SAMBAD: Dialogue for Peace Project

BASELINE SURVEY REPORT

Submitted to: CARE Nepal Regional Office Bharatpur, Chitwan

Submitted by: Bijay Kumar Singh, Ph.D. Kathmandu, Nepal Email: [email protected]

January 2014

Study Team

Bijay Kumar Singh, Ph.D. Team Leader (Consultant)

Mr. Santos Kumar Shah Statistician

SAMBAD/CARE Nepal Team

Ms. Nirmala Sharma Program Coordinator. CARE Nepal

Mr. Madhav P. Dhakal Project Manager, SAMBAD/ CARE Nepal

Ms. Bimala Puri Community Dialogue Officer, SAMBAD/ CARE Nepal

Mr. Bishnu Nepali Monitoring and Evaluation Office, SAMBAD/ CARE Nepal

Mr. Amleshwar Singh Impact Measurement and Learning Manager, CARE Nepal

Partner NGO Team

Ms. Mibusha Ghimire District Project Coordinator, LARC

Mr. Madan Prajapati Field Supervisor, NAMUNA

Ms. Chandani Chhetri Finance Assistant, NAMUNA

Mr. Rajesh K. Chaudhary Finance Assistant, LARC

Field Data Collectors

LARC, Nawalparasi

Ms. Sarita Adhikari Ms. Phoolmaya Paswan Ms. Menka Shree Rajkumari

Mr. Ramhari Dusadh Mr. Ravi Shanker Harijan

NAMUNA, Rupandehi

Ms. Sonika Shrestha Mr. Jeewan B.K. Mr. Mukunda Paudyal

Ms. Bindramati Chaudhary Mr. Dinesh Aryal

Special Contribution in the Baseline Survey for Data Collection

Mr. Prem Nath Gyawali - LPC Secretary, Rupandehi

Ms. Anjana Acharya - LPC Secretary, Nawalparasi

Acknowledgements

The Team Leader would like to express his gratitude to CARE Nepal for the opportunity given again to serve the organization. He would like to extend his sincere thanks to Officials of CARE Nepal Mr. Madhav P. Dhakal, Ms. Nirmala Sharma, Mr. Amleshwar Singh, Ms. Bimala Puri, Mr. Bishnu Nepali and Mr. Chuda Basnet for their kind cooperation and hearty support in successfully completion of the assignment on time. He would like to earnestly extend his special gratitude to Under Secretary Mr. Bharat Acharya and Section Officer Mr. Durga Bhusal of the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction for their valuable inputs and information of peace process policies, strategies, guidelines and other related documents. He would like to highly appreciate for the hearty cooperation of LPC Secretaries Mr. Prem Nath Gyawali of Rupandehi and Ms. Anjana Acharya, Nawalparasi. Likewise, he is grateful to the LPC coordinators and members of Rupandehi and Nawalparasi for their valuable inputs and information in the baseline survey. He is thankful to Ms. Mibusha Ghimire of LARC and Ms. Nirmala Singh, Ms. Chandani Chhetri and Mr. Madan Prajapati of NAMUNA and all the facilitators and team members for their hard work in data collection in shivering cold in Terai. Similarly, he would like to thank to the board members of LARC and NAMUNA for keenly monitoring the baseline activities of their staff. Special thanks go to the Statistician Mr. Santosh Kumar Shah and Data Entry Person Ms. Mamata Shah for their hard work to complete the assignment in short period of time. Last but not the least, he is very thankful to VLPC Office-Bearers and conflict affected people and others who selflessly provided information.

Bijay Kumar Singh, Ph.D. Team Leader SAMBAD Project Baseline Survey

Abbreviations and Acronyms

CDO Chief District Officer

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GESI Gender Equality/Equity and Social Inclusion

HHs Households

LARC Legal Aid and Research Center

LDO Local Development Officer

LPC Local Peace Committee

MOPR Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction

NAMUNA NAMUNA Integrated Development Council

NRs Nepali Rupees

SQ Structured Questionnaire

TOR Terms of Reference

USAID United States Agency for International Development

VAW Violence against Women

VDC Village Development Committee

VLPC Village Level Peace Committee

Table of Content

Acknowledgements ...... i Abbreviations and Acronyms ...... ii Table of Content ...... iii Executive Summary ...... vi 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Objectives of the Baseline Survey ...... 1 1.2 Target Groups ...... 2 1.3 Rationale of the Baseline Survey ...... 2 1.4 Approaches ...... 2 2.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 4 2.1 In-Depth Literature Review of the Secondary Information ...... 4 2.2 Primary Data Collection Methods ...... 4 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 7 4.0 LESSONS LEARNED AND CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS ...... 24 5.0 CONCLUSIONS ...... 24 6.0 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 25 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 27

List of Figures

Figure 1: Types of Incidence of the conflict-affected household in sampled households ...... 8

Figure 2: % of people perceive reduction in conflict ...... 9

Figure 3: % of People perceive reduction in conflict by types ...... 9

Figure 4: Conflict victim HHs reported about MOPR relief ...... 13

Figure 5: Explain the peace building policy, mechanisms and programs ...... 13

Figure 6: Conflict victim HHs reported about MOPR service ...... 15

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List of Tables

Table 1: Population of the Conflict-affected People in Rupandehi and Nawalparasi...... 5

Table 2: VDCs-wise sample household selection...... 5

Table 3: Types and number of incidences between Asadh to Paush 2070 (six months) ...... 10

Table 4: % of households' response on their participation in social, religious & local development ...... 10

Table 5: % of households' response on their participation in social, religious & local development by caste and ethnicity ...... 11

Table 6: % of respondent received the types of relief provided by MOPR ...... 13

Table 7: % of respondent explain about the policy of MOPR ...... 14

Table 8: % of respondent explain about the mechanisms of MOPR ...... 14

Table 9: % of respondent explain about the programs of MOPR...... 15

Table 10: % of HHs received Services from MOPR ...... 15

Table 11: People reporting they have been provided safe space for dialogue ...... 16

Table 12: HHs visited LPC and VLPC by types of work (in %)...... 16

Table 13: % of the respondent express their feeling while participated/visited in PCs ...... 17

Table 14: % of community participating in dialogue for peace and reconciliation during the last six months ...... 17

Table 15: % of conflict-affected people receiving livelihood support ...... 18

Table 16: % of Conflict affected HHs received services different from MOPR ...... 18

Table 17: % of HHs responded about contribution of support ...... 19

Table 18: Description of Expenditure of Conflict-Affected Households ...... 19

Table 19: Description of expenditure by Districts ...... 20

Table 20: % of HHs expenditure lies in different quintile group by districts ...... 20

Table 21: % of HHs expenditure lies in different quintile group by caste ethnicity ...... 20

Table 22: Description of income of conflict-affected households ...... 21

Table 23: Description of income of conflict-affected households by caste ethnicity (in %) .....21

Table 24: Description of income district-wise ...... 22

Table 25: % of HHs income lies in different quintile group by districts ...... 22

Table 26: % of HHs income lies in different quintile group by caste/ethnicity ...... 22

Table 27: Description of physical assets ...... 23

Table 28: % of conflict-affected people satisfied with livelihoods support ...... 24

List of Annexes

Annex 1: Baseline Value in the Logical Framework ...... 29

Annex 2: Terms of Reference of the SAMBAD Baseline Survey ...... 31

Annex 3: List of the Persons Met During the Baseline Survey 37

Annex 4: Focus Group Discussions Guidelines ...... 39

Annex 5: Household Survey Questionnaire ...... 53

Annex 6: Conflict-affected VDCs in Rupandehi and Nawalparasi districts ...... 55

Annex 7: Map of Nepal Showing SAMBAD Project Districts ...... 57

Annex 8: VDCs and Municipalities Seleced for Baseline in Rupandehi ...... 58

Annex 9: VDCs and Municipalities Seleced for Baseline in Nawalparasi ...... 59

Annex 10: General Information of the Respondents ...... 60

Annex 11: Sex Distribution of the Respondents (in %) ...... 60

Annex 12: Types of Incidence of the Conflict-affected Household in Sampled Households ..61

Annex 13: % of People Perceive Reduction in Conflict ...... 61

Annex 14: % of People Perceive Reduction in Types of Conflicts ...... 61

Annex 15: Reasons for Reduction in Conflict (in %) ...... 62

Annex 16: Conflict Victim HHs Reported about MOPR Relief and Service ...... 62

Annex 17: Explain the Peace Building Policy, Mechanisms and Programs (in %) ...... 62

Executive Summary

"SAMBAD: Dialogue for Peace” is a three-year USAID funded project aiming to promote peace through increased mutual trust and social harmony. Project Area covers conflict affected Village Development Committees (VDCs) and Municipalities of Western Terai districts namely Nawalparasi and Rupandehi. The three specific objectives of the project are: (i) identify eligible individuals/families (left out due to any reason), for the benefits and services from MOPR, and identify gaps to strengthen them to maximize the benefits to the conflict affected individuals and their families, (ii) to improve reconciliation between conflicting groups and individuals using safe spaces for dialogue, and (iii) to increase conflict-affected families' income through job opportunities and revolving funds.

The objectives of the baseline survey were: (i) to revisit, if necessary, the existing proposed indicators to make them more focused, relevant and measurable, (ii) to revisit, if necessary, the targets stated in the performance management plan initially submitted, (iii) to establish baseline values for the indicators included in the Indicator Matrix (IM), and (iv) to develop common understanding and acceptance among SAMBAD Project staff and Implementing Partners, particularly for project participants, of the project indicators, how to measure them, and how the information would be used. The three expected results to achieve the above objectives are: (a) Local Peace Committee (LPC) and Village Local Peace Committees' (VLPC) members are capable for facilitating process and dialogue to promote peace in conflict-affected communities, (b) Conflicting groups and individuals are prepared for reconciliation using safe spaces for dialogues, and (c) Peace promotion structures and mechanism supported for reconciliations and trust building among conflicting communities, groups, and individuals.

The primary target groups of the project are the individuals and families directly affected by the conflict such as retired Maoist ex-combatants, family of martyrs and those injured, disabled, displaced, disappearance, sexual and gender based violence victims in the both districts. The focus of the project is to increase the benefits, incomes, and access on services of the groups. The beneficiaries are affected from both sides: government agencies particularly armed police and army, and the armed insurgent groups.

The methodology adopted were: Collection and review of the secondary information and consultations were made from central, project, district and community level including Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction, CARE Nepal Office, Project Office, Local Peace Committee and VDC Level Peace Committees, Partner NGOs and the people affected by the conflicts. As per the MOPR Guidelines, the conflict-affected period is B.S. 2052 Falgun 1 to 2063 Mangsir 5 (i.e. 13 February 1996 to 21 November 2006) and those who were affected during this period are considered as conflict-affected people and/or households. As per the decision of the Cabinet of B.S. 2064/2/27 (i.e. 10 June 2007), a committee was formed to gather the information on conflict affected people, households and infrastructure called " Information Collection Committee for Conflict-Affected Persons, Households and Structures". The persons and households enlisted in this committee's report is the basis for the data collection from conflict-affected persons and households. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with the conflict-affected persons and households using

vi household questionnaire and focus group discussions checklists. The VDCs and municipalities which have large number of conflict-affected people and/or households were given the priority in the selection for the sample households and data collection. The data were entered into SPSS software program and analysis was done. The baseline values of the indicators are as follows:

Project Narrative Objectively Verifiable Indicators (OVIs) Principal Objective: to 1. 67.8% of people perceive a reduction in conflict contribute to the promotion of 2. Recorded 290 cases of incidences in Nawalparasi in peace through increased six month period and 241 cases of incidences in mutual trust and social harmony Rupandehi district in one year period1. in the communities of Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts. Expected Outcome 1: identify 1.1 10.1% of conflict victims reported that they were not eligible individuals/families (left benefited from a peace building program out due to any reason), for the 1.2 67.4% of people can explain the peace building policy, benefits and services from 66.9% can explain mechanisms, and 38.1% can MOPR, and identify gaps to explain the MOPR programs strengthen them to maximize 1.3 50.0% of conflict-affected people were left out from the benefits to the conflict MOPR services on reconciliation and rehabilitation affected individuals and their including the livelihood package families The following individuals/families were left out for the benefits and services of MOPR: 1.1 Among those who lost properties primarily due to action by retaliatory groups (Navalparasi). 1.2 From among the missing people, not yet verified 1.3 Wounded people who were treated in private hospitals and in India 1.4 Those who were put in custody for less than 30 days but not given any evidence, and 1.5 Those who don’t appear to be affected (no physical wounds/injuries), but are mentally and physically tortured and/or facing psychosocial problem like fear, terror, depression, anxiety, post traumatic disorder etc. Expected Outcome 2: Improve 2.1 18.3% of people reported that they have been reconciliation between provided safe space for dialogue through community conflicting groups and individual level service provisions using safe spaces for dialogue. 2.2 16.3% of community participated in dialogue for peace and reconciliation during the last six months Expected Outcome 3: 3.1 56.0% of conflict-affected people received livelihoods Increase conflict-affected support either from MOPR or from other organizations families’ income through job 3.2 Of the 56% beneficiaries, 24.3% of conflict-affected opportunities and revolving people are satisfied with livelihoods supports.

1 Six month records of incidences were not available from the District Police Office, Rupandehi.

vii funds

Conclusions The plain areas are more affected by the conflict compared to hilly region of the project districts. Conflicts-affected people are distributed in large geographical areas in both districts, which is a big challenge for the project to demonstrate its concrete results.

There is normal communication in the communities between and among the conflict-affected people, household members and those who are not affected by the conflict. This includes both those who are affected by the Government security force or by the Maoist. The issues of Pratikar Samuh2 (Retaliatory Group) of Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts are repeatedly raised in the different public forums but these issues are always ignored. Dealing with conflict-affected people and household is a very sensitive, thus, the project should be oriented on dealing with a great sensitivity. The project staff should carefully and patiently listen, understand, and respect the feelings of the conflict-affected people and households.

The LPCs of both districts are active with few programs and limited budget. Only 16.3% VLPCs are functioning and have regular meetings and providing safe space for dialogue for the conflict-affected people or households at VDC level.

Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction (MOPR) has provided relief packages and employment/self-employment training to the conflict-affected people or their family members. Focus group discussions and field findings shows that most of the conflict-affected households have received relief packages. There are some successful examples of employment/self-employment. However, most of employment/self-employment trainings are not effective in creating employment or self-employment to the conflict-affected people who received trainings. The field survey shows that conflict-affected orphan children (who have lost their mother or father or both), marginalized single women (widows) and aged people have very hard time for their livelihoods. The main recommendations are as follows: • The VLPCs, which will be vehicle for the launching the program at VDC level, should be made active, transparent and functional. • The employment/self-employment trainings received by the conflict-affected household members have little impact on its uses in the field reality and income increment. Thus, training should be provided based on actual need assessment and focus should be given on practical training. After training, the trained persons should be provided with minimum tools/machines and linked with the financial institutions for self-employment or to start micro-enterprises. • The conflict-affected orphans, single women (widows) and aged persons who are marginalized in terms of financial resources should be given the priority in the SAMBAD project interventions.

2 Pratikar Samuh: During the conflict period, the retaliatory group (Pratikar Samuh) against rivalry the Maoist Communist Party were formed in Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts. They received arm training and arms from the Government of Nepal to resist against the armed Maoist party.

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• Dialogue sessions should be conducted between conflict-affected and non-affected people in order to create conducive in the communities where there is misunderstanding between them. • Supports should be provided to VLPCs and conflict-affected people in reconciliation initiatives like small memorial place, statue erection, road side waiting place with drinking water tap, etc. • The Project should try to fill up the gaps in benefit packages provided by MOPR. • The Project should carry out an assessment of saving credit groups and cooperatives capacity to support conflict affected people in economic empowerment activities. • Collaborate with Women and Children Office to implement sexual and gender based violence cases and UNSCR 1325 and 1820. • In consultations with the project stakeholders, issues of the Pratikar Samuh of Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts should also be discussed.

