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Driving As You Feel: a Psychological Investigation of the Novice Driver Problem

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Driving As You Feel: a Psychological Investigation of the Novice Driver Problem Driving as You Feel: A Psychological Investigation of the Novice Driver Problem Neale Andrew Duncan Kinnear A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Edinburgh Napier University, for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy May 2009 Declaration I, Neale Andrew Duncan Kinnear, hereby certify that this thesis has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. Date - 11th May 2009 Signature of candidate - Printed name - Neale Kinnear ii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my Dad, the late Kenneth Duncan Kinnear who passed away on 10th August 2006. His constant encouragement and enthusiasm are sorely missed but were a great part of getting me to this stage in life. I must also pay tribute here to my wonderful Gran and Aunt Marjory who passed away shortly before Dad. iii Acknowledgements My wise Grandfather used to say that you are better born lucky than rich. At times I questioned this wisdom, however during my PhD I have been fortunate to have met and worked with some exceptional people. In this regard, I have been very lucky, although not rich. I must firstly thank my supervisors for their support and judgement throughout the completion of the thesis. Many thanks to Prof. Steve Stradling for giving me the opportunity and for having great faith in me. I have appreciated his encouragement and have learnt a lot from him. Dr. Cynthia McVey has been instrumental in setting me along this path and again I am privileged at the faith she has shown in me. Thank you for all your support over the last few years. Prof. Ray Fuller provided much of the inspiration for the thesis topic and I am extremely appreciative of his help and support. My appreciation extends to Ray Fuller‘s colleague Dr. Michael Gormley who very kindly assisted me in times of need. I am also thankful to Dr. Steve Kelly, Prof. Jimmie Thomson and Dr. Marc Obonsawin at Strathclyde University for welcoming me into their department and for sharing their expertise. I am further grateful to the Psychology department at Glasgow Caledonian University for the use of their facilities. Thanks specifically to James Cox for his technical help. My appreciation and respect is also due to Mrs Elizabeth Davidson for allowing me to publish a copy of her impact statement in the thesis. I would like to use this as an opportunity to pay a special mention to my sister Sonia. I do not often get the opportunity to publicly praise her but she is one of life‘s exceptionally special people and a true inspiration. She has been a huge influence on me throughout my life. The last couple of years as a family have been difficult but it is always comforting to know that she is there. In continuation of gratitude to family members, my thanks also to Mum, Derek, Warren, Auntie Pat and Uncle Alan, Auntie Di and Uncle Dave, and Auntie Marion and Uncle John. A source of continuous support has been my long suffering partner Debbie. She has been tremendous throughout the PhD and especially during the difficult times. Thank you. Last but not least, I am grateful to all my friends who now have to listen to ‗Safety Tips Kinnear‘ and drive more safely in my presence! Thanks Drew, Fraz, Ghazi, Neil, Darren, Keith, and the rest. iv Publications arising from this thesis Publications Kinnear, N., Stradling, S.G. and McVey, C.J. (2008). Do we really drive by the seat of our pants? In, L. Dorn (Ed.). Driver Behaviour and Training: Volume III. Aldershot: Ashgate. Kinnear, N., Kelly, S.W., Thomson, J.A. and Stradling, S. (2009). Do we really drive as we feel? In, Behavioural Research in Road Safety 2007, Seventeenth Seminar. London: Department for Transport. Kelly, S., Kinnear, N., Thomson, J. and Stradling, S. (2009). A comparison of inexperienced and experienced drivers‘ cognitive and physiological response to hazards. In, L. Dorn (Ed.). Driver Behaviour and Training: Volume IV. Aldershot: Ashgate. In Preparation Kinnear, N., Kelly, S. Stradling, S. and Thomson, J. (2009). What novice drivers need to learn. In preparation. Kelly, S., Kinnear, N., Thomson, J. and Stradling, S. (2009). Dissociating cognitive and emotional components of hazard perception in novice drivers. In preparation. Conference Presentations Kinnear, N., Stradling, S.G. and McVey, C.J. (2006). Feelings of Risk in Novice & Experienced Drivers. Paper presented to AIRSO seminar, Napier University, 10 October 2006. Kinnear, N., Kelly, S.W., Thomson, J.A. and Stradling, S. (2007). Driving as you feel. Presented to Strathclyde University Seminar Series. Strathclyde University, Glasgow, 20 April 2007. Kinnear, N., Kelly, S.W., Thomson, J.A. and Stradling, S. (2007). Do we