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The Archaeological Investigation of Walter C. Pierce Community Park and Vicinity, 2005-2012: Report to the Public, May 2013

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The Archaeological Investigation of Walter C. Pierce Community Park and Vicinity, 2005-2012: Report to the Public, May 2013 The Archaeological Investigation of Walter C. Pierce Community Park and Vicinity, 2005-2012: Report to the Public, May 2013 Mark Mack, Principal Investigator, Howard University Mary Belcher, Independent Historian DEDICATION This report is dedicated to Mark Mack, the leader of the Walter Pierce Park Archaeology Project from 2005 to 2012; to the men, women and children whose remains were buried in the cemeteries at Walter Pierce Park; to the descendants of those buried; and to others whose sense of kinship to those buried endures. SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS: Justin Dunnavant Shayla Monroe Eleanor King Barbara Bates Jen Muller Rachel Watkins ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES USED IN THIS INVESTIGATION: National Archives and Records Administration Howard University Founders Library and Moorland-Spingarn Research Center District of Columbia Archives Friends (Quakers) Meeting of Washington Files Smithsonian Institution Archives Family Research Center, Church of Latter Day Saints, Kensington, Maryland Library of Congress Martin Luther King Library Washingtoniana Room Cleveland Park Public Library Historical Society of Washington, D.C. Massachusetts Historical Society on-line Diaries of John Quincy Adams Sandy Spring, Maryland, Museum Library Genealogybank.com (on-line archives) Ancestry.com (on-line archives) Fold3.com (on-line archives) Accessiblearchives.com (on-line archives) Heritage Quest (on-line archives) THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF WALTER C. PIERCE COMMUNITY PARK AND VICINITY, 2005-2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………... 1 Location and Condition of the Walter Pierce Park Site …………….. …………… 1 Research Design ………………………………………………………………….. 5 THE HISTORY OF THE SITE The Quaker Burying Ground Is Established, 1807 ……………………………………….. 7 Use and Ownership of the Land Surrounding the Quaker Cemetery, 1807-1870 … 8 1809-1823: Roger and George Johnson and the Columbia Mills……………... 8 1823-1870: John Quincy Adams and the Mills………………………………... 8 1862-1865: Cliffburne Hospital……………………………………………….. 10 The Invalid Corps at Cliffburne………………………………………….... 12 1870: The Adams Heirs Sell to the Colored Union Benevolent Association…. 13 Mt. Pleasant Plains Cemetery: Benevolent Beginnings…………………………………… 14 The Association and Slavery ……………………………………………………… 16 The Free Young Men’s Cemetery at 12th & V Streets N.W., 1849-1870 ………… 17 The Free Young Men Become the Colored Union Benevolent Association; a New Cemetery Is Established …………………………………………… 18 The Physical Appearance of the Quaker and African American Cemeteries …………….. 20 Size and Topography ……………………………………………………………… 20 The Physical Appearance of the Quaker Cemetery 1807-1890 …………………. 20 Quaker Burial Customs …………………………………………………………… 21 The Physical Appearance of Mt. Pleasant Plains Cemetery 1870-1890 ………….. 22 African American Burial Customs …………………………………………………24 The Names and Number of Those Buried in the Cemeteries ……………………………... 26 The Closure of Mt. Pleasant Plains Cemetery, 1890 ……………………………………… 33 The Closure of the Quaker Cemetery, 1890 ………………………………………………. 37 The Cemeteries in the 20th Century: Dissolution, Disruption, and Disappearance .………37 The Widening of Adams Mill Road, 1904 ………………………………………… 37 The Heirs’ Legal Efforts to Sell the Land, 1903-1941……………………………. 38 Charles H. Shorter Seeks to Dissolve the Association, 1913 …………………….. 39 Western Hillside Sold for Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, 1929 ……………. 39 Calvert Street Bridge Construction, 1891; 1934-35 ………………………………. 40 The Physical Appearance of the Cemeteries in the 1930s ………………………… 41 Developers Eye the Site; Quakers Resist; Mass Disinterment of Remains, 1932-1940 ……………………………………. 41 Shapiro Brothers Buy the Land, 1940; Quakers Continue to Resist Sale ………... 45 Shapiro Brothers Developers Desecrate the Cemeteries, May and June 1959 ………….. 48 Establishing Community Park West/Water Pierce Park, 1964-1980 ……………………. 54 The Lackey Archaeological Survey, 1981 ……………………………………….. 55 The Walter Pierce Park Archaeology Project Begins, 2005 ……………………………... 57 The City Council Appropriates $200,000 for the Archaeological Project ……….. 59 i Table of Contents (Cont.) THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF WALTER C. PIERCE COMMUNITY PARK AND VICINITY, 2006-2012…………………………… 63 Pedestrian Survey of the North Slope, June-July 2009 …………………………………... 66 North Slope Terrain and Challenges …………………………………………….. 66 Earlier Finds; A.D. Marble Preliminary Survey, 2005 ………………………….. 70 North Slope Finds, 2009 …………………………………………………………. 71 Skeletal Remains; Coffin Artifacts ………………………………………. 77 Worked Stones; Headstones ……………………………………………… 88 Ceramic and Glass Sherds; Seashells; Miscellaneous ……………………. 