Baseline Survey Report SAMBAD: Dialogue for Peace Project

1.0 INTRODUCTION “SAMBAD: Dialogue for Peace” is a three-year USAID funded project aiming to promote peace through increased mutual trust and social harmony. Project Area covers conflict affected Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Western Terai districts namely Nawalparasi and Rupandehi. The project will adopt a holistic, people-to-people approach targeting conflict-affected women, men, and families. The project is expected to create and strengthen linkages between affected groups and peace support mechanisms, a safe space for dialogue, and livelihood opportunities. Sambad’s theory of change is: if the capacity of the local communities and peace structures are enhanced to mitigate conflict, with economic support for the conflict-affected families and individuals, and safe space created for dialogue, then communities’ ability to address local conflicts will increase and they will learn to co-exist while accepting differences.

A theory of change describes a process of desired change by making explicit the way we think about the current situation or problem, its underlying causes, the long-term changes we seek and what we need to happen in society in order for that change to come about. The theory of changes primarily consists of seven elements: (i) a statement of the current situation and major underlying causes affecting the program impact group, (ii) a desired long-term goal, (iii) domains of change, (iv) pathways of change that include breakthroughs and incremental changes, (v) stakeholders, (vi) Indicators, and (vii) assumptions (http://p- shift.care2care.wikispaces.net/).

The goal of SAMBAD Project is to contribute to the promotion of peace through increased mutual trust and social harmony in the communities of Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts. The three specific objectives of the project are: (i) to identify eligible individuals/families (left out due to any reason), for the benefits and services from MOPR, and identify gaps to strengthen them to maximize the benefits to the conflict affected individuals and their families, (ii) to improve reconciliation between conflicting groups and individual using safe spaces for dialogue, and (iii) to increase conflict-affected families' income through job opportunities and revolving funds.

Indicators of the goal and objectives are the prime basis for conducting baseline survey. The instruments for the data collection were directed by the indicators of the result-frame of project.

1.1 Objectives of the Baseline Survey The objectives of the baseline survey were as follows:

1. To revisit, if necessary, the existing proposed indicators to make them more focused, relevant and measurable, 2. To revisit, if necessary, the targets stated in the performance management plan initially submitted,

3. To establish baseline values for the indicators included in the Indicator Matrix (IM), and 4. To develop common understanding and acceptance among SAMBAD Project staff and Implementing Partners, particularly for project participants, of the project indicators, how to measure them, and how the information will be used.

The three expected results to achieve the above objectives are: (1) Local Peace Committee (LPC) and Village Local Peace Committees' (VLPC) members are capable for facilitating process and dialogue to promote peace in conflict-affected communities, (2) Conflicting groups and individuals are prepared for reconciliation using safe spaces for dialogues, and (3) Peace promotion structures and mechanism supported for reconciliations and trust building among conflicting communities, groups, and individuals.

1.2 Target Groups Primary Target Groups: The primary target groups of the project are the individuals and families directly affected by the conflict such as retired Maoist ex-combatants, families of martyrs and those injured, disabled, displaced, disappearance, sexual and gender-based violence in both districts. The focus of the project is to increase the benefits, incomes and access on services of the groups. These people and households are those who are affected either from government agencies particularly armed police and army or and the armed insurgent groups.

Secondary Target Groups: The secondary target groups are two partners local NGOs namely NAMUNA Integrated Development Council (NAMUNA) and Legal Aid and Research Center (LARC). The Local Peace Committees (LPC) and Village Level Peace Committees (VLPC) are also the secondary target groups whose capacities need to be enhanced to facilitate for creating safe space for dialogue. The focus of this target group is to enhance their capacity to smoothly implement the project to achieve the project objectives.

1.3 Rationale of the Baseline Survey The baseline survey set a benchmark to compare the changes to be brought by the SAMBAD Project. The baseline survey was conducted by a team of consultants through a participatory approach engaging SAMBAD project partners' staff. The baseline survey provided an opportunity to understand the project, logical framework and indicators, baseline processes and results (baseline values). The baseline values are pertinent in revisiting the targets of the key indicators, and if necessary, modification of certain indicators, which the project would plan to achieve during its tenure. The baseline provided a clear foundation for measuring changes by establishing both qualitative and quantitative base values of relevant indicators.

1.4 Approaches Participatory approach: The whole baseline survey was conducted adopting the participatory approach involving the project partners and concerned CARE Nepal officials to provide understanding of the project, awareness on indicators, measurement methods of indicators and values, baseline processes and ownership feeling of the baseline survey.

Indicator Based: Result-frame indicators of the project were the prime basis for the baseline survey. The baseline survey measured the base values of the result indicators, which would be compared during mid-term evaluation, endline survey and final evaluation. The baseline also assessed the indicators on how they are gender equity/equality and social inclusion - Simple, Measurable, Attainable, Reliable and Time-bond (GESI-SMART) indicators. The Indicator-wise baseline value has been presented in Annex 1.

Consultative approach: Consultative approach was adopted from central to project, district, VDC, community, and beneficiary level. Thus, the consultations were held with the officials of the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction and CARE Nepal officials responsible for SAMBAD project at central level. Similarly, discussions with the Office-bearers of the partner NGOs and Local Peace Committee (LPC) were held at district level. Likewise, VDC level peace committee members, conflict-affected households and people and VDC officials were consulted at VDC and community level. This approach was helpful to verify and triangulate information from different sources.

GESI approach: While conducting the baseline gender, equity/equality and social inclusion approach were applied during data collection, analysis and report writing. In data collection, both men and women, and caste/ethnicity were taken into consideration in sampling. Similarly, gender and caste/ethnicity of the respondents have been analyzed and included in the report to know their representation.

Explorative approach: The baseline also adopted the explorative approach to find out the local and existing safe spaces for dialogue between conflict-affected households and communities with other local community peoples. There are some cases in which the conflict affected households are hesitant to speak their feelings in the public forum or meetings but they express their internal pain after meetings that they are not socially accepted. For example local community people are hesitant to accept their feast and marriage their children in social behavioral terms.

Conflict reconciliation approach: The data collectors were oriented on concept of reconciliation. Similarly, tools and techniques were prepared to collect data on re- establishing the relationship between conflict-affected and non-affected households in the community rather than to resolve all the issues related to conflict-affected people.

People-to-people approach: The list of ex-combatant was not available in the LPC or VDC or district level offices. Thus, this approach was mainly used to identify the ex-combatants settled in the rural communities for the household survey.

Do no harm approach: This approach was used while asking questions to the conflict- affected households paying attention not to hurt respondents feeling.

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 In-Depth Literature Review of the Secondary Information As per Terms of Reference (TOR) of the Baseline Survey in Annex -2, the following documents were reviewed:

• Project documents • National frameworks and commitments of Nepal government for the conflict, peace and reconciliations • Peace process documents in Nepal • Policy and strategy, structures, mechanism of the MOPR on peace and conciliation • CARE Nepal policy/strategy and programs on conflict, peace and reconciliation • Theory of change and practices

2.2 Primary Data Collection Methods Consultations: Consultations were done at central, district, VDC, community and beneficiary level to get their views, and understandings on various facets of the project. It included the consultations with the MOPR authorities, CARE Nepal officials at central and project level, Local Peace Committees, VDC Secretaries, Local Level Peace Committee officials, project beneficiaries and other concerned stakeholders (Annex 3).

Focus group discussions (FGD): The study team conducted focus group discussions with conflict-affected households, local peace committees and the households who live in the same conflict-affected community but not affected by the conflicts. The Local Peace Committee and Project Coordinator of the partner or experience staff conducted FGD. For this purpose, guidelines and checklists were prepared for the focus group discussions (Annex 4).

Interviews with Structured Questionnaire (SQ): Structured Questionnaire was prepared to interview with the target beneficiaries. The study team conducted survey with the sample households and captured the perceptions of the household members and other information on different aspects of relevant indicators (Annex 5).

Population of Conflict-affected People: According to the MOPR Guidelines, total households affected by the conflicts during the period between 2052 Falgun 1 to 2063 Mangsir 5 (i.e. 13 February 1996 to 21 November 2006) has been considered as conflict- affected. The listing of the conflict-affected households/people was downloaded from the website of MOPR and considered as a Population. Out of 69 VDCs and two municipalities, 57 VDCs and 2 municipalities were affected by conflicts in Rupandehi district. Similarly, 60 VDCs and one municipality were affected out to total 73 VDCs and one municipality of Nawalparasi district. Total 460 people were killed, 95 persons disabled, and 142 persons displaced. Likewise, 25 persons were missing, 15 persons were abducted and 6 were orphans in both districts (Table 1). VDC-wise list of the killed people has been included in Annex 6.

Table 1: Population of the Conflict-affected People in Rupandehi and Nawalparasi

Conflict-affected Types No. of households in No. of households in Total Households in Rupandehi district Nawalparasi district project districts No. of VDCs affected 57 (Out of 71) 61(Out of 74) 118 (out of 145)

No. of people killed 206 (59.0%) 254 (64.5%) 460 (61.9%) No. of disabled people 24 (6.9%) 71(18.0%) 95 (12.8%) No. of displaced 110 (31.5%) 32 (8.1%) 142 (19.1%) people No. of missing people 9 (2.6%) 16 (4.1%) 25 (3.4%) No. of abducted people 0 15 (3.8%) 15 (2.0%) No. of orphans 0 6 (1.5%) 6 (0.8%) Total 349 394 743 Source: www.peace.gov.np Note: There are repetitions of the same households in some cases for example the same household has killing cases and abduction and so on.

Selection of the sampling VDCs and households:

Out of total affected VDCs, the list of the highly affected 15 VDCs was identified in terms of numbers of people killed Table 2: VDCs-wise sample household selection and others like missing, disabled etc. Then, highly Nawalparasi Rupandehi affected 11 VDCs were VDC No. of HHs VDC No. of HHs purposively selected (Table Pragatinagar 13 Butwal 10 2) for data collection in Shivmandir 11 Rudrapur 6 consultations with the Sunwal 11 Bodabar 6 CARE Nepal Project officials, both NGO partner Somani 10 Kerwani 6 organizations, and other Kolhua 9 Sidharth 6 stakeholders based on Ramgram 9 Aama 4 diversity of representation Benimanipur 7 Suryapura 4 criteria such as categories Dibyapuri 7 Asuraina 3 of the target beneficiaries Narayani 6 Motipur 3 and their residence, Agayaulli 6 Dudhraksh 3 ecological locations, Dhumkiwas 6 Pauraha 3 caste/ethnic groups, gender Total 95 54 etc. The project District and selected VDCs have been shown in maps (Annex 7, 8, 9).

The households listed in MOPR website (www.peace.gov.np) were identified in the selected VDCs. However, all those households, who were available during the data collection, were interviewed. List of the Maoist ex-combatants were not readily available, thus, those who were available in the selected VDCs were interviewed. Altogether 95 households in Nawalparasi and 54 households in Rupandehi were surveyed (Table 2).

Pre-Testing and Orientation: After preparing SQ, it was discussed with the project officials, Impact Measurement and Learning Manager of CARE Nepal, project partners and MOPR officials and their valuable comments and suggestions were incorporated. Thereafter, the SQ was pre-tested in the VDCs, which were not selected for the sampling VDCs. The data collectors were involved in the pre-testing in their respective district i.e. data collectors of Nawalparasi pretested in in Hakui and Sukrauli VDCs and data collectors of Rupandehi district in Basantpur VDC. The SQ was finalized incorporating their feedback.

The data collectors and supervisors were oriented on data collection tools and techniques. Similarly, Supervisors and Local Peace Committee Secretaries of both districts were oriented on checklist of the Focus Group Discussions. For the field-testing, they were taken to Bodbar VDC of Rupandehi district where discussions were held with the VDC level peace committee members.

Data collection: Field data were collected during 19 December 2013 to 7 January 2014 by the data collectors using the tools such as SQ, focus group discussions’ checklists. Household surveys were done by a team of two persons one male and other female. Twelve Facilitators of two NGO Partner organizations collected the household data. Similarly, the Project Coordinator and Secretary of the Local Peace Committee of Nawalparasi district collected information through focus group discussions. In the absence of the Project Coordinator, one experienced staff in conflict management of NAMUNA and Secretary of the Local Peace Committee conducted FGDs in Rupandehi district.

Supervision of the data collection: The NGO partner organizations, CARE Nepal Bharatpur Cluster, and the Project Team Leader monitored and supervised the primary data collection to complete on set time, maintain the quality of data, and ensure the factual data.

2.3 Data Analysis Methods

Quantitative data were analyzed by percent, count, and mean using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Quantitative data were analyzed manually. GESI analysis was done and GESI disaggregated results were included in the report.

Triangulations and verifications of data/information: Data/information from the various sources was triangulated to verify and crosscheck. For example, quantitative data were complemented and triangulated and verified by qualitative data/information.

Limitation: Due to distribution of the conflict-affected people in large geographical areas, it was difficult to find and interview with the targeted households in all cases particularly the displaced households and the Maoist ex-combatants. Six month conflict incidences report was not available from the District Police Office Rupandehi, thus, Impact Indicator 2 could not be measured. The first objective of the project " Increase conflict-affected communities’ access to MoPR benefits and services" has been changed into "to identify eligible individuals/families (left out due to any reason), for the benefits and services from MOPR, and identify gaps to strengthen them to maximize the benefits to the conflict affected individuals and their families" after the completion of the baseline survey. Based on the consultations with the project stakeholders, information on the revised objectives have been inserted in the report.

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Context of Conflict Situation in Project Districts

Though Nawalparasi district is called Terai district but about three-forth is hilly areas and remaining one forth is plain area. In Rupandehi, about 85% area is distributed in plain and only about 15% in hills. As per 2001 Census, only 4% people of Nawalparasi live in urban area with one municipality and rest 96% in rural setting but Rupandehi has about 18% population in urban area with 2 municipalities and about 82% in rural areas. According to 2001 Census, average literacy in Nawalparasi is 52.99% with male 65.74% and female 55.71% compared to Rupandehi average literacy 65.95% with male 75.84% and female 55.71%. Out of 75 districts, Rupandehi is ranked on 13th position whereas Nawalparsi on 37th position in overall composite score in 20033. Rupandehi district is comparatively more accessible than Nawalparasi in terms of road networks. In Rupandehi, Bhairahwa-Butwal is an industrial corridor with numbers of industries and Bhairahwa – a good market center for import and export of goods and services to and from India. Bhairahwa with airport has high number of Budhist foreigner and internal tourists in the birth place of God Gautam Buddha. Nawalparasi has also few famous religious places for internal tourists.

There are total 72 VDCs and one municipality in Nawalparasi district out of which 61 (83.56%) were affected by one or another types of conflicts. Similarly, Rupandehi district has 69 VDCs and 2 municipalities of which 57 (80.28%) were affected by the conflicts. In terms of percent of conflict-affected VDCs, there is no big difference between two districts. Comparative analysis of district level conflicts shows that Nawalparasi district was highly affected by conflicts in terms of number of people killed (64.5%), disabled people (18%), missing people (4.1%), abducted people (3.8%) and orphans (1.5%) compared to Rupandehi district. Rupandehi has only higher in people killed (59%), disabled 6.9%, displaced (31.5%) and missing (2.6%). The VDC mapping of conflicts shows that Terai areas are more affected by conflicts compared to hills in the same districts. Similarly, retaliatory groups against the Maoist were formed along the VDCs which were located along the Indian border in southern part of both project districts.

Total 149 conflict-affected households were interviewed, out of them 40.9% are Janajati, 38.3% Brahman/ Chhetri/ Dasnami, 10.5% Dalit, 10.1% Madheshi and 2% Muslim. Likewise, 38.9% are women-headed household. Out of 149 respondents, 135 responded in literacy status. Among them, 65.2% are literate. Similarly, 45.3% household head are members in groups, 11.1% are executive members and 6% in major three positions including Chair, Treasurer and Secretary of the groups. This shows the affiliation status of the conflict- affected people in groups (Annex 10). Of the 149 respondents, 46.3% were women and 53.7% men (Annex 11).

