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Thermochemical Properties of Several Portuguese and Exotic Woods And

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Thermochemical Properties of Several Portuguese and Exotic Woods And José Luis LOUSADA1 Thermochemical Maria Emília SILVA1 properties of several Rafael SCHMITZ2 1Center for the Reserch and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) / UTAD – Vila Real, Portugal Portuguese and exotic 2Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina IF-SC, São Miguel do Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brasil. woods and shrubs 1 Background In recent years it has been attended in Portugal a constant increase in demand for forest biomass for energy purposes, which may lead to an overexploitation of these resources. Only an efficient management of biomass can ensure the sustainability of the Portuguese Forest. This can be achieved by the use of biomass resources yet unexplored (shrubs) or by producing more biomass (energy crops). The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermochemical properties of various national wood species, exotic species, and shrubs, most representative of Portugal . 2 Methods The study assessed in national softwoods, national and tropical hardwoods and shrub species. For each species it was determined the gross calorific value-GCV (or higher heating value-HHV) and the following chemical properties: ash content, chemical composition (C, H, O, N, S), Micro and Macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, P) and halogens (F, Br, Cl). 3 Results Ulex europaeus Ulex europaeus Ulex europaeus Tojo Tojo Ulex europaeus Cytisus striatus Cytisus striatus Cytisus striatusTojo Tojo GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE ASH CONTENT Giesta Giesta Giesta Cytisus striatusGiesta Hakea sericea Hakea Hsericeaaquea Hakea Hsericeaaquea Hakea Hsericeaaquea Haquea Erica sp EricaErica s spp. Erica sp. EEricarica s spp. EEricarica s spp. Erica arborea Erica arborea Erica arborea Erica arborea EricaErica aarborearborea EricaErica aarborearborea PterospartumCarq utrid.eja PterospartumCarqu trid.eja PterospartumCarq utrid.eja PterospartumCarq utrid.eja Hymenaea Softwoods GCV (kJ/kg) Softwoods Ash(%) HHymenaeaymenaea c. Hymenaea c. HyHymenaeamenaea c. HyHymenaeamenaea c. BBowdichiaowdichia n. BoBowdichiawdichia n. BoBowdichiawdichia n. BoBowdichiawdichia n. GossweilerodendronGossweilerodendron b. GoGossweilerodendronssweilerodendron b. GoGossweilerodendronssweilerodendron b. GoGossweilerodendronssweilerodendron b. Pinus pinaster 20237.9 Pinus pinaster 0.2 EntandrophragmaEntandrophragma c. EnEntandrophragmatandrophragma c. EnEntandrophragmatandrophragma c. EnEntandrophragmatandrophragma c. CChlorophorahlorophora e. ChChlorophoralorophora e. ChChlorophoralorophora e. ChChlorophoralorophora e. AAcercer p. AcAcerer p. AcAcerer p. AcAcerer p. Pseudotsuga menziesii 19660.0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 0.4 PPopulusopulus e. PoPopuluspulus e. PoPopuluspulus e. PoPopuluspulus e. SSalixalix b. SaSalixlix b. SaSalixlix b. SaSalixlix b. Cedrus atlantica 20360.5 Cedrus atlantica 0.4 PPrunusrunus