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The Coastal Morphology and Sedimentology of Cape Hatt Peninsula J.-M

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The Coastal Morphology and Sedimentology of Cape Hatt Peninsula J.-M ARCTIC VOL. 4 0 , SUPP. 1 (1987) P. 10-19 The Coastal Morphology and Sedimentology of Cape Hatt Peninsula J.-M. SEMPELS’ (Received 12 June 1986; accepted in revisedform 15 January 1987) ABSTRACT. A small peninsula locatedon northern Baffin Island was selected as the sitea nf oerx perimental oil spill. The experiment required three similar bays, one to serve as coandtr otwl o to compare the afantde behaviour of oil and an oil-dispersant mix spilled in the znoenaers.h Goereo morphic and sedimentologic observations indicate th(a1t) the shoreline sedimentosf Cape Hatt are reworked glacidael posits, (2) bays facing Eclipse Sound are the most exposed to wave and ice action and those of Z-Lagoon are the most (s3h)e tlhteerreed ,i s a westerly sedimetransportnt direction in the bayosf Eclipse Sound, a winnowingo f fines from the most exposed o bf a yZs- Lagoon and several transport directions in Ragged Chan(n4e)li c aen adc tion is the most important process at Cape Hatt. Qualitative assessmeonf t these features was used to recommend that Bay 10 be used for control,B ay 9 for the oil-alone experimenta nd Bay 11 for the oil-dispersanmt ix experiment. Geologicafl eatures, however, reflect the integratiofn all processes operating at Cape Hatt over long periofd sti me and do not warrant as high a priority as meteoroalnodg oicaela nographic criteriai n the final selection of bays for the BIOS Project. Key words: Eastern Arctic, Cape Hatt, shoreline morphology, sedimentology &SUME. Une petite p6ninsule situ1& l ’extremitk nord de I’ile de BaffinC,t C a c hoisie poury conduire un diversement experimental d’hydrocarbure. L’exgrience necessita trois baies semblables, une devant &treu tilisee comme thoin, et deux pour cornparer les consequences d’un deversement d’hydrocarbure et d’un melange d’hydrocarbuerte d ’un agent de dispersion. L’Btude gkomorphique et skdimentologiqcuaep H daut t demontra qu(1)e les sediments des plages du cap Hatt sont constitues d’anciendt6 pBts glaciaires modifies par I’action des vagues etl a d eg lace,(2) les plages adjacentes1 Eclipse Sounds ont les plus exposee1s l’action des vagues etd es glaces, ceet ux du lagon “Z” les plus abritkes(,3 ) les sedimentsd es plages adjacentes1 Eclipse Sound se dkplacent vers l’ouest; les sediments les dpulu lsa g foins “ Z” sont remis en suspensieotn enm ouvement; et dans RaggedC hannel, il existe plusieurs directions de transport des sediments, et (4)l e glaciel est le facteur et le processus le plus important du cap Hatt. Une evaluation qualitative de ces facteurs permit de choisir trois baies parmi les 13 disponibles et de recommander l’usage preferable pour chacune de ces baies. Toutefois, les facteurs geologiques Btudies repdsentent I’inttgration desp rocessus gkologiques de la region sur delo ngues griodes de temps et ne meritent pas autant d’emphased ans le choix final des baies que celui accord6 aux facteurs m6teorologiqueest odanographiques. Mots clCs: Arctique de I’est, cap Hatt, morphologie des cBtes, sddimentologie INTRODUCTION BIOS Project (McLaren et al., 198l ), and the most suitable bays for the experimental spills were selected. A small peninsula that extends into southwestern Eclipse Sound (Fig. 1) wasselected in 1979 as the site for the Baffin Island Oil FIELD METHODS Spill (BIOS) Project (Thornton, 1979). This project had two principal objectives: to determine if theu se of ac hemical In late May andearly June 1980 permanently marked profiles dispersant would increase or decrease the environmental effects were established by driving steel rods into the shore zoonfe all of spilled oil in the arctic nearshore; and to determine undefieldr bays (Fig. 1). Beginning from a point on the beach face, ten conditions the relative effectiveness of various shoreline protec- equally spaced holes were augered through the ice and usased tion and cleanup techniques. An important requirement related sampling locations to obtain bathymetric and geologic informa- to the first objective was the selection of three small bays with tion. Sediment cores for geological and chemical analyses were similar physical and biological characteristics. Of these three obtained using a vibracoring device designed and fabricated bays, one was to remain uncontaminated and serve as control, after a versiondeveloped at the Bedford Institutoef Oceanogra- one was to receive a mixture of oil and dispersant and the third phy (Fowler et al., 1977). Cores obtained for geological pur- was to receive oil alone as a surface slick. poses wereseparated lengthwise into two halves, photographed, Field work during 1980 and 1981 was designedto determine described and subsampledfor grain size analyses and biological the coastal morphology, sedimentology and processes of Cape examination. Cores for hydrocarbon analyses were obtained Hatt Peninsula. It included three major components: (1) during using sections of chemically cleaned plexiglass tubing as liner late May and early