3 CBS/ICIMOD/SNV (2003) Districts of Nepal Indicators of Development Update 2003.

Figure 1 shows the types of conflict-affected persons or households interviewed in Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts. This includes households whose family members affected by displacement, killing, abduction, injured, handicapped, property loss, Maoist ex-combatant, forcefully lost the job, missing, and orphan. Among the sampled 149 households, 65.1% are of killing, 20.8% are of injured, 11.4% are of property loss,

Figure 1: Types of Incidence of the conflict-affected 8.7% are of kidnapped, 8.1% household in sampled households are of missing and so on. Annex 12 clearly reveals that about two third of the samples in both districts covers the households whose family members were killed.

Goal: To contribute to the promotion of peace through increased mutual trust and social harmony in the communities of Nawalparasi and Runpandehi districts.

Impact Indicator 1: Percentage of people that perceive a reduction in conflict

Figure 2 indicates that 67.8% conflict-affected respondents perceive that there is decrease in conflict. However, rest of the respondents does not know whether the conflict is decreased or not. In the question on which types of conflict is decreased, the reduction in conflict is: 28.9% political, 24.8% social, 7.4% communal, and 5.4% religious conflict (Figure 3). In Nawalparasi district, there is a communal conflict recently surfaced due to misbehavior of a Headmaster to a Dalit Figure 2: % of people perceive student of Sidharth Higher Secondary School of Kusma reduction in conflict VDC.

This is the responses of those who responded that conflict has been reduced. While asking about the reasons for the conflict reduction, Annex 15 shows that 41% keep their views that conflicting groups participate in open competition of political process. Similarly, 31% says that increased public awareness in political and social issues and 28% tells the open discussions and dialogues on different subjects and discriminations. Likewise, 9% forwards their views that inclusive policy and provisions implemented by the Government and 40% views the Figure 3: % of People perceive reduction in conflict increased public awareness by types generated by I/NGOs' programs.

Impact Indicator 2: Percentage change in the number of conflict incidences in the participating communities during the year

Conflict incidences recorded in the District Police Offices were collected from both Rupandehi and Nawalparasi districts. The Nawalparasi District Police Office provided month- wise 6 months records of incidences of 290 cases. However, the Rupandehi District Policy Office gave the aggregate information of total 241 cases of fiscal year 2069/70 of which killing -11 cases, rape-23 cases, human trafficking-11 cases, theft-35 cases, VAW -161 cases (Table 3). This shows that about two-third of the cases in Rupandehi district are gender-based violence cases followed by theft (14.52%), rape cases (9.54%) and killing & human trafficking 4.56% each. However, there is great diversity in incidences in Nawalparasi district including 25.17% killing, 23.45% suicide cases, 22.76% killed in accidents. Other cases in Nawalparasi are: 11.03% public crime, 5.8% banned drug cases, 3.45% theft, 3.1% violence against women and 1.7% rape. Thus, it was difficult to compile and aggregate both

9 information of the same period. However, it gives an indication of the types of incidences in the project areas but it is difficult to find out exact indicator value.

Table 3: Types and number of incidences between Asadh to Paush 2070 (six months)

Types of incidences Rupandehi* Nawalparasi Killed 11 (4.56%) 73 (25.17%) Killing attempt - 2 (0.69%) Killed in vehicle accident - 66 (22.76%) Suicide - 68 (23.45%) Abduction - 1 (0.35%) Rape 23 (9.54%) 5 (1.72%) Human trafficking 11 (4.56%) - Theft 35 (14.52%) 10 (3.45%) Violence against women 161 (66.80%) 9 (3.10%) Banned drug - 17 (5.86%) Public crime - 32 (11.03%) Others = 7 (2.41%) Total 241 (100%) 290 (100%) * Fiscal year 2069/70 cases of Rupandehi district. Source: District Police Offices Rupandehi and Nawalparasi, 2070

Suggested Impact Indicator 3: Positive Initiatives taken in the conflict-affected communities

Baseline Value: 38.8% households responded that they have participated local development activities. (Table 4).

Table 4: % of households' response on their participation in social, religious & local development

Items Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total

My family members participate in social activities 96.8 96.2 96.6 My family members participate in religious functions 89.5 94.2 91.2 My family members participate in local development 28.4 57.7 38.8 activities My family members are not invited and nor allowed 1.1 3.8 2.0 to participate in social, religious and local development activities Total Households 95 52 147

Table 5 indicates that out of total 147 respondents, there are 11 Dalits (7.47%) and 3 Muslims (2%). Dalit responses are very low (18.2%) in number of family members participate

10 in local development activities and (9.1%) in family members are not invited and nor allowed to participate in social, religious and local development activities.

Table 5: % of households' response on their participation in social, religious & local development by caste and ethnicity

Items Brahman Other /Chhetri/ Madhesh Janjati Dalit Dasnami i Caste Muslim My family members participate in social activities 98.4 81.8 98.2 93.3 100.0 My family members participate in religious functions 93.4 81.8 91.2 86.7 100.0 My family members participate in local development activities 31.1 18.2 50.9 33.3 66.7 My family members are not invited and nor allowed to participate in social, religious and local development activities 1.6 9.1 0.0 6.7 0.0 Total Households 61 11 57 15 3

Objective 1: Identify the gaps in benefits and services provided by the government to the conflict affected and strengthen the ongoing relief and reconciliation efforts by MoPR to maximize the benefits to the conflict affected individuals and their families.

The terms mentioned in the SAMBAD project objective 1 access to MOPR "benefits" and "services" do not exactly match with the MOPR terms. The MOPR has used the term "reliefs" and "employment/self-employment" instead of "benefits and services". Discussions with the MOPR officials, "relief package is considered benefits and "employment and self- employment as services". According to the types of conflict, the amount of relief varies. The types of relief package are: the households whose members were killed, missing, disabled, abducted and scholarship orphan children whose mother or father or both are killed and persons who are wounded, injured and/or handicapped.

Thus, the households who are aware of any one of above mentioned relief packages is considered "aware of" MOPR relief and their packages. The household, which has received anyone of the relief packages, is considered "benefitted from peace building program".

It is seen that 10.1% have not received the relief packages of MOPR and 50.0% have not received the services in terms of "employment and/or self-employment training" from the MOPR. MoPR has recognized those individuals/households who were affected by deceased households, households of missing member, handicapped/wounded people, households of kidnapped members, medical treatment, scholarship for conflict affected child, and orphan households during the armed conflict and has provided the relief and services to such households. However, MoPR did not recognize the conflict affected who lost their properties and facing psychosocial and mental problem and left out from benefit and services. Specifically, the following individuals/families were left out from the benefits and services of MOPR:

Those who lost their properties: There was no MOPR package for the conflict affected people who lost their properties in terms of damage of houses by bombing and fire, loss of standing crops or stocked cereals (e.g. rice, wheat etc.), livestock, vehicles and looting of cash and ornaments.

Retalitatory groups (Pratikar Samuh): During the conflict period, the retaliatory groups (Pratikar Samuh) against rivalry the Maoist Communist Party were formed in few other districts including Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts. During the baseline survey, persons of the Pratikar Samuh are also claiming that they were severely affected by the conflict particularly from the Maoist Party but they have not been considered as "conflict-affected people" by the Government of Nepal. During the conflict period, they received arm training and arms from the Government of Nepal to resist against the armed Maoist party. The Pratikar Samuh were formed in Bhujhawa, Paklihawa, Prasauni, Bedo, Tribeni, Rupaulia, Pravas, Kuriya, Guthi Surpura, Bedauli, Khairahwa, Somani, Jamunia, Bhujahawa, Rampurwa, Kusma, Jahada, Harpur and some other VDCs of Nawalparasi district. Similarly, such Pratikar Samuh were formed in Silautia, Simara, Karauta, Betkuia, Aama, Majgama, and Raypur VDCs of Rupandehi district. The issues of Pratikar Samuh were repeatedly raised in different forums when discussions were held regarding conflict in Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts (Source: Focus Group Discussions in Somani VDC, 25 December 2013). These groups have not received any relief and services package of the government.

Those who were affected after identification and collection of information of the conflict affected people/families: There are few cases or events reported to the District level Local Peace Committee in both districts after the peace agreement. Such cases or events have not been included in the government record and left out from the MOPR benefits and services. In such cases people have been affected or humiliated to take revenge due to cases in the conflict period.

Missing people: Missing people have recognized as conflict affected people but there are some cases left out in providing benefits and services package to them.

Wounded people who were treated in private hospitals and in India: According to the MOPR guideline conflict affected wounded people, who were treated in the government hospitals, received government relief package. But those who were medicated in private hospitals in Nepal or India left out from the benefits of such package.

Those who were put in custody but not given any evidence: During the field visits and consultations, it was reported that some people were put in armed force custody but did not get any evidence of custody or kidnapped by the Moist but there is no evidence were left out in getting benefit packages and services.

Those people who were mentally and physically tortured: There are many people who were physically and mentally tortured in terms of threat, ransom, abduction, killing, missing, disabled, bombarding etc. Many of such peole and their family members are facing mental and psychosocial problems including fear, terror, depression, anxiety, post traumatic disorder etc. Such people or households have not recognized as conflict affected people nor given any suitable medical treatment, counseling and relief packages.

Outcome Indicator 1.1: % of conflict victims reported that they benefited from peace- building initiatives

Figure 4 shows that 93.8% conflict-affected households are aware of the relief packages and 89.9% have received the relief packages of MOPR and 10.1% conflict affected households have not received the relief packageAmong the interviewed households, who have lost their properties and forcefully left the jobs, are aware of the relief and service packages but they have not received them.

Table 6 indicates the percent of the conflict- affected households received the relief package. Out of 148 households, 62.8% Figure 4: Conflict victim HHs reported about deceased households have received MOPR relief MOPR relief followed by handicapped/wounded people (14.9%), Scholarship for conflict affected child (12.8%) and so on. Table 6: % of respondent received the types of relief provided by MOPR Types of Reliefs Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N=95) (N=53) (N=148) Deceased households 57.9 71.7 62.8 Households of missing member 9.5 9.4 9.5 Handicapped/wounded people 17.9 9.4 14.9 Households of kidnapped member 8.4 0.0 5.4 Medical treatment 5.3 0.0 3.4 Scholarship for conflict affected 9.5 18.9 12.8 child Orphan households 5.3 0.0 3.4 Don't know 8.4 13.2 10.1

Outcome Indicator 1.2: % of people that can explain the peace building policy, mechanisms, and programs

Figure 5 indicates that 67.4% of respondents can explain at least one of the policies for peace building of Nepal Government. Similarly, 66.9% respondents can explain at least one Figure 5: Explain the peace building policy, of the relief provisions and 38.1% mechanisms and programs programs of the MOPR for conflict- affected people.

Table 7 presents the percent of respondents explain about the policy for conflict affected people and peace building. It is noted that out of 144 respondents, about half of the respondents explains and aware about financial support to deceased family affected by killing. However, 32.6% of the respondents have no idea about the policy of MOPR for conflict-affected and peace building process.

Table 7: % of respondent explain about the policy of MOPR

Types of policy Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N=93) (N= 51) (N=144) Relief for displaced 5.4 17.6 9.7 Financial support to deceased 46.2 62.7 52.1 family from killing Relief for missing households 10.8 17.6 13.2 Rehabilitation for orphans 1.1 2.0 1.4 Others 5.4 0.0 3.5 Do not know 35.5 27.5 32.6

Out of 149 respondents, 145 have responded them. Table 8 shows that 33.1% have no idea about the mechanism of finding relief package for conflict affected and peace building process. On the other hand, 62.9% of the respondents have awareness of finding relief package. More than half of the respondents explain the process conducted at VDC level.

Table 8: % of respondent explain about the mechanisms of MOPR

Types of mechanisms Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N = 94) (N = 51) ( N= 145) Application at VDC/VLPC 56.4 49.0 53.8 Recommendation to LPC 9.6 31.4 17.2 Recommendation to Working 14.9 35.3 22.1 Committee of CDO Recommendation to MOPR 5.3 5.9 5.5

Relief and services from CDO 5.3 3.9 4.8 Office Do not Know 28.7 41.2 33.1

Table 9 illustrates that 29.1% of the people have explained about the program of MOPR for conflict-affected people. Note that 61.9% of the people responded that they are not aware about the program.

Table 9: % of respondent explain about the programs of MOPR

Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N = 95) (N = 52) (N=147) Employment/Self-employment Program 28.4 51.9 36.7 Development Program for peace building 1.1 3.8 2.0 Special program for conflict-affected area 2.1 0.0 1.4 Others 1.1 0.0 0.7 Do not know 69.5 48.1 61.9

Outcome Indicator 1.3: Percent (%) of conflict-affected people obtained MOPR services on reconciliation and rehabilitation including the livelihood package

Figure 6 illustrates that 60.8% conflict- affected households are aware of the services and 50.0% have received the services in terms of "employment and/or self-employment training" from the MOPR and rest 50% of the households are left out. While comparing two districts, it is seen that awareness and services received from the MOPR is higher in Rupandehi Figure 6: Conflict victim HHs reported about compare to Nawalparasi (Annex 16). MOPR service

Table 10 presents that half of the respondent received the services of skill based training and half do not. It is Table 10: % of HHs received Services from MOPR noted that the respondents who Types of Services Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total have taken skill- (N=94) (N=54) (N=148) based training have Skilled based Training 44.7 59.3 50.0 also taken other Available Loan 1.1 0.0 0.7 services like Counseling Service 1.1 1.9 1.4 counseling services Didn't Receive 55.3 40.7 50.0 and availed loan for them.

Objective 2: Improve reconciliation between conflicting groups and individual using safe spaces for dialogue.

Outcome Indicator 2.1: % of people reporting they have been provided safe space for dialogue

According to Table 11, only 18.3% respondents reported that they have participated in discussions related to mediation and conflict reduction organized by LPC and/or VLPC which

15 were considered as safe space provided for dialogue in community. LPC and/or VLPC meeting forums organized for mediation and conflict reduction are said to be physical forum for safe space for dialogue. They organize local level meetings and discussions for the conflict-affected households. Table 11: People reporting they have been provided However, 16.3% VLPCs are safe space for dialogue active (Table 14). Thus, this is # of HH % of HH the area where the SAMBAD visited for visited for Number of Project has to intervene with District dialogue dialogue respondent program and make the VLPCs Nawalparasi 16 17.0 94 functional. Rupandehi 8 21.6 37 From the focus group Total 24 18.3 131 discussions and consultation and explorative approaches, it has been found that conflict-affected households have normal communication in their communities with both the conflict-affected and non-affected households. However, in some cases the conflict-affected households have not been readily accepted in the social behaviors particularly non-acceptance in social feasts or not invited in social ceremonies. Thus, there is necessity of forum for dialogue between conflict affected and non-affected households in the community. In some VDCs, both conflict-affected households of both sides (affected by armed force or affected by the Maoist) were gathered, with the facilitation of LPCs, in different locations and interacted to reconcile and normalize the situation among them. This awareness programs helped to create understanding among the conflict-affected people of both sides. Hence, the project has an opportunity to replicate this model. Thus, LPC and/or VLPC will have play active role to conduct such dialogues between conflict affected and non-affected people.

Table 12 shows the purpose of visits of the conflict-affected households in the VLPCs. The conflict-affected households who participated in discussions related to mediation or conflict reduction organized by the LPCs/VLPCs have been taken as value for safe space for dialogue.

Table 12: HHs visited LPC and VLPC by types of work (in %)

Purpose of the visit to LPC/VLPC Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N = 94) (N = 37) (N=131) To go for recommendation for relief 42.6 32.4 39.7 package of MOPR To know about the policy and rules 1.1 2.7 1.5 Participated in discussion related to 14.9 21.6 16.8 mediation organized by LPC* Participated in discussion organized for 2.1 8.1 3.8 conflict reduction* Do not participated in the program 8.5 27.0 13.7 organized by LPC/VLPC Don’t know about LPC/VLPC 31.9 27.0 30.5 Note: * (asterisk) denotes the response for safe space in which two cases have responses in both items.

Out of 65 respondents who have visited/participated in LPC or VLPC for some purpose, 83.1% of the respondents have felt that I say my opinion freely while participating in their

16 programs. However, very few percent (less than 10%) of the people felt that they do not feel comfortable to say their opinions, their opinions are not heard and they do not get opportunity to keep their opinions (Table 13).