a. PrPrunusunus a. PrPrunusunus a. PrPrunusunus a. FFraxinusraxinus a. FraFraxinusxinus a. FrFraxinusaxinus a. FrFraxinusaxinus a. QQuercusuercus r. QuQuercusercus r. QQuercusuercus r. QQuercusuercus r. FFagusagus s. FaFagusgus s. FaFagusgus s. FaFagusgus s. EEucalyptusucalyptus g. EuEucalyptuscalyptus g. EuEucalyptuscalyptus g. EuEucalyptuscalyptus g. CCastaneaastanea s. CaCastaneastanea s. CaCastaneastanea s. CCastaneaastanea s. Shrubs GCV (kJ/kg) Shrubs Ash(%) CCedrusedrus a. Na CeCedrusdrus a. CeCedrusdrus a. CeCedrusdrus a. PPseudotsuga seudotsuga m. 200 PsePseudotsuga udotsuga m. 1500 K PsPseudotsuga eudotsuga m. Ca Ps eudotsuga m. 200 Pseudotsuga P Pterospartum tridentatum 20910.3 Pterospartum tridentatum 1.5 PiPinusnus p. PinPinusus p. PinPinusus p. PiPinusnus p. Erica arborea 21372.5 Erica arborea 2.3 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Erica sp. 20922.3 Erica sp. 2.2 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Haquea sericea 20334.8 Haquea sericea 1.9 Cytisus striatus 20203.5 Cytisus striatus 1.8 Ulex europaeusTojo Ulex europaeusTojo Ulex europaeusTojo Ulex europaeus Cytisus striatus Tojo Cytisus striatusGiesta Cytisus striatusGiesta Giesta Cytisus striatus Hakea sericea Giesta Ulex europaeus 19474.8 Ulex europaeus 2.8 HakeaH sericeaaquea Hakea Hsericeaaquea Haquea Hakea Hsericeaaquea EEricarica s psp. EEricarica s spp. EEricarica sspp. EricaErica s spp. Erica arborea EEricarica aarborearborea EricaErica aarborearborea Erica arborea EricaErica arboreaarborea Pterospartum trid. PterospartumCarqu trid.eja PterospartumCarq utrid.eja Carqueja PterospartumCarq utrid.eja Hymenaea HyHymenaeamenaea c. Hymenaea Hymenaea MICROELEMENTS Hymenaea c. Hymenaea c. Hymenaea c. Hardwoods PCS (kJ/kg) Hardwoods Ash(%) BoBowdichiawdichia n. BoBowdichiawdichia n. BoBowdichiawdichia n. BBowdichiaowdichia n. GoGossweilerodendronssweilerodendron b. GoGossweilerodendronssweilerodendron b. GoGossweilerodendronssweilerodendron b. GGossweilerodendronossweilerodendron b. EnEntandrophragmatandrophragma c. EnEntandrophragmatandrophragma c. EnEntandrophragmatandrophragma c. EEntandrophragmantandrophragma c. Castanea sativa 18754.9 Castanea sativa 0.1 ChChlorophoralorophora e. ChChlorophoralorophora e. ChChlorophoralorophora e. CChlorophorahlorophora e. AcAcerer p. AcAcerer p. AcAcerer p. AAcercer p. PoPopuluspulus e. PoPopuluspulus e. PoPopuluspulus e. PPopulusopulus e. Eucalyptus globulus 17631.7 Eucalyptus globulus 0.5 SaSalixlix b. SaSalixlix b. SaSalixlix b. SaSalixlix b. PrPrunusunus a. PrPrunusunus a. PrPrunusunus a. PPrunusrunus a. Fagus sylvatica 19132.5 Fagus sylvatica 0.5 FraFraxinusxinus a. FrFraxinusaxinus a. FrFraxinusaxinus a. FFraxinusraxinus a. QuQuercusercus r. QQuercusuercus r. QQuercusuercus r. QQuercusuercus r. Quercus robur 18696.8 Quercus robur 0.3 FaFagusgus s. FaFagusgus s. FaFagusgus s. FFagusagus s. EuEucalyptuscalyptus g. EuEucalyptuscalyptus g. EuEucalyptuscalyptus g. EEucalyptusucalyptus g. CaCastaneastanea s. CCastaneaastanea s. CCastaneaastanea s. CCastaneaastanea s. Fraxinus angustifolia 19090.9 Fraxinus angustifolia 0.4 CeCedrusdrus a. CeCedrusdrus a. CeCedrusdrus a. CCedrusedrus a. Mg Pse udotsuga m. 83 Pseudotsuga Zn PsePseudotsugaudotsuga m. 400 Pseudotsuga Mn Pseudotsuga m. 100 Fe PsPseudotsugaeudotsuga m. 100 Prunus avium 18256.5 Prunus avium 0.1 PinPinusus p. PinPinusus p. PiPinusnus p. PiPinusnus p. Salix babilonica 18279.4 Salix babilonica 2.4 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Populus euro-america. 