June 1980 nearshore zones were sampled inside the core barrel. Both ends of the plexiglass tube were using the sea-ice cover as a working platform(Fig. 2); (2) during protected from contamination by capping them with chemically late July and early August 1980 the foreshore and backshore cleaned Teflon sheeting prior to freezing. Bottom samples were zones of alpotentiall bays were profileda nd sampled (Barrieet also obtained using a Foerst-Peterson grab lowered sideways al., 1981); and (3) coring and trenchingo f the ice overlying the through the ice hole. backshore andforeshore zones of selected bays were performed In late July and early August 1980 all beaches were profiled in early May 1981 to determine thei nteraction of ice and using a method described by Emery (1961). Elevations along sediments. Geomorphic and sedimentologic features of Cape each profile were measured approximately every 1.5 m and at Hatt were then evaluated with respect to the objectives of the intervening topographic inflections or facies changes. The top ‘Petro-Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Present address: P.O. Box 406, Quyon, Quebec, Canada JOX 2VO @TheA rctic Institute of North America COASTAL MORPHOLOGY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY 11 15-20 cm of sediment in each facies encountered was sampled elevations of 400 m and 500 m respectively, they are separated and retained for grain size analysis. Nearshore sampling and by a northeasterly trending saddle-shaped valley that extends observations of the sea floor to a depth of2 0 m werealso carried between an embayment on Ragged Channel (Bays 1 1 and 12) out in Bays9 , 10, 1 1 and 13 using scuba equipment.Altogether, and the southwestern end of Z-Lagoon. This valley does not 54 cores, 74 grabs, 29 diver-collected samples and 114 beach exceed 50 m in elevation. samples were obtained for chemical and grain size analyses The peninsulais divided geologicallyb y the White BayFault, (Barrie et al., 1981). which trends southeast from the southern end of B1a0y, where it In order to understand the freeze-up of beaches, four thermo- ise xpressedm orphologically by a deeplyi ncisedd rainage couplep robesw ere inserted approximately 1.8 m into the valley. The continuation of this fault across Ragged Channel intertidal zone along the profile of Bay 106. Each probe con- forms the northeast coast of Ragged Island. tained eight underground and one or two aboveground evenly North ofthis fault, the peninsula is composed of Archean and spaced sensors. These sensors were used on opportunityan b asis Aphebian migmatites and a few ultramafic bodies. The to measure the air and ground temperatures fro7m A ugust to 15 migmatites are made up of alternating layers of medium-grain September 1980. quartz monzonite, granodiorite, amphibolite and paragneiss. During May 1981 a portable auger was used to core the ice These migmatites are presumably the result of the introduction overlying the backshore, beachface and nearshore zonoef Bays of granitic material into metavolcanica ndm etasedimentary 10,11,12 and 106. The ice cores were examined witrespecth to rocks (Jackson et al., 1975). salinity, solids content and crystallography. The foreshore of The area south of the fault includes two Neohelikian sedimen- Bay 1 1 was also trenched to observe the distribution of sedi- tary sequences: the Victor Bay Formation, composedo f thinly ments in ice. bedded black shale, siltstone, limestone, dolomite and sand- stone; and the Athole Point Formation, composeprincipallyd o f thinlyb edded argillaceous limestone, calcareous shale and ECL'PSEAI siltstone. The Athole Point Formationoverlies conformably the Victor Bay Formatioann d, south of Bay9 , it forms the core of a northwesterly plunging syncline. Cape Hatt lies near the northeastern limit of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The peninsula was completely coverebdy glacier ice during the early part of the last glaciation (Klassen, 198 1). Later, during Late Wisconsinatime,n the northern extent of glacier ice was limited to the mouth of Milne Inlet and Oliver Sound. Glacial deposits on uplandsurfaces are coarse grained and form a thin ( < O S m) discontinuous cover over bedrock. These de- posits are composed of locally derived debris as well as rock fragments known to have travelled more than 100 km from north-central Baffin Island and Foxe Basin to the south. The lower parts of slopes adjacent to MilneI nleta ndR agged Channel are blanketed byglaciofluvial a nd glaciomarine depos- RAGGED CHANNEL its bounded at their upperm arginb ym orainer idgesa nd kame-terraces. Two moraine ridges extend in a northeasterly direction on the east side of Ragged Channel and one curves around the embayment of Bays 11 and 12 toward Z-Lagoon (Hodgson and Haselton1, 974). South of Tukayat Lake(Fig. l), the water-lain sediments terminate in a large glaciomarine delta, with its upper surface at an elevation of 80 m above sea level. This delta marks the Late Wisconsinant erminuso f the Laurentide Ice Sheet some 9500 years ago, as indicated by radiocarbon dating of shells found in situ (Klassen, pers.
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