Table 13: % of the respondent express their feeling while participated/visited in PCs

Items Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N=49) (N=16) (N=65) I express my opinion freely 83.7 81.3 83.1 I do not feel comfortable to express my opinion 2.0 6.3 3.1 My opinions are not heard 10.2 6.3 9.2 I do not get opportunity to express my opinion 4.1 6.3 4.6

Outcome Indicator 2.2: % of community participating in dialogue for peace and reconciliation during the last six months

Table 14 indicates that only 16.3% conflict-affected communities have participated in dialogue for peace and reconciliation during last six months. During the field visit, it has been found that most of the VLPCs are not active nor they have regular meetings in the absence of the programs for the conflict-affected households.

Table 14: % of community participating in dialogue for peace and reconciliation during the last six months

Description Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total

Total number of VDCs and Municipalities 74 71 145

Number of VLPC formed 74 61 135

Number of active VLPC in last six month 4 18 22

% of active VLPC in last six month 5.4% 29.5% 16.3%

Source: Discussions with the LPC Secretaries and LPC Members, December 2013

However, the Peace Committees have been formed in 61 VDCs out of 71 VDCs and municipalities of Rupandehi district. Discussions were held in VDC level Peace Committees of Saljhandi VDC of Rupandehi and Bodbar VDC of Nawalparasi district. Similarly, discussions were organized with the conflict-affected households in Dudhraksh VDC of Rupandehi and Somani VDC of Nawalparasi district. However, the Local Peace Committees of both districts are active and hold their meetings regularly but most of the VDC level Peace Committees are inactive in the absence of programs for the peace and reconciliations. They do not have regular meeting in the absence of effective programs. Thus, the conflict-affected households were not aware of the VDC level peace committee and their programs in which they can participate in dialogue for peace and reconciliation.

Objective 3: Increase conflict-affected families’ income through job opportunities and revolving funds

Outcome Indicator 3.1: % of conflict-affected people receiving livelihoods support

Table 15 shows that 56% households have received livelihoods support through employment/self-employment program of the MOPR and cash, training and kind support from different government and/or non-government organizations.

Table 15: % of conflict-affected people receiving livelihood support

Name of the Organizations Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total Did not get livelihoods supports 45.7 40.8 44.0 MOPR supports Only 31.5 28.6 30.5 Other Organizations' supports Only 10.9 2.0 7.8 Supports from both MOPR and others 12.0 28.6 17.7 Either MOPR or Other organizations or both 54.3 59.2 56.0

Table 10 presents the percentage of conflict-affected households received services from MOPR. Similarly, Table 16 illustrates that percentage of HHs received services other than MOPR such as Red Cross Society, Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT), Reyukai, Heifer International etc.

Table 16: % of Conflict affected HHs received services different from MOPR

Types of benefit and service Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N=93) (N=49) (N=142) Revolving Fund 1.1 2.0 1.4 Skilled Training 17.2 26.5 20.4 Available Loan for him/her 2.2 0.0 1.4 Counseling Service 3.2 2.0 2.8 Don't Received 76.3 69.4 73.9

Out of total respondents who have received the support and training, 116 respondents responded on this question. They have mainly invested their received benefits in production sector mainly in agriculture inputs and livestock. Out of 116 respontdent25.9% of the households replied that support and training has also helped in education to their child and other members of the family. Moreover, 19.8% HHs realized that it has also helped to do their work themselves or increased income by doing business after taking skill-based training. In addition, 12.1 % of respondents told that it has supported in treatment to their family members and 3.4 % has got jobs by acquiring skills (Table 17). The objective of skill based training was to make the conflict-affected household skillful through training and create job or self-employment job but Table 17 indicates that very low percent of conflict- affected households have got job from skill-based training.

Table 17: % of HHs responded about contribution of support and training of MOPR in their livelihood Items Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N=74) (N=42) (N=116) Getting job by developing skills 5.4 0.0 3.4

Do their work themselves/ increased 27.0 7.1 19.8 income by doing business after taking skill based training Support for education to their children 23.0 31.0 25.9 and other members of the family Medically treated to the family members 12.2 11.9 12.1

Total 143 respondents provided information on expenditures of their families. Average annual expenditure of a household is NRs 206,192. Major investment is seen in going foreign employment (Table 18).

Table 18: Description of Expenditure of Conflict-Affected Households

No. of % of Expenditure Heading household household Mean Food 143 100.0 50,764 Cloth 143 100.0 16,776 Education 119 83.2 35,716 Medical Treatment 139 97.2 21,079 Promote Microenterprises 32 22.4 54,987 Returning Loan 16 11.2 60,750 Repairing/Buying house 46 32.2 18,293 Foreign employment 29 20.3 112,724 Buying agriculture goods 60 42.0 16,550 Buying livestock goods 35 24.5 9,391 Entertainment 71 49.7 8,156 Social activities 139 97.2 17,849 Others 10 7.0 142,300 Total 143 100 206,192

Table 19 shows that average annual expenditure of a household in Nawalparasi is NRs 175,378 and Rupandehi NRs 263,504. Thus, an average expenditure of a household of Rupandehi is NRs 88,126 (50.25%) higher than households of Nawalparasi.

Table 19: Description of expenditure by Districts

Expenditure Heading Nawalparasi (N=93) Rupandehi (N=50) % of household Mean % of household Mean Food 100.0 44,844 100.0 61,776 Cloth 100.0 16,785 100.0 16,760 Education 75.3 36,629 98.0 34,412 Medical Treatment 95.7 20,478 100.0 22,150 Promote Microenterprises 16.1 30,667 34.0 76,447 Returning Loan 9.7 76,111 14.0 41,000 Repairing/Buying house 15.1 39,857 64.0 8,859 Foreign employment 10.8 154,100 38.0 90,947 Buying agriculture goods 32.3 12,117 60.0 20,983 Buying livestock goods 12.9 75,17 46.0 10,370 Entertainment 28.0 7,365 90.0 8,613 Social activities 95.7 16,584 100.0 20,100 Others 8.6 10,3375 4.0 298,000 Total 100 175,378 100 263,504

Table 20 illustrates that 16.8% of the conflict-affected households whose income lies below the 1st quintile group whereas 18.9 % of the household have above fifth quintile.

Table 20: % of HHs expenditure lies in different quintile group by districts

Expenditure Range in NRs Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N=93) (N=50) (N=143) Less than or equal to 1st quintile (≤81714) 21.5 8.0 16.8 Between 1st to 2nd quintile (81715 - 108152) 16.1 6.0 12.6 Between 2nd to 3rd quintile (108153 - 131337) 16.1 8.0 13.3 Between 3rd to 4th quintile (131338 - 161503) 9.7 8.0 9.1 Between 4th to 5th quintile (161504 - 304616=5) 24.7 38.0 29.4 Above 5th quintile (≥ 304617) 11.8 32.0 18.9 Note: Reference for quintile of income is taken from NLSS, 2011

Table 21 shows that more than half of the Dalit‘s household income lies below 2nd quintile which is followed by 32.8% Janajati, 29.9% Brahman/Chhetri/Dasnami and 26.7% of other Madheshi castes.

Table 21: % of HHs expenditure lies in different quintile group by caste ethnicity

Expenditure Range in Janaja Dalit Brahman Other Musli Total Rupees ti (n=13 /Chhetri/ Madhes m (N=1 (N=59) ) Dasnami hi Caste (N=3) 43) (N=54) (N=14) Less than or equal to 1st 13.6 23.1 20.4 14.3 0.0 16.8 quintile (≤81714) Between 1st to 2nd quintile 16.9 30.8 5.6 7.1 0.0 12.6 (81715 - 108152)

Between 2nd to 3rd quintile 11.9 15.4 14.8 14.3 0.0 13.3 (108153 - 131337) Between 3rd to 4th quintile 15.3 0.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 9.1 (131338 - 161503) Between 4th to 5th quintile 27.1 7.7 31.5 42.9 66.7 29.4 (161504 - 304616=5) Above 5th quintile (≥ 15.3 23.1 20.4 21.4 33.3 18.9 304617) Note: Reference for quintile of income is taken from NLSS, 2011

Table 22 illustrates an average annual income of a household is NRs 199,394. Foreign employment, paid job, and microenterprises are major sources of incomes.

Table 22: Description of income of conflict-affected households

Income Heading No. of household % of household Mean Income (in NRs) Wage labor 46 32.2 45,457 Microenterprises 34 23.8 106,559 Agriculture Production 69 48.3 46,493 Livestock Production 37 25.9 25,027 Pension/Social allowance 59 41.3 69,566 Paid Job 19 13.3 159,526 Foreign Employment 31 21.7 231,226 Others 36 25.2 117,892 Total 143 100 199,394

Table 23 indicates that Dalits are making main earning (61.5%) from wage labor and low income primarily from livestock production (7.7%), foreign employment (15.4%) and paid job (none). Similarly, Muslims are active in microenterprises and wage labor.

Table 23: Description of income of conflict-affected households by caste ethnicity (in %)

Income Heading Janjati Dalit Brahman/ Other Muslim Chhetri/ Madheshi Dasnami Caste Wage labor 35.6 61.5 20.4 35.7 33.3 Microenterprises 25.4 23.1 24.1 7.1 66.7 Agriculture Production 52.5 38.5 44.4 64.3 0.0 Livestock Production 25.4 7.7 29.6 35.7 0.0 Pension/Social 54.2 38.5 35.2 21.4 0.0 allowance Paid Job 11.9 0.0 18.5 14.3 0.0 Foreign Employment 16.9 15.4 18.5 50.0 66.7 Others 27.1 23.1 27.8 21.4 0.0 Total Household 59 13 54 14 3

Table 24 indicates that average annual income of household of Nawalparasi has NRs 182,333 and of Rupandehi NRs 231,128. Average annual income of a household of Rupandehi has NRs 66,687 (26.76%) higher income than Nawalparasi.

Table 24: Description of income district-wise

Income Heading Nawalparasi (N=93) Rupandehi (N=50) % of household Mean % of household Mean Wage labor 38.7 42,500 20.0 56,100 Microenterprises 18.3 54,529 34.0 158,588 Agriculture Production 58.1 46,630 30.0 46,000 Livestock Production 29.0 19,148 20.0 40,900 Pension/Social allowance 52.7 62,469 20.0 104,340 Paid Job 12.9 174,417 14.0 134,000 Foreign Employment 15.1 257,286 34.0 209,765 Others 25.8 108,360 24.0 137,750 Total 100 182,333 100 231,128

Table 25 presents the percentage of households lie in different quintile groups. Out of 143 households, 27.3 % of the households lie in the 1st quintile group and so on.

Table 25: % of HHs income lies in different quintile group by districts

Income Range Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N = 93) (N=50) (N=143) Less than or equal to 1st quintile (≤99115) 32.3 18.0 27.3

Between 1st to 2nd quintile (99116 - 131652) 19.4 14.0 17.5

Between 2nd to 3rd quintile (131653-165010) 10.8 4.0 8.4

Between 3rd to 4th quintile (165011 - 186337) 4.3 10.0 6.3

Between 4th to 5th quintile (186338 - 356555) 18.3 36.0 24.5

Above 5th quintile (≥ 356555) 15.1 18.0 16.1 Note: Reference for quintile of income is taken from NLSS, 2011

Table 26 reveals that, 46.2 % of Dalit households’ income lies below 1st quintile followed by Brahman/Chhetri/Dasnami 29.6%, Janajati 25.4% and other Madheshi castes 14.3%.

Table 26: % of HHs income lies in different quintile group by caste/ethnicity

Income Janaja Dalit Brahman/ Other Muslim Total ti (N=13 Chhetri/D Madhesh N=3) (N=1 (N=59) ) asnami i Caste 43) (N=54) (N=14) Less than or equal to 1st 25.4 46.2 29.6 14.3 0.0 27.3 quintile (≤99115) Between 1st to 2nd 20.3 23.1 13.0 21.4 0.0 17.5 quintile (99116 - 131652) Between 2nd to 3rd 11.9 0.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 8.4 quintile (131653-

165010) Between 3rd to 4th 6.8 7.7 3.7 14.3 0.0 6.3 quintile (165011 - 186337) Between 4th to 5th 22.0 15.4 25.9 28.6 66.7 24.5 quintile (186338 - 356555) Above 5th quintile (≥ 13.6 7.7 18.5 21.4 33.3 16.1 356555) Note: Reference for quintile of income is taken from NLSS, 2011

Table 27 explains about the physical assets. It is seen that 93.85 of the households have mobile phone, 78.8% have bicycles, 78.1% have electric fan, 72.6% have chair, 63.7% have table and so on.

Table 27: Description of physical assets

Name of physical Number of households with no. of No. of HH % of HH with assets physical asset with assets assets 1 2 3 or More (N=146) (N=146) Bicycle 80 27 8 115 78.8 Cart 6 6 0 12 8.2 Gumti (wooden) 6 0 0 6 4.1 Rickshaw 2 0 1 3 2.1 Mobile phone 66 34 37 137 93.8 Motorcycle 35 1 1 37 25.3 Electric Fine 20 43 51 114 78.1 Electric Heater 3 0 0 3 2.1 Sewing Machine 24 4 0 28 19.2 Table 52 26 15 93 63.7 Chair 10 35 61 106 72.6 Sofa 24 4 4 32 21.9 Computer 20 2 0 22 15.1 Freeze 34 1 1 36 24.7 DVD Player 24 1 0 25 17.1 Television 97 5 3 105 71.9

Outcome Indicator 3.2: % of conflict-affected people receiving livelihoods support that are satisfied with that support

During the field-testing, direct question of satisfaction was negative answer. Thus, this indicator was measured using proxy indicators. The proxy indicator was: Have you received any employment, self-employment or started any business due to skill development of MOPR. The positive response was taken as satisfaction of the conflict-affected households. Total 24.3% conflict-affected people are satisfied with the livelihoods support of MOPR (Table 28).

Table 28: % of conflict-affected people satisfied with livelihoods support

District # of % of Total respondents' respondents' Respondent Satisfaction Satisfaction Nawalparasi 16 38.1 42 Rupandehi 2 6.3 32 Total 18 24.3 74

In the questions asked about the further concerns of the conflict-affected people, both LPC of Nawalparasi and focus group discussion at VDC level expressed their concerns as follows:

• Memorial space for the people who were killed during conflict of the both sides (the Maoist and government armed force) should be completed to celebrate at least one memorial day for them. It is noted that memorial place for conflict affected people has been allocated and fenced with barbed wire in Somani VDC of Nawalparasi district. But no further work has been done so far. They are expecting to erect the symbolic statue for killed people and write their names and addresses.

• During the discussions, the conflict-affected households also expressed that some public goods and services should be extended in the severely affected communities such as roadside waiting places, drinking water tap etc.

4.0 LESSONS LEARNED AND CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS • The conflict-affected issues are the most sensitive issues. Thus, dealing with conflict- affected people and households should be done sensitively and tactfully.

5.0 CONCLUSIONS The plain areas are more affected by the conflict compared to hilly region of the project districts. Conflicts-affected people are distributed in large geographical areas in both districts, which is a big challenge for the project to demonstrate its concrete results.

In general, there is normal communication in the communities between and among the conflict-affected people, household members, and those who are not affected by the conflict. This includes both those who are affected by the Government security force or by the Maoist. However, there are some concerns and complication of some conflict-affected people who are not readily socially accepted in the communities. The issues of Pratikar Samuh of Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts were raised in LPCs and VDC level consultations and focus group discussions but the stakeholders have mentioned that their issues are always ignored. The members of Partikar Samuh fought for government against the Maoist but they were not considered as conflict-affected people. Thus, this issue has been raised here to bring forefront for further discussions.

Dealing with conflict-affected people and household is a very sensitive, thus, the project staff should be oriented on dealing with a great sensitivity. The project staff should carefully and patiently listen, understand, and respect the feelings of the conflict-affected people and households.

The LPCs of both districts are active but they have very few programs and very limited budget for the peace and reconciliation. However, only16.3% VLPCs are functional. Most of

24 the VLPCs have no regular meetings, thus, they are not active to create safe space for dialogue for the conflict-affected people or households at VDC level.

Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction has provided relief packages and employment/self- employment training to the conflict-affected people or their family members. Most of the conflict-affected households have received relief packages. There are very few successful examples of employment/self-employment. However, conflict-affected people, who have taken skill-development training, are not able to create employment/self-employment. Field survey reveals that among the conflict-affected households, the orphan children (who have lost their mother or father or both), marginalized single women (widows) and aged people have very hard time for their livelihoods, thus project interventions should be focused on such people.

There are individuals/families who were left out for the benefits and services of MOPR including those who lost their properties, retalitatory groups, the cases reported after identification and collection of information of the conflict affected people/families, some of the displaced due to conflict, missing people, wounded people who were treated in private hospitals and in India, those who were put in custody but not given any evidence, and those who were mentally and physically tortured and/or facing psychosocial problem like fear, terror, depression, anxiety, post traumatic disorder etc.

6.0 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

• The VLPCs, which will be vehicle for the launching the program at VDC level, should be made active, transparent and functional. • The employment/self-employment trainings received by the conflict-affected household members have little impact on its uses in the field reality and income increment. Thus, training should be provided based on actual need assessment and practical training. After training, the trained persons, who have completed the training, should be provided with minimum tools/machines and linked with the financial institutions for self-employment or to start micro-enterprises. • The conflict-affected orphans, single women (widows) and aged persons who are marginalized in terms of financial resources should be given the priority in the SAMBAD project interventions.

• Dialogue sessions should be conducted between conflict-affected and non-affected people through LPC and/or VLPC in order to create conducive environment in the communities where there is misunderstanding between them. • The project should design program to fill up the gaps in benefit packages provided by MoPR. • The project should carry out assessment of saving credit groups and cooperatives capacity to support conflict affected people in economic empowerment activities. • The project should collaborate with Women and Children Offices to address sexual and gender based violence cases and to implement UNSCR 1325 and 1820. • In consultations with the project stakeholders, issues of the Pratikar Samuh of Nawalparasi district should also be discussed and carry out advocacy to include them in benefit package. • The project in consultation with MOPR, CDOs, LPCs and other relevant stakeholders should develop criteria and guidelines for identifying the left out conflict affected

individuals and households. This is a very sensitive and challenging task thus, precautionary measures should be taken in the identification of the actual conflict affected people. • Need assessment of conflict affected people should be done to identify the actual package for reliefs and services.

SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NAWALPARASI

• Community supports programs should be launched in conflict affected communities where some initiatives have started but remained incomplete such as memorial place and statue erection of people who were killed during conflict, some community development programs such as road side waiting place with drinking water tap, etc.

• Focus should also be given on disabled, missing, orphan and abducted people as they have high percentages in Nawalparasi district.

SPECIFC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RUPANDEHI

• Violence against women is high in Rupandehi, thus, this issue should be taken into priority.

• Displaced people have higher percentage in this district but it not exact information about them where they have settled. Thus, issue of displaced people should be taken into consideration.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CARE Nepal (2013) Sambad: Dialogue for Peace Project Document, Kathmandu, Nepal

CARE Nepal (2013) SAMBAD Project MEL Plan, Kathmandu, Nepal

CARE Nepal (2013) SAMBAD Project Indicator Matrix, Kathmandu, Nepal

NLSS (2011) Statistical Report Volume I and II, Nepal Living Standards Survey, 2010/11. Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu www.peace.gov.np zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^#_ cfGtl/s ?kdf lj:yflkt JolSt ;DjGwL /fli6«o gLlt, sf7df8f}, g]kfn . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^#_ åGbsf sf/0f lj:yflkt JolSt tyf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ lgb]{lzsf, sf7df8f}, g]kfn . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^%_ d[tssf xsbf/nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ - k|yd ;+zf]wg @)^*_ lgb]{lzsf, sf7df8f}, g]kfn . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^%_ j]ktf kfl/Psf JolStsf xsbf/nfO{ /fxt k|bfg ug]{ -k|yd ;+zf]wg, @)^*_ lgb]{lzsf, sf7df8f}, g]kfn . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^%_ :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf sfo{ If]qut zt{x?, sf7df8f}, g]kfn . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^%_ åGbjf6 Iflt ePsf k"jf{wf/x?sf] k'glgdf{0f ÷ k'g:yf{kgf tyf zflGtsf nflu ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+~rfng sfo{ljlw, sf7df8f}, g]kfn . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^#_ gful/s /fxt, Ifltk"lt{ tyf cfly{s ;xfotf ;DjGwL -k|yd ;+zf]wg, @)^*_ sfo{ljlw, sf7df8f}, g]kfn . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^^_ :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt lgb]{lzsf, sf7df8f}, g]kfn . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^&_ ;z:q åGbsf qmddf kLl8t ePsf JolStnfO{ /f]huf/÷ :j/f]uf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ lgb]{lzsf, sf7df8f}, g]kfn . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno -lj=;=@)^*_ zflGtsf nflu ljsfz sfo{qmd ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf, sf7df8f}, g]kfn .

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Annexes

Annex 1: Baseline Value in the Logical Framework

Project Narrative Objectively Verifiable Means of Risk / Indicators (OVIs) Verification Assumptions (MOV) Principal Objective: to 1.0 67.8% of people perceive a Baseline, end-line Willingness of contribute to the reduction in conflict and outcome MoPR to promotion of peace 2.0 Recorded 290 cases of survey, collaborate with through increased mutual incidences in the SAMBAD trust and social harmony Project in the communities of Nawalparasi in six month Nawalparasi and period and 241 cases of Runpandehi districts. incidences in Rupandehi district in one year period.

Expected Outcome 1: Baseline, end-line Willingness of Identify eligible 1.1 10.1% of conflict victims and outcome MoPR to individuals/families (left reported that they were monitoring , collaborate with out due to any MoPR reports the SAMBAD not benefited from a Project. reason), for the peace building program benefits and services Acceptance from 1.2 67.4% of people can conflict-affected from MOPR, and communities identify gaps to explain the peace strengthen them to building policy, 66.9% maximize the benefits can explain to the conflict affected mechanisms, and 38.1% individuals and their can explain the MOPR families programs 1.3 50.0% of conflict- affected people were left out from MOPR services on reconciliation and rehabilitation including the livelihood package The following individuals/families were left out for the benefits and services of MOPR: 1.6 Those who lost their properties. 1.7 Retalitatory groups who fought against the Maoist 1.8 Those who were affected after identification and collection of information

of the conflict affected people/families 1.9 The people who were displaced due to conflict 1.10 Missing people 1.11 Wounded people who were treated in private hospitals and in India 1.12 Those who were put in custody but not given any evidence, and 1.1 1.8 Those who were mentally and physically tortured and/or facing psychosocial problem like fear, terror, depression, anxiety, post traumatic disorder etc.

Expected Outcome 2: 1.1 18.3% of people reporting Baseline, end-line Acceptance from Improve reconciliation they have been provided and outcome conflict-affected between conflicting safe space for dialogue monitoring , communities groups and individual 1.2 16.3% of community MoPR reports using safe spaces for participating in dialogue for dialogue. peace and reconciliation during the last six months Expected Outcome 3: 3.1 56.0% of conflict-affected Baseline, end-line Willingness of Increase conflict-affected people receiving and outcome conflict-affected families’ income through livelihoods support either monitoring , communities to job opportunities and MOPR or from other MoPR reports implement income revolving funds organization generation 3.2 24.3% of conflict-affected activities people receiving livelihoods support that are satisfied with that support

Annex 2: Terms of Reference of the SAMBAD Baseline Survey

“Dialogue for Peace” (SAMBAD) Project

Terms of Reference for Baseline Study

I.0 Introduction

SAMBAD, “Dialogue for Peace” is a three-year USAID funded project aiming to promote peace through increased mutual trust and social harmony in Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts. This will be achieved through a holistic, people-to-people approach that targets conflict-affected women, men, and families to create and strengthen linkages between affected groups and peace support mechanisms, a safe space for dialogue, and livelihood opportunities. Sambad’s theory of change is: if the capacity of the local communities and peace structures are enhanced to mitigate conflict, with economic support for the conflict-affected families and individuals, and safe space created for dialogue, then communities’ ability to address local conflicts will increase and they will learn to co- exist while accepting differences.

SAMBAD Project will be implemented in 30 Village Development Committees (VDCs) in the Terai districts of Nawalparasi and Rupandehi. Activities specifically designed for individuals and families directly affected by the conflict (such as retired ex-combatants, families of martyrs and those injured, and disabled or displaced) will cover the both districts, regardless of VDCs. Located in the Western Terai, the two districts were chosen based on three key factors. First, the Recipient has ongoing programs in both districts, with a peace-related program in Rupandehi, allowing the Recipient to deepen its engagement with existing NGOs and communities, while reducing administrative costs. Second, the Recipient’s understanding of the districts’ conflict situation will benefit Sambad’s positive impact. Third, the underlying factors that led to the decade-long national-level conflict — mainly poverty, inequality and social prejudices — are rampant in Nawalparasi and Rupandehi. The Recipient developed and will implement SAMBAD in partnership with the Government of Nepal (GON) Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction (MOPR) and local organizations Namuna Integrated Development Council (Namuna) and Legal Assistance Research Center (LARC).

The goal of SAMBAD Project is to contribute to the promotion of peace through increased mutual trust and social harmony in the communities of Nawalparasi and Runpandehi districts.

The three specific objectives of the Project are:

1. Increase conflict-affected communities access to MoPR benefits and services. 2. Improve reconciliation between conflicting groups and individual using safe spaces for dialogue. 3. Increase conflict-affected families’ income through job opportunities and revolving funds

The three expected results to achieve the above objectives are;

1. LPC and VLPC’s member are capable for facilitating process and dialogue to promote peace in conflict-affected communities 2. Conflicting groups and individual are prepared for reconciliation using safe spaces for dialogue 3. Peace promotion structure and mechanisms supported for reconciliation and trust building among conflicting communities, groups and individuals. Rationale for baseline study

The baseline study will set a benchmark against which to later compare the changes brought about by the SAMBAD Project. The baseline study will be conducted by a team of consultants through a participatory approach engaging relevant Project staff as much as possible. It is also anticipated that baseline processes will provide opportunity to Project staffs to better understand

the Project and some technical aspects of baseline process. The baseline values will be pertinent in revisiting the targets of the key indicators, and if necessary, modification of certain indicators, which the Project will plan to achieve during its tenure.

The baseline will provide a clear foundation for measuring changes by establishing both qualitative and quantitative base values of relevant indicators.

Objectives of the baseline study

• To revisit, if necessary, the existing proposed indicators to make them more focused, relevant and measurable. • To revisit, if necessary, the targets stated in the performance management plan initially submitted. • To establish baseline values for the indicators included in the Indicator Matrix (IM). • To develop common understanding and acceptance among SAMBAD Project staff and Implementing Partners, particularly for project participants, of the project indicators, how to measure them, and how the information will be used. Methodology

The methods to be used for the assignment include but are not limited to: • In-depth literature review of secondary information • Sample survey for selected indicators, if necessary • Intensive field visit and interaction with Project staff • Consultation with district and central level stakeholders • Focus group discussion (FGD) with SAMBAD Project beneficiaries, particularly to capture the status interests and aspirations of women, youth, marginalized groups and ethnic minorities in relation to Project goals and objectives • Data acquisition, processing and analysis • Production of baseline study report In addition to the above, the Consultant is expected to devise appropriate methodology where needed, for use in determining baseline values for each indicator. The Consultant should refer to the overall Results Framework (Indicator Matrix) and M&E Plan of SAMBAD Project in the baseline study process.

In - depth Literature Review / Desk study

The desk study will be carried out for the collection of secondary data and information for conflict in Nepal and Nawalparasi and Rupandehi particular. The literature for the desk review includes various study reports, species reports, socioeconomic reports, evaluation reports of such type of project if available, district development plans, MoPR plan, program and reports and any other relevant documents. The Consultant should actively search these documents in MoPR, CARE Nepal and other relevant institutions.

Intensive field visit and interaction with potential beneficiaries

The baseline study team will make an intensive field visit of the SAMBAD Project area and interact with VLPC, LPC, CDO, LDO and other relevant stakeholders such as political leaders, community and religious leaders. They will also interact and organized FDG with conflict-affected communities, groups and individuals (women, men and youths).

Interaction meeting and consultation with district and central level stakeholders and conflict mitigation experts

The study team will also undertake meetings and consultation with district and central level stakeholders working for conflict mitigation and peace promotion, and conflict mitigation experts. These include organizations and government line agencies that SAMBAD Project will be closely working with, including MoPR; LPC; District Administration Office, DDC and others.

Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with SAMBAD Project beneficiaries

The study team will conduct focus group discussions in appropriate numbers to reflect the current trends, issues and way forward on various aspects such as gender issues and women empowerment, livelihoods improvement. It should be noted that topics for FGDs should complement the existing information/baseline values of key indicators.

Sample Survey

The study team will conduct sample households survey to capture the perceptions of the household members and other information on different aspects of relevant indicators. There will be tentatively eight sites for socio-economic survey. A Sample size of 20% (tentative) of the total beneficiary households and that will be finalized after consultant’s discussion with the SAMBAD Project Team.

Data Processing and Analysis

The team will gather, process, analyze and present the primary and secondary information related with socio-economic and bio-physical conditions. The Consultant will first present the findings and analysis to SAMBAD Project, Based on the inputs from this interaction, the draft baseline study report will be submitted to CARE Nepal on the agreed date. Relevant persons from SAMBAD Project will review it and provide comments/suggestions to the consultant. The Consultant will incorporate the comments/suggestions and submit the final version of the report electronically as well as in three hard copies.

Specific tasks

The baseline study team will establish base values for the indicators mentioned in the Indicator Matrix and also update on the critical issues and contexts about the aspects related to SAMBAD Project. These key areas include:

• Capacity and internal governance of LPC and VLPC • Current status of Livelihoods among Project beneficiaries • Gender and social inclusion issues in the communities specifically with the Project beneficiar’s families and households • Policy framework of MOPR which are relevant to three Domain Of Changes in the Theory Of Change adopted by the SAMBAD Project

Specific tasks for the team include:

a). Prepare a detailed baseline study plan to execute the baseline study which includes indicators, methodology, means of verification, time line, location of data collection and other relevant information; meeting with SAMBAD Team to review the TOR and discuss Consultant’s plan for the study b). Develop appropriate data collection tools such as questionnaire, checklists, and interview guidelines for focus group discussions etc. c). Refine indicators based on results framework, if needed, considering clarity and measurability d). Determination of sample size by target and beneficiaries groups e). Field testing of questionnaires f). Sample conflict-affected communities, LPC and VLPC g). Data collection: The data needed to be collected depends on the availability from secondary sources at project and national level. While it will be necessary to validate the existing data available, data will also have to be collected from the primary sources. Therefore the data need can be determined after analyzing the data available from the secondary sources. h). Data entry i). Data analysis

j). Sharing of baseline findings to SAMBAD Project team, technical experts of implementing partners and relevant stakeholders, incorporate inputs from the sharing k). Draft report writing: The baseline report should clearly show the base value against each indicator to be measured with sufficient supporting evidence and analysis; sharing of draft report with SAMBAD Team for inputs l). Final report preparation and submission

Team composition and responsibilities

The Consultant will provide a team of specialists to undertake this consultancy, including a team leader and two research officers (one in each district). The Consultant must ensure that the cross cutting issues of gender and social inclusion, livelihoods and internal governance are well considered and analyzed during the study.

