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Calibración De Datos De Nubes De Ceniza Para Los Volcanes Mexicanos

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Calibración De Datos De Nubes De Ceniza Para Los Volcanes Mexicanos Laboratorio Nacional de Observación de la Tierra, Instituto de Geografía, UNAM. Lilia de Lourdes Manzo Delgado, Víctor Manuel Jiménez Escudero, Jorge Prado Molina y Colvert Gómez Rubio. Actividad 2 Desarrollo de algoritmos para la Detección de Puntos de Calor (DPC) para México. 2.4. Elaboración de Reporte de DPC CENTRO NACIONAL DE PREVENCIÓN DE DESASTRES, MÉXICO Número de convenio 52769-1829-7-VI-18 Marzo de 2019 2.4. Elaboración del Reporte. Índice 1. RECOPILACIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA. ............................................................................. 5 1.1 RESUMEN DEL CAPÍTULO………………………………………………………………………….5 1.2. INTRODUCCIÓN. ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.3. OBJETIVO del CAPÍTULO. ....................................................................................................... 6 1.4. ASPECTOS GENERALES DE LOS INCENDIOS FORESTALES. ........................................... 6 1.4.1. ¿Qué es el fuego? ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2. ¿Qué es un incendio forestal? ........................................................................................................ 7 1.4.3. Tipos de incendios forestales. ......................................................................................................... 7 1.5. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN (ANTECEDENTES). .................................................................. 10 1.6. BASES FÍSICAS DE LA PERCEPCIÓN REMOTA PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE INCENDIOS. 18 1.7. EL PROGRAMA DE SATÉLITES GOES. ................................................................................. 21 2. IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE ALGORITMOS EN EL SISTEMA. ........................................................................ 25 2.2. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................................... 25 2.3. OBJETIVO DEL CAPÍTULO ..................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1. Objetivos particulares: ................................................................................................................... 26 2.4. ALGORITMO DE DETECCIÓN DE INCENDIOS GOES-16/ABI.............................................. 26 2.4.1. Etapa I. Preparación de materiales. .............................................................................................. 26 2.4.2. Etapa II. Máscara de nubes. .......................................................................................................... 28 2.4.3. Etapa III. Máscara de Tierra/agua/desierto/ciudades. ................................................................... 28 2.4.4. Etapa IV. Definición de umbrales. ................................................................................................. 28 2.4.5. Etapa V. Selección de pixeles potenciales. ................................................................................... 29 2.4.6. Etapa VI. Eliminación del Sun glint. ............................................................................................... 32 2.4.7. Etapa VII Caracterización de fondo y pruebas contextuales. ........................................................ 33 2.4.8. Etapa VIII Detección y caracterización de incendios. .................................................................... 34 2.4.9. Visualización de los resultados del algoritmo de incendios GOES-16/ABI .................................... 34 3. EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DE LOS RESULTADOS. ........................................................................ 35 3.2. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.3. OBJETIVO DEL CAPÍTULO ..................................................................................................... 36 3.3.1. Objetivos particulares: ................................................................................................................... 36 3.4. EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD ............................................................................................... 36 3.4.1. Pruebas para horarios diurnos. ..................................................................................................... 39 3.4.2. Pruebas para horarios nocturnos. ................................................................................................. 42 3.5. RESULTADOS. ......................................................................................................................... 44 3.5.1. Incendios detectados por el algoritmo GOES-16/ABI. ................................................................... 45 3.5.2. Falsos incendios detectados por el algoritmo GOES-16/ABI. ....................................................... 46 4. CONCLUSIONES. ....................................................................................................................... 48 5. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ............................................................................................................ 49 GLOSARIO ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 P á g i n a 2 | 53 2.4. Elaboración del Reporte. Índice de tablas Tabla 1.1. Sensores y satélites para el monitoreo de incendios y áreas quemadas. ....................................... 15 Tabla 1.2. Bandas espectrales de los sensores MODIS y VIIRS. .................................................................... 16 Tabla 1.3. Bandas espectrales del sensor ABI montado en el satélite GOES-16. ........................................... 17 Tabla 1.4. Historia y estado actual de los satélites geoestacionarios GOES (NOAA y NASA, 2018). ............. 21 Tabla 2.1. Canales de GOES-16 utilizados en el algoritmo de detección de incendios. .................................. 33 Tabla 3.1. Sentinel-2 longitud de banda central y ancho de banda. ................................................................ 37 Tabla 3.2. Divisiones por horario utilizadas en el algoritmo de detección de incendios GOES-16/ABI. ........... 39 Tabla 3.3. Pruebas diurnas 17 de mayo de 2018............................................................................................. 39 Tabla 3.4. Pruebas diurnas 20 de mayo de 2018............................................................................................. 40 Tabla 3.5. Pruebas diurnas 22 de mayo de 2018............................................................................................. 40 Tabla 3.6. Pruebas diurnas 28 de mayo de 2018............................................................................................. 41 Tabla 3.7. Pruebas nocturnas 17 de mayo de 2018......................................................................................... 42 Tabla 3.8. Pruebas nocturnas 20 de mayo de 2018......................................................................................... 42 Tabla 3.9. Pruebas nocturnas 22 de mayo de 2018......................................................................................... 43 Tabla 3.10. Pruebas nocturnas 28 de mayo de 2018. ...................................................................................... 43 Índice de figuras Figura 1.1 Triángulo del fuego que sintetiza los elementos de un incendio forestal (Flores, 2009). .................. 7 Figura 1.2. Formas de transmisión del calor (Rodríguez, 1996). ....................................................................... 8 Figura 1.3. Representación gráfica de un incendio subterráneo (Flores, 2009). ................................................ 9 Figura 1.4. a) Representación gráfica de un incendio de pastizal. b) Representación gráfica de un incendio de sotobosque (Flores, 2009). ........................................................................................................................ 9 Figura 1.5. Representación gráfica de un incendio de copas pasivo (Flores, 2009). ....................................... 10 Figura 1.6. Representación gráfica de un incendio de copas activo (Flores, 2009). ........................................ 10 Figura 1.7. Espectro electromagnético. Se muestra una ampliación de una porción de los espectros visible e IR. ............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figura 1.8. Espectros de radiación solar y terrestre. (Sellers, 1965)................................................................ 19 Figura 1.9. Comparación de las radiancias de Planck entre el canal infrarrojo de onda corta (3.9 µm) y el infrarrojo de onda larga (11 µm). La gráfica ilustra la respuesta más rápida de las longitudes de onda más cortas para detectar el calor (Weaver et al., 2003). ......................................................................... 21 Figura 1.10. Satélite GOES 16 y sus diferentes sensores abordo. (https://www.goes-r.gov/) ......................... 22 Figura 1.11. Imágenes espectrales de las 16 bandas de CONUS (Continental US) obtenidas con el sensor ABI del satélite GOES-16. ....................................................................................................................... 24 Figura 2.1. Diagrama de flujo de las etapas consideradas en el desarrollo del algoritmo
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