101 Ground Features …………………………………………………………. 110 Pedestrian Survey of the West Slope, 2006 ……………………………………………… 113 Stone Wall, West Slope ………………………………………………….. 135 West Slope Soil-Erosion-Mitigation Project 2009-2010…………………. 136 THE WALTER PIERCE PARK ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE: CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………..……………………. 138 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………. 141 APPENDICES A. The Walter Pierce Park Archaeology Project, Public Outreach ……………………… 151 B: The Nationwide Struggle to Preserve African American Cemeteries: An Overview, by Shayla Monroe..…………………………………………………… 163 C: An 1890 Essay Describing Mt. Pleasant Plains Cemetery …………………………… 155 D: About the Authors ……………………………………………………………………..159 List of Photos, Maps and Illustrations Figure Page 1. Location of Walter Pierce Park, U.S. Geologic Survey map, 1965 ………………………….. 2 2. Map of the cemeteries’ original boundaries ……………………………………………... 3 3. Map of the partitioning of the cemeteries..………………………….……………....... 4 4. Archaeological survey sections map…………..…………………………………………….. 4 5. The team lays gridlines while a soccer game is in progress …………………………………. 6 6. 1850s map showing Columbia (Adams) Mill and Quaker Cemetery ...……………………… 7 7. Early photograph of Columbia (Adams) Mill ……………………………………………....... 9 8. 1866 Map showing Columbia (Adams) Mill and Quaker Cemetery ……………………….. 10 9. Cliffburne Hospital Barracks, 1862 lithograph …………………………………………….. 11 10. 1850s map showing Free Young Men’s Cemetery at Square 272 …………………………. 17 11. Charles Francis Adams ……………………………………………………………… 18 12. 1886 receipt for purchase of a Mt. Pleasant Plains cemetery lot …………………… 19 13. Topographic map, circa late 1880s, showing cemetery site ………………………… 20 14. 1887 map showing Mt. Pleasant Plains Cemetery ………………………………….. 23 15. Doctor’s note asking city to provide coffin, 1884…………………………………… 25 16. 1883 death certificate of Charlotte Norris Nugent ………………………………….. 26 17. Photograph of Lindsay Muse ……………………………………………………….. 28 18: Page 333 from Colored Union Benevolent Association minutes book …………….. 33 ii Table of Contents (Cont.) 19: Page from William Hornaday’s 1889 field notebook showing cemetery land ……... 34 20: Photograph of Charles H. Shorter …………………………………………………... 39 21: Aerial view of Calvert Street Bridge under construction, 1934-35 ………………… 40 22: 1932 sketch of plans for development of cemeteries site …………………………… 42 23: 1945 map showing Shapiro Brothers Inc. property …………………………………. 46 24: 1959 newspaper photo of excavation of graves …………………………………….. 49 25: 1963 photo of site …………………………………………………………………… 53 26: Photograph of Walter C. Pierce at City Hall in the 1970s ………………………….. 54 27: 1978 photograph of families enjoying Community Park West ……………………... 55 28: Pick-up basketball at Walter Pierce Park …………………………………………… 56 29-32: 2005 excavation pits …………………………………………………………….. 58 33: Walter Pierce Park site, four sections of archaeological investigation ……………… 64 34: Walter Pierce site, all finds ………………………………………………………….. 65 35: North Slope of Walter Pierce Park site ……………………………………………… 66 36: Mark Mack clears vines from North Slope …………………………………………. 67 37: View of North Slope cleared of overgrowth in March 2008, after a clean-up ……… 68 38: View of North Slope with dense overgrowth in May 2008 …………………………. 68 39: Archaeological team members clear North Slope of brambles and vines …………... 68 40-41: Two views of gabion wall ……………………………………………………….. 69 42: Gully caused by erosion on North Slope ……………………………………………. 69 43: Map of North Slope, All Finds …...…………………………………………………. 75 44: Map of North Slope, Skeletal, Coffin Hardware and Miscellaneous Finds …………. 76 45-46: Cervical vertebra C3/C4 ………………………………………………………………… 77 47-48: Left temporal bone fragment ……………………………………………………………. 78 49-50: Coffin hardware, metallic, unidentified purpose ……………………………………….. 79 51-52: Coffin hardware, including escutcheon, decorative studs, and tack….. ………………… 80 53: Coffin hardware catalog illustration, 1871 ………………………………………………….. 81 54: Illustration of coffin hardware, Chicora Foundation report ………………………………… 82 55-56: Coffin handle found on North Slope in community garden area prior to survey ……….. 83 57: Coffin handles found on North and West Slopes compared ……………………………….. 84 58: Illustration of coffin handles, Chicora Foundation report …………………………………. 85 59: Coffin handles catalog illustration, 1871 …………………………………………………… 86 60: Map of North Slope Finds, Worked Stones ………………………………………………… 87 61: Stone A …………………………………………………………………………….... 88 62: Stone A …………………………………………………………………………….... 88 63: Stone B …………………………………………………………………………….... 88 64: Stone C …………………………………………………………………………….... 89 65: Stone D …………………………………………………………………………….... 89 66: Stones D and E ……………………………………………………………………… 89 67: Stone E …………………………………………………………………………….... 90 68: Stone F …………………………………………………………………………….... 90 69: Stone G …………………………………………………………………………….... 91 70: Stone H ……………………………………………………………………………...
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