The Consultant’s team needs to have the following competencies:

i. Strong expertise, skill and knowledge in conducting baseline study, Monitoring and evaluation ii. Sound knowledge on Nepal’s political and conflict situation and availability of information iii. Experienced in conflict mitigation & management issues and programs, iv. Well aware of MOPR’s peace building process, policy provision and strategies of the Government of Nepal proven skills in data analysis, documentation, and report preparation with high quality English v. Ability to work on SPSS and other relevant software for data processing, and to produce reports vi. Sensitivity towards ethnicity, religion, gender, culture and respect for diversity vii. Knowledge of gender equity and social inclusion viii. Familiarity with USAID monitoring system would be an advantage

Technical deliverables

The following deliverables are required:

• Plan for the study (written and presentation) • Meeting minutes, list of people consulted • Filled survey questionnaires • Draft baseline study report for comments • Final baseline report (digital and hard copy) in English– not exceeding 25 pages; additional information can be provided as appendices and including reference sources for all materials; report to include executive summary (3-4 pages) • Maps, photographs, negatives and other relevant documents procured under this contract, with source references Structure of the baseline report

The structure of the baseline report will be as follows:

• Name of project • Names and contact information of the external consultant(s) • Executive summary; • Principal findings from analysis of collected data and information including list of key indicators from the Indicator Matrix and their baseline values • Lessons learned and other critical observations that could be useful to the SAMBAD Project Team and other key stakeholders • Conclusions and recommendations

Annexes, at minimum, should include:

• Terms of Reference; • Study methodology, including key research questions or hypotheses, sampling strategies, and data analysis procedures; • Data gathering instruments (observation guides, surveys, focus group discussion guides, etc.); • List of people consulted • Data presentation and analysis. Timeframe

The duration of the consultancy is 6 weeks, starting from 3rd week of November 2013. The tentative time plan is as follows:

Activities Week

1 2 3 4 5 6

Review the indicators and further define to make them more x operational, if needed.

Baseline study planning and design x

Develop tools and finalization, including presentation of x x study plan to SAMBAD Project team and other relevant stakeholders

Sampling, enumerators training and field work x x x x

Data processing, analysis x x x

Presentation of key findings and analysis to SAMBAD x x Project Team and other relevant stakeholders

Draft report preparation and submission x x

Final report writing and dissemination x

Preparation and logistic support

SAMBAD Project staff will provide all relevant information to the consultant to expedite the baseline study process. The SAMBAD Project and its partners will facilitate the Consultant's work through a) arranging meetings and field visits and b) arranging transport from the field offices to Project areas where necessary. The consultant is expected to arrange her/his transportation in Kathmandu and from Kathmandu to the field offices to its team..

Supervision, coordination and communication

The Consultant will report to Madhav Dhakal, Project Manager for administrative matter, Nirmala Sharma/Sambad Project Coordinator /Health Coordinator and Amleshwar Singh, IMLM for technical matters at country office. During field work, the Consultant will consult and coordinate closely with the above assigned persons to ensure needed inputs, maintain required standard and involvement of Project partners, , CARE Nepal and other MOPR, District Line agencies as needed during the design, field work , report preparation, and sharing processes.

The M&E Unit of CARE Nepal, Indu Pant Ghimire- Gender and Social Inclusion Coordinator, Bishnu Kharel - Partnership Coordinator and Santosh Sharma- DRR/SA Coordinator and Cathy Riley- ACD- PQ will be involved in the baseline study process. The type of engagement will range from strategic support to active involvement in the whole process. The Project’s other staffs will also be engaged at various points of time as relevant.

Reference materials

The consultant is expected to review the following documents:

1. SAMBAD Project document 2. SAMBAD Project MEL Plan 3. SAMBAD Project Indicator Matrix 4. Other relevant documents

Annex 3: List of the Persons Met During the Baseline Survey

SAMBAD Baseline Survey

SN Name Designation Office/Address Mobile No. 1 Mr. Bharat P. Acharya Under Secretary Ministry of Peace and 9841399072 Reconstruction, KTM 2 Mr. Durga P. Bhusal Section Officer Do 9841817597 3 Mr. Amleshwar Singh Impact Measurement CARE Nepal, Kathmandu 9841261363 and Learning Manager 4 Mr. Madhav Dhakal SAMBAD Project CARE/SAMBAD Project, 9755000616 Manager Bharatpur 5 Ms. Bimala Puri CARE Nepal CARE/SAMBAD Project, 9845108470 Bharatpur 6 Mr. Mahendra Yadav Coordinator LPC, Rupandehi 9857021213 7 Mr. Jagnnath Kurmi Member LPC, Rupandehi 9815476865 8 Mr. Sanjay Gupta Member LPC, Rupandehi 9857024824 9 Ms. Bishnu Maya Bhusal Treasurer LPC, Rupandehi 9747021506 10 Mr. Shiv P. Yadav Coordinator LPC, Nawalparasi 9847041939 11 Mr. Haither Ali Momin Member LPC, Nawalparasi 9847290786 12 Mr. Subhash Chandra Member LPC, Nawalparasi 9857023561 Giri 13 Mr. Kailash Thakur Member LPC, Nawalparasi 9847023848 14 Mr. Shiv Pujan Gupt Member LPC, Nawalparasi 9847079243

15 Ms. Chandrika Devi Member LPC, Nawalparasi 9847041310 Chaudhary 16 Ms. Jog Kumari Member LPC, Nawalparasi 9847081759 Chaudhary 17 Ms. Laxmi K.C. Member LPC, Nawalparasi 9847053023

18 Mr. Prem Nath Gyawali Office Secretary Local Peace Committee, 9857023624 Rupandehi, Bairahwa 19 Ms. Anjana Acharya Office Secretary Local Peace Committee, 9844731426 Rupandehi, Nawalparasi 20 Ms. Sonika Shrestha Peace Building Namuna Intergrated 9812913311 Faciliator Development Council 21 Mr. Jeewan B.K. Do Do 9847211012 22 Mr. Mukunda Paudyal Do Do 9841898187 23 Ms. Bindramati Do Do 9811485457 Chaudhary 24 Mr. Dinesh Aryal Do Do 9847044029 25 Mr. Madan K. Prajapati Field Officer Do 9857024571 26 Ms. Chandani Chhetri A/Finance Officer Do 9857024749 27 Ms. Mibusha Ghimire District Project Legal Aid and Research 9841276415 Coordinator Center, Nawalparasi 28 Ms. Sarita Adhikari Peace Building Do 9847152083 Faciliator 29 Ms. Phoolmaya Paswan Do Do 9807487862 30 Ms. Menka Shree Do Do 9819450895 Rajkumari 31 Mr. Ramhari Dusadh Do Do 9815484558 32 Mr. Ravi Shanker Harijan Do Do 9807422748 33 Mr. Rajesh Chaudhary Finance Assistance Do 9812950949 34 Mr. Baijnath Agrahari Coordinator VLPC Bodabar, Rupandehi 9857010967

35 Mr. Prahalad Paswan Member Do 9805419644

36 Mr. Ram Lakhan Singh Member Do

37 Mr. Raju Baniya Member Do 9807464810

38 Mr. Krishna Yadav Youth Club Member Bodabar-5, Rupandehi 9807486305 39 Mr. Rakesh Gupta Youth Club Member Bodabar-6, Rupandehi 9817432589 40 Mr. Tel Lal Dumre Local Resident Kerbani-4, Rupandehi 9847541392 41 Ms. Kamala Sapkota Local Resident Kerbani-4, Rupandehi 42 Ms. Parbati Sapkota Local Resident Kerbani-4, Rupandehi 43 Mr. Prajapati Sapkota Local Resident Kerbani-4, Rupandehi 9857024293 44 Mr. Tulsi Ram Adhikari Local Resident Kerbani-4, Rupandehi 9807500408 45 Mr. Deepak Lamsal Local Resident Kerbani-4, Rupandehi 9817524505 46 Mr. Churamani Sapkota Local Resident Kerbani-4, Rupandehi 9816419186 47 Mr. Yal B. Thapa Local Resident Kerbani-4, Rupandehi 9847031734 48 Mr. Basishtha Chaudhary Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 9807596120 49 Mr. Nathu Chaudhary Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 50 Mr. Kebal Dhobi Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 51 Mr. Pradip Chaudhary Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 9817535588 52 Mr. Kapil Chaudhary Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 9807560674 53 Mr. Basudev Chaudhary Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 54 Ms. Premni Chaudhary Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 55 Mr. Rabesh Chaudhary Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 56 Mr. Baijnath Chaudhary Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 57 Mr. Pravans Harijan Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 9806978634 58 Mr. Dhanukdhari Kohar Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 59 Mr. Chulhai Lonia Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 9815464899 60 Mr. Indra Chaudhary Local Resident Somani-7, Nawalparasi 61 Mr. Adalat Rajbhar Bhujahawa-2, Nawalparasi 9847064903

Annex 4: Focus Group Discussions Guidelines Sambad Project Focus Group Discussions s= ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmnsf dfu{bz{gM != ;xhstf{n] 5nkmnsf] ljifo / pb]Zo jf/] hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5 . @= ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmndf %–& hgf ljifo;+u ;DjlGWft ;xefuLx? /fv]/ ug'{ kb{5 . w]/} hgf /fv]/ 5nkmn ubf{ lg0f{o ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . #= :fDjlGwt Ps ljifodf g} 5nkmn ug'{ kb{5 . w]/} ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{ x'b}g . $= 5nkmndf Ps k6sdf Ps hgfnfO{ cfnf]kfnf] u/L cfkmgf] ljrf/ /fVg lbg' kb{5 . %= 5nkmndf efUf lnPsf] ;j}nfO{ jf]Ng] cj;/ lbg' kb{5 / ;j}sf] dxTjk"0f{ /fo ;'emfj ;d]6\g' kb{5 . ^= 5nkmndf ePsf] ljifo j:t'nfO{ gj+UofO{ h:tfsf] To:t} gf]6 u/]/ ;xhstf{n] /fVg' kb{5. &= 5nkmndf efUf lnPsf] ;xefuLsf] gfd, 5nkmn u/]sf] :yfg / ldlt /fVg' kb{5 . *= o; 5nkmndf ePsf] s'/fnfO{ ;d"xsf] cg'dlt lnP/ 6]k /]s8{/df /]s8{ ug{ ;lsG5 . (= 5nkmn ;s];DDf :yfgLo efiffdf ;j}n] j'emg] u/L efiffsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . !)= 5nkmn ljifo–j:t'df s]lGb|t x'g' kb{5 . !!= 5nkmndf w]/} ;jfn cfPdf To;nfO{ ;xefuL dfkm{t k|flyldsLs/0f u/L 5nkmn u/fpg' kb{5 . !@= 5nkmndf ;xhstf{n] cfkmgf] /fo ;'emfj lbg' x'b}g . !#= 5nkmn v''nf ?kdf ug'{ kb{5 . 5nkmndf cfPsf ljrf/nfO{ /f]Sg' x"b}g . !$= 5nkmnsf] lgrf]8 jf lgisif{ lgsfNg' kb{5 .

39 v= ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmnsf ;d"xx? != åGbdf k|efljt ;d'bfo;+u ul/g] s]Gb|Lt ;dxut 5nkmn @= åGb lkl8t gePsf t/ åGb lkl8tx? /x]sf] ;d'bfosf JolStx? ;+usf] 5nkmn #= Ufflj;÷:yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt;+u ul/g] 5nkmnsf ljifo j:t'x? $= ;xsf/L;+u 5nkmn %= :yfgLo /fhg}lts bnx?;+u 5nkmn

Uf= ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmn ug]{ lhNNff, uflj; / ;d"x jf ;+:yf l;=g= ;d"x jf ;+:Yffx?;+u ul/g] Gfjnk/f;L ?kGb]xL ;xefulutf 5nkmn Dflxnf jf - Ufflj; / ldlt_ - Ufflj; / ldlt_ k'?if jf b'j} ! åGbdf k|efljt ;d'bfo;+u Dflxnf / ul/g] s]Gb|Lt ;dxut k'?if 5nkmn @ åGb lkl8t gePsf t/ åGb Dflxnf / lkl8tx? /x]sf] ;d'bfosf k'?if JolStx? ;+usf] 5nkmn # Ufflj;÷:yfgLo zflGt Dflxnf / ;ldlt;+u ul/g] 5nkmn k'?if

$ ;xsf/L;+u 5nkmn Dflxnf / k'?if % :yfgLo /fhg}lts bnx?;+u Dflxnf / 5nkmn k'?if ^ Kf"j{ n8fs'x? ;+Ufsf] Dflxnf / 5nkmn k'?if

!= åGbdf k|efljt ;d'bfo;+u ul/g] s]Gb|Lt ;dxut 5nkmn ;xhstf{sf] gfdM 5nkmn ePsf] ldltM lhNNffM ======uflj;÷gkf / j8fM ======:yfgM = = = 5nkmndf ;xefuL ePsf] JolStx?M l;=g= Gfd 7]ufgf åGbdf k|efljt ePsf] lsl;d

= ;xefuLx? • ljleGGf hft hflt / ju{sf / ljleGg lsl;dsf åGbdf k|efljt k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L % –& hgf dlxnf tyf k'?if ;xefuLx? 5nkmnsf ljifoj:t'sf] ;+efljt ;'rL != åGbjf6 k|efljtx? JolStx? jLr Ps cfk;df s:tf] ;DjGw 5 < @= åGbjf6 k|efljtx? JolStx? / k|efljt gePsf] JolStx? jLrsf] ;DjGw s:tf] 5 < #= tkfO{sf] ;jfnx? s] s] ;dfwfg eP < $= cem} s] s] ;jfnx? ;dfwfg x'g jfFsL /x]sf 5g\ < %= tkfO{x?n] kfPsf] zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f d+qfnojf6 k|fKt /fxt / ;]jfx?sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < ^= uflj;÷gu/kflnsf / :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltn] tkfO{x?sf] nflu s] s] u/]sf] 5 < &= tkfO{x?sf] zflGt ;ldlt ;+usf] ;DjGw s:tf] 5 < *= zflGt ;ldltsf] lgoldt j}7s x'G5 < (= /fHojf6 jf ;/sf/jf6 tkfO{x?sf] ck]Iff s] 5 < !)= zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf tkfO{x?sf] e"ldsf s] x'g ;S5 < !!= g]kfn ;/sf/ zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f d+qfnosf] zflGt lgdf{0fsf] nflu ug]{ gLlt, k|lqmof / sfo{qmdjf/] / To;sf] sfof{Gjog u/]s]f 5 ;f] yfxf 5 . !@= åGbjf6 k|efljtx?sf nflu sfd ug]{ :yfgLo ;+3, ;+:yf, ;+hfnx?n] s] s:tf] lsl;dsf ;xof]ux? u/]sf 5g\ < !#= o; kl/of]hgfjf6 s] ck]Iff ug'{ ePsf] 5 <

5nkmn ePsf] ljifoj:t' o;sf] tn n]Vg] .

@= åGb lkl8t gePsf t/ åGb lkl8tx? /x]sf] ;d'bfosf JolStx? ;+usf] 5nkmn ;xhstf{sf] gfdM 5nkmn ePsf] ldltM lhNNffM ======uflj;÷gkf / j8fM ======:yfgM = = = 5nkmndf ;xefuL ePsf] JolStx?M l;=g= Gffd 7]ufgf df]afOn g=

;xefuLx? • åGb lkl8t gePsf t/ åGb lkl8tx? /x]sf] ;d'bfosf s/Lj !) hgf dlxnf tyf k'?ifx? ;xefuLx? 5nkmnsf ljifox? != åGb lkl8tx? / u}/ åGb lkl8t JolStx?sf] jLr ;DjGw s:tf] 5 < @= tkfO{x?sf] ljrf/df åGb lkl8tx?x?sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 -/fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs cflb_ < #= åGb lkl8tx?sf] ;fdflhs, wflDf{s Pj+ ljsf;sf sfo{x?df s:tf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 < $= åGb lkl8tx?n] cGo ;dflhs sfo{ / ljsf; sfo{sdf cfkmgf ljrf/ /fVbf sltsf] lgw{s ;+u /fVg] ub{5 . %= åGb lkl8tx? Kf|lt u}/ åGb lkl8t ePsf JolStx?sf] ;f]r / Jojxf/ s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < ^= u}/ åGb lkl8tx?sf] åGb lkl8t k|ltsf] ;f]r / Jojxf/ s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < & =åGbjf6 k|efljt / u}/ åGb lkl8t jLr ;dflhs ;befj sfod ug{ s] s:tf sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 < *= tkfO{sf] ljrf/df o; ;d'bfodf clxn] åGbsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < (= zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ :yfoL jgfpg :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g'kb{5 < ( o; ;d'bfodf zflGt k|lqmof jf/] s]xL yk hfgsf/L 5 < Hfgsf/Lsf] nflu wGojfb Û

5nkmn ePsf] ljifoj:t' o;sf] tn n]Vg] .