really drive as we feel? Paper to Behavioural Research in Road Safety: Seventeenth Seminar. Department for Transport. Branksome Place, Haselmere, Surrey, April 30th - May 2nd. Kinnear, N., Kelly, S.W., Thomson, J.A. and Stradling, S. (2007). Do they feel the Fear?: The young novice driver problem. Presentation to ACPOS summit, Perth, 6th September 2007 Stradling, S.G. & Kinnear, N. (2007). Young novice drivers: Why is there a problem? Presentation at LARSOA 5th Annual North East Road Safety Conference, Young Drivers: A Fatal Attraction, Durham, 8 November 2007 v Kinnear, N., Stradling, S.G. & McVey, C.J. (2007). Do we really drive by the seat of our pants? Paper presented to Third International Conference in Driver Behaviour and Training, Dublin, 12th-13th November 2007 Kinnear, N., Kelly, S.W., Thomson, J.A. and Stradling, S. (2008). Driving as you feel: A psychological investigation of the novice driver problem. Paper presented to Napier Post-Graduate Conference, Edinburgh, 3rd April 2008. Kinnear, N., Kelly, S.W., Thomson, J.A. and Stradling, S. (2008). Novice Drivers: The need for more miles behind the wheel. Paper presented to IVV SAFEX 2008: Driver Education World Conference, London, England 17-18th May 2008. Kinnear, N. (2008). The Novice Driver Problem: What research tells us? Paper presented to Drive 4 Safety Launch - Road Policing Seminar. Glasgow IMAX Cinema, Pacific Quay 18th June 2008. Posters Kinnear, N., Stradling, S.G. and McVey, C.J. (2006). Driving as you feel: An investigation into the role of Somatic Markers in driving. Presented at Glasgow Caledonian University Graduate Conference, Glasgow, July 2006 Kinnear, N., Stradling, S.G. and McVey, C.J. (2006). Driving as You Feel: A replication of Fuller‘s (2005) study of task demand and risk in driving. The British Psychological Society Scottish Branch Conference, Perth 24th -25th Nov, 2006. Newspaper Articles Why teen drivers take 1,000 miles to know the true meaning of fear. Daily Mail, September 6, 2007; page 27 Boy racers must grow up fast if death toll to fall. The Scotsman, February 23, 2008; page 28-29 Young ‗lack fear of road dangers‘. Daily Mail, April 11, 2008; page 7 Parents in cop drive. Sunday Mail, June 15, 2008; page 8 A drive to safety. The Extra, June 19, 2008; page 14 vi Abstract The current thesis aimed to explore the novice driver problem from a psychological perspective. The ultimate aim was to enhance knowledge and understanding which may advise how to improve novice driver safety. The novice driver problem is a worldwide trend; which in the UK involves one in five newly licensed drivers being crash involved in their first year of driving (Maycock & Forsyth, 1997). Research suggests that both age and inexperience are the major factors of novice driver crash risk; although inexperience has been shown to be the more important (Maycock, 2002). Crash risk reduces dramatically as drivers gain experience of driving after licensure, although what drivers are psychologically learning through experience is not yet understood. Using the Task-Capability Interface model (Fuller, 2005) to conceptualise driving, the current thesis sought to extend the theory by exploring the psychological processes through which drivers appraise risk and how this shapes a decision and behavioural response. Study One reports that there are two distinct ways in which drivers appraise risk, which supports theory proposed by Slovic et al. (2004): risk as feelings and risk as analysis. Current neurological theory, in the form of the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio, 1994), supports the role of feelings and emotion as an evolved automated system of human risk appraisal that biases judgement and decision making. Studies Two and Three investigated emotional appraisal of hazards between novice and experienced drivers through physiological skin conductance. The results suggest that novice drivers fail to emotionally appraise developing hazards when compared to experienced drivers. Study Three demonstrated that novice drivers who had driven less than 1000 miles had physiological anticipatory scores similar to learner drivers whereas novices who had driven more than 1000 miles had scores approaching those of experienced drivers. This demonstrated a learning curve mediated by driving experience. As a result of the thesis, it is suggested that further research into the role of feelings and emotion in learning to drive is performed. The implication of the results for graduated licensing is also discussed. vii List of Contents Declaration ……………………… ii Dedication ……………………… iii Acknowledgements ……………………… iv Publications arising from this thesis ……………………… v Abstract ……………………… vii List of Contents ……………………… viii Chapter Outline ……………………… ix List of Figures ……………………… xvi List of Tables ……………………… xx Context and Rationale __________________
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