-.( million tons. rooms or small houses and are available how much heat is released per kilogram of with outputs from (.) kW to !" kW. Stoves wood, for example %rewood that has been THE IMPROVED COMBUSTION can be found in widely varying designs, such dried well has a moisture content of ap- TECHNOLOGY OF WOOD FUELS as doors with or without viewing glass or proximately !"* and a heating potential of &e perfect and complete combustion of with casings of tiles or soap-stone. &e ther-

-kWh (+-,-MJ) per kg. wood should only produce CO!, H!O, some mal e.ciency of modern %re wood stoves ashes and most importantly, heat energy. can be as high as #"*. Wood chips Under real conditions the combustion of Wood chips are a typical biomass fuel for wood, especially in older stoves and boilers, Firewood boilers bigger installations of capacity above +"" is far from perfect since harmful particu- Firewood boilers are more suitable for hous- kW. &ere are exceptions in use for small- lates and gases are emitted due to incom- es and are popular in rural areas. Firewood scale heating on farms or forest estates. To plete combustion. boilers are designed to burn larger pieces of equal the energy of +,""" liters heating oil Combustion of a piece of solid biomass wood than a wood stove. Wood is manually (+ m() a storage volume of +! to +) m( chips is fuel proceeds in three stages. It starts with loaded into the appliance, and their capac-

BIOENERGY NO 5 NOV 2013 17 Illustration: KWB, TP Easyfire 2

§0RGHUQKLJKWHFKZRRGERLOHUV reach efficiencies above 90%.”

ity range is between +) kW to ," kW. &e technology has been improved dramatically; Two-stage combustion with automatic igni- tion, blower fan and reduced heat losses are examples of these improvements. Modern %rewood boilers can achieve e.ciencies of more than 0"*.

Wood chip-fuelled boilers Wood chip-fuelled boilers may be used to provide heat in larger houses, for farm build- ings, or for industrial furnaces. Automatic operation and lower emissions because of Figure 2. continuous combustion are the advantages A wood pellet boiler with automatic of wood chip heating systems when com- pellet feed and automatic ignition. pared to %rewood boilers. Wood chip-fuelled boiler capacity ranges from between +) kW to +"" MW. Combination of wood and solar heating heating installations is obvious, as the %nal &e combinations of a pellet, chip or %re- energy output for a given quantity of wood Wood pellet stoves wood-fuelled boiler or stove with a solar is three times higher than using the same Pellet stoves are more sophisticated than heating system can easily provide space quantity of biomass for the production of %rewood stoves. Pellet stoves usually have a heating and hot water all year round. A ‘bu'- electricity, unless the electricity is produced small fuel pellet storage, from which the pel- ered’ heat storage system for solar and bio- in combined heat and power plants (CHP). lets are conveyed by a small auger to a shaft mass heat means that the e.ciency of this In addition, the promotion of small-scale from where they fall into the combustion kind of combined system can be very high. renewable heat is one of the cheapest strat- egies to reduce CO emissions. chamber. A fan provides the air needed for ! combustion. SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS HEAT, At present, in the northern hemisphere, When compared to %rewood stoves, the MARKET PERSPECTIVES AND hundreds of millions of homes use fos- advantages include: fully automatic opera- ECONOMIC ISSUES sil fuels or national grid electricity for low tion, higher e.ciency, cleaner burning and &e competitiveness of small-scale biomass temperature heating. Small-scale biomass easier to use. heating di'ers from continent to continent. heating o'ers an important renewable al- Q &e capacity range of domestic pellet For example, in some regions in Japan with ternative for them. stoves are between +.) kW to +! kW. pellet prices of -"" 3/t, small-scale heating is not very competitive. &is is also the case Wood pellet boilers in parts of North America because of very POSITION OF WBA Wood pellet boilers are used for capaci- low gas prices. By comparison, in Central Eu- WBA urges public authorities to re- ties in the range +) - ("" kW. &ese boilers rope pellet prices for the %nal consumer are evaluate the importance of biomass for are usually installed in a basement or in a between !!" and !,"3/t which means that production of heat energy, especially for separate container outside the house; fuel the cost in !"+! was about )"* lower than the small-scale heat market and set up storage should be located close to or next for fossil fuels. programs to promote this energy sector, to the boiler room. Wood pellet boilers op- A hindrance for the faster development erate fully automatically, whether they are of small-scale heating systems is the higher including the supply side, the training of top feed, horizontal or underfeed burners. investment cost when compared to fossil installers, financial support for the instal- Ash removal is generally automated and the fuelled alternatives. In several countries lation costs and raising the awareness exterior ash box requires emptying once or this obstacle is overcome by a CO! taxation amongst the public about this cost com- of fossil fuels to improve the competitive- twice a year. petitive, CO -neutral energy option. Q ness of biomass (e.g. Italy, Sweden) or by 2 Retrofit of oil boilers government grants to private households or External pellet burners can also be used support to companies manufacturing small- when converting fossil-fuelled boiler facili- scale biomass heating systems (e.g. Austria ties to using pellets. &is way of retro%tting and UK). FULL VERSIONS old systems can be a fast and cost-e.cient &e justi%cation for a pro-active govern- OF ARTICLES; way to convert to pellets for fuel. ment policy in favor of small-scale biomass worldbioenergy.org

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