#= Ufflj;÷:yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt;+u ul/g] 5nkmn ;xhstf{sf] gfdM 5nkmn ePsf] ldltM lhNNffM ======uflj;÷gkf / j8fM ======:yfgM = = = 5nkmndf ;xefuL ePsf] JolStx?M l;=g= Gfd 7]ufgf kb Df]fjfOn g= ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !)

;xefuLx? • zflGt ;ldltsf k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L % –& hgf dlxnf tyf k'?if ;xefuLx? != Ufflj;÷:yfgLo zflGt ;ldltx?sf] ;+/rgf s:tf] 5 < @= åGb lkl8tx?sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < #= zflGt k|lqmofdf Ufflj;÷:yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf] e"ldsf s] s:tf] 5 < $= zflGt ;ldltsf] j}7sdf s] s] ljifodf 5nkmn x'G5 < %= zflGt ;ldltx? s] s] sfo{x? u/]sf 5g\ < ^= zflGt ;ldltsf s] s] r'gf}tL, ;jfnx? 5g\ < &= zflGt ;ldlt / zflGt lgdf{0fdf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ c? ;/f]sf/jfnfx? cGt/;DjGw, sfo{ut Pstf, ;dGjo 5 < Hfgsf/Lsf] nflu wGojfb Û 5nkmn ePsf] ljifoj:t' o;sf] tn n]Vg] .

$= ;xsf/L;+u 5nkmn ;xhstf{sf] gfdM 5nkmn ePsf] ldltM lhNNffM ======uflj;÷gkf / j8fM ======:yfgM = = = l;=g= gfd 7]ufgf kb Df]fjfOn g= ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !)

;xefuLx? • ;xsf/Lsf dlxnf tyf k'?if kbflwsf/Lx? 5nkmnsf ljifox? != ;xsf/L ;b:odf åGb lkl8tx? cfj4tf s:tf] 5 < @= åGb lkl8tx?nfO{ s] s:tf] ;]jf ;'ljwfx? pknJw u/fpg' ePsf] 5 < #= zflGt k|lqmofdf ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g' kb{5 < $= zflGt lgdf{0fdf sfo{ ug]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u s'g} ;xsfo{ ug'{ ePsf] 5 <

Hfgsf/Lsf] nflu wGojfb Û

5nkmn ePsf] ljifoj:t' o;sf] tn n]Vg] .

%= /fhg}lts bnx?;+u 5nkmn ;xhstf{sf] gfdM 5nkmn ePsf] ldltM lhNNffM ======uflj;÷gkf / j8fM ======:yfgM = = = l;=g= Gfd 7]ufgf kb /fhg}lts Df]fjfOn bnsf] gfd g=

;xefuLx? • ljleGg /fhg}lts bnsf :yfgLo k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L % –& hgf dlxnf tyf k'?if ;xefuLx? 5nkmnsf ljifoj:t'x? != åGb lkl8tx?sf] clxn]sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 @= o;df /fhg}lts bnsf] e"ldsf s] /xof] < #= zflGt lgdf{0f ;xof]u k'/ofpg /fhg}lts bnn] ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?df s] s:tf] kxn ug'{ eof] < $= xfn;Ddsf] pknlJw s] s:tf] 5 < %= o;nfO{ lbuf] jgfpg bnx?sf] gLlt, /0fgLlt s] s:tf] 5 < ^= xfn;Dd ljleGg lgsfo, ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] k'g{ldng k|lqmofdf s] s:tf sdL sdhf]/x? / b'/L -Gap_ /x]sf 5g\ < &= zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ 6'uf]df k'/ofpg ljleGg ;+3, ;+:yf / lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g' kb{5 < *= ;dflhs ;befj / ;xcl:tTjsf] j[l4sf] nflu s:tf] vfnsf] sfo{qmd / k|lqmof x'g' kb{5 <

Hfgsf/Lsf] nflu wGojfb Û

Annex 5: Household Survey Questionnaire sf]8 s]P/ g]kfn ;Djfb kl/of]hgf 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f k|ZgfjnL kl/ro / dGh'/Lgfdf gd:t] Û xfdL ;Djfb kl/of]hgfsf] cfwf/e"t /]vf ;e]{If0fsf nflu tYof+s ;+sng ug{ cfPsf xf} . of] kl/of]hgf ?kGb]xL / gjnk/f;L lhNNffsf] uflj;x?df ;+rflnt 5 . o; ;e]{If0fdf tkfO{sf] ;xeflutfsf] k"0f{ cfzf ub{5f}+ . tkfO{n] lbg'ePsf ;"rgfx?nfO{ k"0f{tof uf]Ko /flvg] 5g\ . o; ;e]{If0fsf] nflu ;fdfGotof Ps 306f hlt nfUg] 5 . o; ;e]{If0fsf] d'Vo pb]Zo o; kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{qmd z'? ug'{ eGbf klxn] o; 7fFpsf] cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L lng' xf] h;n] ubf{ o; sfo{qmdsf] cGtdf s] slt pknlAw eof] egL gfKg ;lsof]; . of] ;e]{If0fdf tkfO{sf] ;xeflutf :j]lR5s x'g]5 . olb tkfO{n] s'g} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg grfx]df glbg ;Sg' x'G5 / xfdL csf]{ k|Zgdf hfg] 5f}+ . cfzf 5 tkfO{ ;e]{If0fdf ;xeflu x'g'x'g]5 lsgsL tkfO{sf ljrf/x? dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . tkfO{ xfdL ;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ tof/ x'g'x'G5 < 5 ======! 5}g ======@ olb pQ/bftf cGt{jft{f lbg tof/ ePdf dfq

;"rgfbftfsf] gfd M======olb pQ/bftf ;xefuL x'g rfx]gg\ eg], ;s];Dd p;nfO{ of] cg';Gwfgn] s] s:tf] kmfO{bf k'¥ofp5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbP/ p;nfO{ ;xefuL x'gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf]; . ;fy} uf]klgotfsf] jf/]df k|i6 kfg'{xf]; . cem}klg ;xefuL x'g grfx]df csf{] pQ/bftf;+u cGt{jft{f ug'{xf]; .

cGt/jftf{ lng]sf] gfd M !_ ======df]afOn gDj/ ======

@_ ======df]afOn gDj/ ======cGt/jftf{ z'? u/]sf] ;do M ======cGt/jftf{ ;lsPsf] ;do M ======cGt/jftf{ lng]sf] ;xL ======ldltM======

;'k/efOh/sf] gfd M ======df]afOn gDj/======

;'k/efOh/sf] ;xL M ======ldltM======

Effu A M ;fdfGo hfgsf/L

l;=g= k|Zgx? cfjZostf cg';f/ uf]nf] 3]/f nufpg' xf]; .

A1 tkfO{sf] gjnk/f;L======! 3/ s'g lhNnfdf ?kGb]xL ======@ k{b5 < tkfO{sf] A2 3/ s'g uf=lj=;= df k{b5 < tkfO{sf] ! @ # $ % 3/ slt Jf8f A3 ^ & * ( gDj/df k5{ <

tkfO{ s'g ======Hffthfltsf] A4 x'g'x'G5, n]Vg'xf]; <

tkfO{ s'g hghflt======! Hffthflt jf ;d"x leq blnt kg{' x'G5 ======@ A5 < jfx'gIf]qL bzgfdL ======# cGo dw]zL hfthflt======$ d'l:nd ======%

Effu B M ;"rssf] nflu hfgsf/L B1 tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o • lj:yflkt ePsf] åGbjf6 s:tf] lsl;dsf] k|efjdf ======! k/]sf] lyof] < -jx'pt/_ • k"j{ dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] ?kdf /x]sf], ======@ • kl/jf/ ;b:o dfl/Psf]======# • kl/jf/ ;b:osf] c+ue+u ePsf], ======$ • of}g lx+;fdf k/]sf] ======% • ;Dklt Iflt ePsf] -3/, u/uxgf, k};f cflb_ = ^ • ;jf/L ;fwg Iflt ePsf]======& • s[lif Iflt ePsf -Hf:t} hUuf tyf jfnLgfnL sAhf u/]sf], kz' sAhf jf gi6 u/]sf]_ ======* • 3fOt]÷ckfª ePsf[ ======( • ckx/0fdf

k/]sf]======!) • u}/ sfg"gL lx/f;tdf k/]sf] ======!! • j]ktf ======!@ • åGbsf] sf/0fn] hfuL/ 5f8]sf] ======!# • cGo -pNNf]v ug]{_ ======!$ B2 åGbjf6 k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ g]kfn d[tssf] kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt ;/sf/, zflGt tyf k'gMlgdf{0f ======! d+qfnojf6 s] s:tf /fxt / ;]jfx? lbg] a]kQfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 <-;"rs !=! / !=# ;+u ======@ ;DjlGwt_ -jx'pt/_ c+ue+u÷3fOt] ePsf] JolStnfO{ /fxt ======# ckx/0fdf k/]sf] JolStnfO{ /fxt ======$ pkrf/ v{r jfkt /fxt ======% ;GttL 5fqj[lt ======^ 6'x/f afnaflnsfnfO{ /fxt ======& cGo -v'nfpg';_ ======* yfxf 5}g ======( B3 åGbjf6 k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ g]kfn d[tssf] kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt ;/sf/, zflGt tyf k'gMlgdf{0f ======! d+qfnojf6 tkfO{sf] kl/jf/n] s] s:tf a]kQfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt /fxtx? kfpg' ePsf] 5 <-;"rs !=! ;+u ======@ ;DjlGwt_ -jx'pt/_ c+ue+u÷3fOt] ePsf] JolStnfO{ /fxt ======# ckx/0fdf k/]sf] JolStnfO{ /fxt ======$

pkrf/ v{r jfkt /fxt ======% ;GttL 5fqj[lt ======^ 6'x/f afnaflnsfnfO{ /fxt ======& cGo -v'nfpg';_ ======* yfxf 5}g ======( B4 åGbjf6 k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ g]kfn zLkd"ns tfnLd ;/sf/, zflGt tyf k'gMlgdf{0f ======! d+qfnojf6 s] s:tf ;fdu|L /f]huf/÷:j/f]huf/ lbg] Joj:yf ======u/]sf] 5 <-;"rs !=! / !=# ;+u =====@ ;DjlGwt_ -jx'pt/_ C0f pknAw u/fPsf] ======# k/fdZf{ ;]jf ======$ cGo -v'nfpg';_ ======% yfxf 5}g ======^

B5 åGbjf6 k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ g]kfn zLkd"ns tfnLd ;/sf/, zflGt tyf k'gMlgdf{0f d+qfnojf6 tkfO{sf] kl/jf/n] s] s:tf ======! /f]huf/÷:j/f]huf/ / ;]jfx? kfpg' ;fdu|L ePsf] 5 <-;"rs !=# ;+u ;DjlGwt_ ======

==@ C0f pknAw u/fPsf] ======#

k/fdZf{ ;]jf -hfgsf/L lbg]_ ======$

cGo -v'nfpg';_ ======%

yfxf 5}g ======^

B6 åGbjf6 k|efljt 3'DtLsf]if /sd kl/jf/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/, ======! zflGt tyf k'gMlgdf{0f zLkd"ns tfnLd d+qfno afx]s cGo ;+3 ;+:yfjf6 lhljsf]kfh{gsf] ======@ nflu s] s:tf ;xof]u ;fdu|L kfpg' ePsf] 5 <-;"rs #=! ======;+u ;DjlGwt -jx'pt/_ _ =====#

C0f pknAw u/fPsf]

======$ k/fdZf{ ;]jf ======% cGo -v'nfpg';_ ======^ yfxf 5}g ======& B7 kfpg' ePsf] 5 eg] s'g ======;+3 ;+:yfjf6 kfpg' ePsf] 5 . ====

B8 g]kfn ;/sf/ zflGt tyf • lzk ljsf; eP/ hfuL/ kfPsf] 5 ======! k'gMlgdf{0f d+qfnojf6 • lzk kfP/ cfkmgf] sfd cfkm}n] u/]/ jf Joj;fo u/]/ kfKt ;xof]u jf tfnLdjf6 cfDbgL j9]sf] 5 tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cfocfh{g ======jf hLjgofkgdf s] s] ;xof]u ======@ k'u]sf] 5 < -;"rs #=! ;+u • 3'DtL sf]ifjf6 C0f lnO{ cfkmgf] Joj:ffo u/]sf] 5 ;DjlGwt_ o;sf] jx'pt/ x'g ======;S5 .

======# • jfnjflnsf jf cGo ;b:ox? Kf9fpg d2t k'u]s]f 5======$ • kl/jf/ ;b:osf] :jf:Yo pkrf/ u/fPsf] 5 ====% • cGo -pNNf]v ug]{_ ======^ B9 g]kfn ;/sf/ zflGt tyf • o;jf6 d]/f] kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 ======! k'gMlgdf{0f d+qfnojf6 • tfnLdjf6 k|fKt zLkn] Joj;fo ug{ kof{Kt k"FhL k|fKt cfly{s ;xof]u jf /fxt jf ePg tfnLd kfFpbf s:tf] nfu]sf] 5 < ======-jx'pt/_ ======@ • tfnLdjf6 s'g} bIftf xfl;n ePg ======# • Joj;fojf6 vf;} cfDbgL ePg ======$ B10 tkfO{sf] 3/df lgDg dWo] ef}lts ;fdu|L ;+Vof s'g s'g ef}lts ;fdu|Lx? slt ;fOsn======cf]6f 5 < -jx'pt/_ ======! uf]?uf8f======@ 6+sL -3'D6L_ ======# l/S;f======$ df]afOn======% Df]f6/;fOsn======^ ljh'nL k+Vff======& ljh'nL lx6/======*

l;nfO{ d]l;g======( 6]j'n======!) s';L{======!! ;f]kmf======!@ sDKo'6/======!# lk|mh======!$ l8lel8 Kn]o/======!% l6= le======!^ B11 åGb k|efljtx?sf] nflu Pj+ la:yflktsf] nflu /fxt zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu g]kfn ======;/sf/n] NofPsf s] s:tf] =! gLltx? NofPsf 5g\ tkfO{nfO{ yfxf 5 < -;"rs d[tssf] xsbf/nfO cfly{s ;xotf !=@ ;+u ;DjlGwt_ ======@ a]ktf kfl/Psf kl/jf/nfO /fxt ======# cfdfafa' u'dfPsf afn aflnsfnfO k'gM:yfkgf ======$ cGo -v'nfpg'xf]z_ ======% yfxf 5}g\ ======^

B12 åGb k|efljtx?sf] nflu Pj+ Ufflj; jf uflj; :t/Lo zflGt ;ldltdf lgj]bg = = = ! zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu g]kfn lhNNff -:yfgLo_ zflGt ;ldltnfO{ l;kmfl/z = = = = ;/sf/n] s;/L /fxt kfpg] ====@ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5\ tkfO{nfO{ lhNNff k|zf;g sfof{nosf] sfo{bnnfO{ l;kmfl;z yfxf 5 < -;"rs !=@ ;+u ======# ;DjlGwt_ zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f d+qfnodf l;kmfl/z ======$ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] kfpg] ub{5 ======% cGo - v'nfpg'xf]z_======^ yfxf 5}g\ ======& B13 åGb k|efljtx?sf] nflu Pj+ /f]huf/÷:j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd ==== zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu g]kfn ======! ;/sf/n] s] s:tf lsl;dsf]] zflGtsf nflu lasfz sfo{qmd -lgdf{0f_ ======@ sfo{qmdx? jgfPsf 5g\ åGbjf6 k|efljt If]q ljz]if sfo{qmd ======# tkfO{nfO{ yfxf 5 < -;"rs cGo -v'nfpg'xf]z_ !=@ ;+u ;DjlGwt_ ======$ yfxf 5}g\ ======% B14 tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fxtsf nflu l;kmfl/z u/fpg :yflgo zflGt ;ldlt jf uflj; ======:t/Lo zflGt ;ldltdf s] s:tf] ======! sfdsf] nflu hfg' ePsf] lyof] < • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgod jf/] hfgsf/L lng ====@ • :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltn] cfof]hgf u/]s]f d]nldnfk ;DjGwL 5nkmndf efu lng ======# • åGb Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5nkmndf

efu lng ======$ • zflGt ;ldltn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] s'g} sfo{qmddf efUf lnPsf] 5}g ======% B16 • zflGt ;ldlt jf/] yfxf 5}g======^ B16 B15 zflGt ;ldltsf] sfo{qmddf • d cfkmgf] ljrf/x? lgw{s;+u /fV5' efu lnbfF tkfO{ s:tf] dx;"; ======! ug'{ ePsf] 5 < • dnfO{ cfkmgf] ljrf/ /fVg ck7of/f] dx;"; x'G5 jf jftfj/0f c;xh x'G5 ======@ • d}n] /fv]sf] ljrf/nfO{ ;'g'jfO{ x'b}g ======#

• dnfO{ ljrf/ /fVg] cj;/ lbb}g ======$ B16 ljut ^ dlxgfdf tkfO{sf] • d]/f kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? ;dflhs sfo{df ;xefuL x'g kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? / åGbjf6 kfPsf] 5 . -h:t} ljjfx, j|tjGw, ;ef, cflb_ =====! k|efljt gePsf :yfgLo ;d'bfox? jLr s] s:tf sfo{sf • d]/f kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? Wfld{s sfo{df ;xefuL x'g nflu ;xsfo{x? ePsf 5g\ < - kfPsf] 5 . h:t} k'hf, o1 cflb_ p2]Zo ;"rs !=# ;+u ======@ ;DjlGwt_ -jx'pt/_ • d]/f kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{df ;xefuL x'g kfPsf] 5 . -h:t} jf6f], s'nf], :s"n, vfg]kfgL lgdf{0f jf dd{t, tfnLd, uf]i7L_======# • d]/f] kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ s'g} ;dflhs, wfld{s / :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpb}g ======$

B17 tkfO{sf] ljrf/df xfn s:tf] /fhg}lts åGb lsl;dsf] åGb 36]sf] 5 < -jx'pt/_ ======!

;fdflhs, ;fdk|bflos åGb ======@

;fdk|bflos åGb ======#

wfld{s ======$

cGo -pNNf]v ug'{xf];_ ======% yfxf 5}g ======^

B18 tkfO{sf] ljrf/df xfn s:tf] /fhg}lts åGb lsl;dsf] åGb j9]sf] 5 < -jx'pt/_ ======! ;fdflhs ======@ ;fdk|bflos åGb ======# wfld{s ======$

cGo -pNNf]v ug'{xf];_ ======% yfxf 5}g ======^ B19 tkfO{sf] ljrf/df åGb 36]sf] • åGb/t kIfx? Vf'NNff k|lt:kwf{Tds /fhg}lts sf/0fx? s] s] x'g\ . k|lqmofdf ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ -jx'pt/_ ======!

• cfd hgtfdf /fhg}lts / ;dflhs d'b\bfx?df hgr]tgf j9]sf] 5 ======@ • ljleGg lje]b / ljifox?df v'NNff ?kdf jx; / 5nkmn ePsf] 5 ======# • g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg lsl;ddf ;dfj]zL gLlt tyf k|fJwfgx? Nffu" u/]sf] 5======$ • u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? / :yfgLo ;d"x, ;+:yfx?, gful/s ;dfhn] ;+rfng u/]sf sfo{qmdx?n]] cfd hgtfdf hgr]tgf j9fPsf] 5 ======% • yfxf 5}g ======^ B20 tkfO{sf] ljrf/df åGb j9]sf] • ljleGg /fhg}lts bnsf] bnut pRr ck]Iff /x]s]f sf/0fx? s] s] x'g\ . ======-jx'pt/_ ======! • hgtfx?df If]qLo jf hftLo ;dk|bflos efjgf /x]sf] ======@

• hgtfsf] ck]Iff w]/} t/ ;/sf/sf] ljsf;sf] ult w]/} ;':t jf l9nf] ePsf] ======# • >f]tsf] ljt/0f ;dfg kx'Fr x'g g;s]sf] =====$ • cGo -pNNf]v ug'{xf];_ ======$ • yfxf 5}g ======% B21 tkfO{sf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] ljut Ps vr{sf] lzif{s vr{ ? jif{sf] jflif{s vr{x? S]m slt 5 vfBfGgdf ? ljj/0f lbg'xf];\ . ======! nQfsk8fdf ======@ lzIffdf ======# cf}ifwL pkrf/df ======$ Joj;fo a[l4 ug{ ======% C0f lkmtf{ ug{ -3'DtL sf]if tyf cGo_ ======^ jf;:yfg tyf 3/ dd{t÷lsGg ======& hUuf hldg lsGg ======* j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg ======( s[lif ;fdu|L vl/b ug{ ======!) kz'hGo cf}hf/x? vl/b ug{ ======!!

dgf]/~hg ======!@ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx? -rf8kj{, wd{sd{, Gof}tf÷lgdGq0ff_ ======!# cGo pNNf]v ug]{ ======! $ jif{el/sf] hDdf vr{ n]Vg'xf]; . B22 tkfO{sf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] ljut Ps cfDbgLsf] lzif{s cfDbgL ? jif{sf] jflif{s cfDbgLsf] >f]tx? s] s] / slt slt 5 < Hofnf dhb'/Laf6 ljj/0f lbg'xf];\ ======! n3'p2d tyf Joj;fo -

v'nfpg'xf];_ ======@ s[lifhGo pTkfbgjf6 ======# kz'hGo pTkfbgjf6 ======$ k]G;g, ;fdflhs eQf cflb ======% hflu/ ======^ j}b]lzs /f]huf/jf6 ======& cGo -v'nfpg'xf]z_ ======* kl/jf/sf] jif{e/Lsf] hDdf cfDbfgL /sd ?k}ofdf B23 o; ;d'bfodf zflGt

k|lqmof jf/] s]xL yk hfgsf/L 5 <

B24 o; ;d'bfodf åGb jf/] s]xL yk hfgsf/L 5 <

Effu C: 3/d'nL / pt/bftf jf/]df hfgsf/L

Effu @ 3/d'nL / tkfO{ cfkmgf] jf/]df hfgsf/L lbg'xf]; .

! @= Hffgsf/L lbg] # $= % ^ Jf}jflxs &= *= s'g} ( s'g} s JolStsf] gfd -! Gf=df ln Kf" Zf}lIf l:ylt Df'Vo ;d"xdf kbdf eP | 3/d'nLsf] gfd dfq +u /f s Kf]zf cfj4 ;f] n]Vg'; ; /fVg] / @ g=df u/]s l:ylt ePsf] + cGt/jftf{ lbg] f] n]Vg'; JolStsf] gfd /fVg]_ pd] / n]V g]

!= != ljjflxt -gf]6 @ !=zflGt !=;fwf/0f dlx x]Gf"{;_ ;ldlt ;b:o nf @= cljjflxt @ @=Jfrt @=sfo{ = #= ljwjf÷ ;d"x ;ldlt ;b:o k'?i ljw'/, f #=;xsf/L #=cWoIf $= ;DjGw #= ljR5]b, $=Dflxnf $=pkfWo t]> ;d"x If f] %= 5'§} j;]sf] ln+ - dfOtLdf _ %=ljBfno %=;lrj uL Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ^=sf]iffW oIf ^=:jf:Yo ;ldlt &=cGo

&=cGo *=5}g

*= 5}g !

@ gf]6!M ) lg/If/, ! sIff–!, @ sIff–@ = b]lv ( ;DDf= !) 6]i6 kf;, !! P;= Pn= ;L=, !@ k|df0f kq, !# :gfts, !$ :gfsf]Q/ jf dfly !% cgf}krfl/s lzIff÷n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg,] gf]6 @ d'Vo k]zfM != s[lif, @= dhb'/L, #= Jofkf/, $= gf]s/L, %= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ -%=! ef/t / %=@ cGo b]z v'nfpg]_, ^= zLkd"ns k]zf -xhfd, lzsdL{ cflb &= cWoog, *= u[x0fL (= cGo -v'nfpg]_

53 gf]6 # 3/d'nL;+u ;DjGw M != 3/d"nL @= >Ldfg\ >Ldlt #= 5f]/f 5f]/L $= cfdf a'jf %= efO{ jlxgL ^= sfsf sfsL & gftL gltgL * elthf elthL ( HjfFO{ a'xfl/ !)= efph' gGb h]7fgL !! ;f;' ;;'/f !@ cGo

Annex 6: Conflict-affected VDCs in Rupandehi and Nawalparasi districts

Conflict-affected VDCs in Rupandehi District

No. of No. of SN VDC people SN VDC people Killed Killed 1 Aanandaban 1 32 Chhipagada 3 2 KhadawaBangai 1 33 ChhotakiRamnagar 3 3 Gangoliya 1 34 Amuwa 3 4 Jogada 1 35 Bhagawanpur 3 5 Tikuligadh 1 36 Saljhundi 3 6 ThumhawaPiprahawa 1 37 Asurena 4 7 Bagaha 1 38 Kerbani 4 8 Bagauli 1 39 Tenuhawa 4 9 Basantapur 1 40 Pokharvindi 4 10 Majhagawa 1 41 ManMateriya 4 11 Madhuwani 1 42 Bisunpura 4 12 ManPakadi 1 43 Silautiya 4 13 Roinihawa 1 44 Devadaha 5 14 Sadi 1 45 Masina 5 15 SameraMarchwar 1 46 Bodabar 5 16 Semalar 1 47 SourahaPharsatikar 5 17 Karahiya 2 48 Sipawa 6 18 Karauta 2 49 Suryapura 6 19 Khudabagar 2 50 Aama 7 20 Gajedi 2 51 Betakuiya 7 21 Chilhiya 2 52 Motipur 7 22 Dhakadhai 2 53 Rayapur 7 23 Pajarkatti 2 54 Dudharakchhe 9 24 Padsari 2 55 Rudrapur 10 25 Parroha 2 56 Siddharth Nagar N.P. 12 26 Madhbaliya 2 57 Butwal N.P. 18 27 Mainahiya 2 28 Lumbini 2 29 Sikatahan 2 30 Harnaiya 2 31 HatiBangai 2

Conflict-affected VDCs in Nawalparasi District

No. of No. of S.N. VDC people S.N. VDC people Killed Killed 1 Jamuniya 0 34 Amarapuri 4 2 Mukundapur 0 35 Amraut 4 3 Kotathar 1 36 Dedgaun 4 4 Guthisuryapura 1 37 Pratappur 4 5 DadajheriTadi 1 38 Rajahar 4 6 DawanneDevi 1 39 Ruchang 4 7 Bharatipur 1 40 Sanai 4 8 Bhujhawa 1 41 Kumarwarti 5 9 Makar 1 42 Gaidakot 5 10 Rakuwa 1 43 Tamasariya 5 11 Rakachuli 1 44 Tribenisusta 5 12 Harpur 1 45 Dibyapuri 5 13 Arkhala 1 46 Pragatinagar 5 14 Kudiya 2 47 Swathi 5 15 Kusma 2 48 Agryouli 6 16 ThuloKhairatawa 2 49 Kawaswoti 6 17 Narsahi 2 50 Pithauli 6 18 Pakalihawa 2 51 Sukrauli 6 19 Parsauni 2 52 Hakui 6 20 Ratanapur 2 53 Panchanagar 7 21 Rupauliya 2 54 Narayani 8 22 Bulingtar 2 55 Ramgram N.P. 8 23 Gairami 3 56 Kolhuwa 9 24 Jahada 3 57 Dumkibas 9 25 Tilakpur 3 58 Sunwal 10 26 Deurali 3 59 Ramnagar 13 27 Dhaubadi 3 60 Shivmandir 16 28 Palhi 3 61 Somani 17 29 Mainaghat 3 30 RampurKhadauna 3 31 Banjariya 3 32 Benimanipur 3 33 Baidauli 3

Annex 7: Map of Nepal Showing SAMBAD Project Districts

Annex 8: VDCs and Municipalities Seleced for Baseline in Rupandehi

Annex 9: VDCs and Municipalities Seleced for Baseline in Nawalparasi

Annex 10: General Information of the Respondents

Caste Ethnicity Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total Janajati 49.5 25.9 40.9 Dalit 10.5 5.6 8.7 Brahman/Chhetri/Dasnami 36.8 40.7 38.3 Other Madhesi Caste 3.2 22.2 10.1 Muslim 0.0 5.6 2.0 Total Household 95 54 149 Gender of the HHH Women 32.6 50 38.9 Men 67.4 50 61.1 Total Household 95 54 149 Literacy Status of HHH Literate 64.1 67.4 65.2 Illiterate 35.9 32.6 34.8 Total Household 92 43 135 Involvement of HHH in group General & executive member 57.6 40.5 45.3 Executive Committee board 24.2 6 11.1 Major three in executive 9.1 4.8 6 Total Household 33 84 117

Annex 11: Sex Distribution of the Respondents (in %)

Gender Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total Women 41.1% 55.6% 46.3% Men 58.9% 44.4% 53.7% Total Respondents 95 54 149

Annex 12: Types of Incidence of the Conflict-affected Household in Sampled Households

Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total Types of Incident (N=95) (N=54) (N=149) Displaced 6 (6.3) 5 (9.3) 11 (7.4)

Ex-Maoist Combatant 5 (5.3) 2 (3.7) 7 (4.7)

Killed 59 (62.1) 38 (70.4) 97 (65.1)

Property lost 11 (11.6) 6 (11.1) 17 (11.4)

Handicapped/Disabled/injured 25 (26.3) 6 (11.1) 31 (20.8)

Kidnapped 9 (9.5) 4 (7.4) 13 (8.7)

Illegal custody 4 (4.2) 2 (3.7) 6 (4.0)

Missing 7 (7.4) 5 (9.3) 12 (8.1)

Forced to leave Job 1 (1.1) 6 (11.1) 7 (4.7)

Note: Figures in parentheses show percentage and total percentage is more than 100% due to multiple responses

Annex 13: % of People Perceive Reduction in Conflict

Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total Decreased 72.6% 59.3% 67.8% Don't know 27.4% 40.7% 32.2% Number interviewed 95 54 149

Annex 14: % of People Perceive Reduction in Types of Conflicts

Reduction in types Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total of conflicts (N=95) (N=54) (N=149) Political 16.8% 50.0% 28.9% Social 36.8% 3.7% 24.8% Communal 10.5% 1.9% 7.4% Religious 8.4% 0.0% 5.4% Others 8.4% 7.4% 8.1% Don't know 27.4% 40.7% 32.2% Total Respondents 95 54 149 Note: Total Percent is not 100% due to multiple responses.

Annex 15: Reasons for Reduction in Conflict (in %)

Reasons for reduction in conflict Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total Conflicting groups participate in open competition of political process 27.9 68.8 41.0 Increased public awareness in political and social issues 22.1 50.0 31.0 Open discussions and dialogues on different subjects and discriminations 19.1 46.9 28.0 Inclusive policy and provisions implemented by the Government 5.9 15.6 9.0 Increased public awareness generated by I/NGOs' programs 39.7 40.6 40.0 Do not know 22.1 15.6 20.0 Total 68 32 100

Annex 16: Conflict Victim HHs Reported about MOPR Relief and Service

Items Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total (N=93) (N=52) (N=145) Aware about Relief package 93.6% 94.2% 93.8% Received the relief package 91.6% 86.8% 89.9% Aware about Services 53.2% 74.1% 60.8% Received the services 44.7% 59.3% 50.0%

Annex 17: Explain the Peace Building Policy, Mechanisms and Programs (in %)

Items Nawalparasi Rupandehi Total Policies for conflict-affected people 64.5 72.5 67.4 Provision to find relief 71.3 58.8 66.9 Program for conflict-affected people 30.5 51.9 38.1