18791.2 Populus euro-america. 0.5 mg/kg Acer pseudoplatanus 18637.9 Acer pseudoplatanus 1.0 Chlorophora excelsa 20314.7 Chlorophora excelsa 2.8 Ulex europaeus Ulex europaeusTojo Ulex europaeus Ulex europaeus Cytisus striatusTojo Cytisus striatus Cytisus striatusTojo Cytisus striatusTojo Entandrophragma cyli. 19053.9 Entandrophragma cyli. 1.0 Giesta Giesta Giesta Giesta Hakea sericea 10 Hakea sericea Hakea sericea Hakea sericea Haquea Haquea Haquea Haquea Erica sp EricaErica s spp. Erica sp Erica sp Gossweilerodendron b. 20499.8 Gossweilerodendron b. 0.4 Erica arboreaErica sp. Erica arborea Erica arboreaErica sp. Erica arboreaErica sp. Erica arborea Erica arborea Erica arborea Erica arborea Pterospartum trid. PterospartumCarq trid.ueja Pterospartum trid. Pterospartum trid. Carqueja Carqueja HymenaeaCarqueja Bowdichia nitida 20809.5 Bowdichia nitida 0.1 HHymenaeaymenaea c. HymenaeaHymenaea c. HHymenaeaymenaea c. Hymenaea c. Bowdichia Bowdichia Bowdichia Bowdichia Bowdichia n. Bowdichia n. Bowdichia n. Bowdichia n. GossweilerodendronGossweilerodendron b. GossweilerodendronGossweilerodendron b. GossweilerodendronGossweilerodendron b. GossweilerodendronGossweilerodendron b. Hymenaea courbaril 19296.4 Hymenaea courbaril 0.7 Entandrophragma EntandrophragmaEntandrophragma c. EntandrophragmaEntandrophragma c. EntandrophragmaEntandrophragma c. Entandrophragma c. CChlorophorahlorophora e. ChlorophoraChlorophora e. CChlorophorahlorophora e. CChlorophorahlorophora e. AAcercer p. AAcercer p. AAcercer p. AAcercer p. PPopulusopulus e. PopulusPopulus e. PPopulusopulus e. PPopulusopulus e. Salix SSalixalix b. Salix Salix Salix b. 10 Salix b. Salix b. PPrunusrunus a. PrunusPrunus a. PPrunusrunus a. PPrunusrunus a. FFraxinusraxinus a. FraxinusFraxinus a. FFraxinusraxinus a. FFraxinusraxinus a. QQuercusuercus r. QuercusQuercus r. QQuercusuercus r. 0.5 QQuercusuercus r. FFagusagus s. FagusFagus s. FFagusagus s. FFagusagus s. CHEMICAL ELEMENTARY COMPOSITIONS EEucalyptusucalyptus g. EucalyptusEucalyptus g. EEucalyptusucalyptus g. EEucalyptusucalyptus g. Castanea s. CCastaneaastanea s. Castanea CCastaneaastanea s. CCastaneaastanea s. 10 MICROELEMENTS CCedrusedrus a. CedrusCedrus a. CCedrusedrus a. CCedrusedrus a. Species %C %H %O %N %S PPseudotsuga seudotsuga m. Pseudotsuga Pseudotsuga m. Cr PPseudotsuga seudotsuga m. PPseudotsuga seudotsuga m. PPinusinus p. Ni PPinusinus p. PPinusinus p. Cd PPinusinus p. Cu Hardwoods 48.2 5.8 45.0 0.2 0.02 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 National 47.3 5.7 46.2 0.2 0.03 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Tropical 49.9 5.9 42.9 0.3 0.02 Softwoods 48.8 5.8 44.9 0.2 0.01 Legend Ulex europaeus Tojo Ulex europaeusTojo Ulex europaeusTojo Shrubs 47.7 6.4 45.0 0.8 0.07 Cytisus striatus Cytisus striatus Cytisus striatus Giesta Giesta Giesta Ulex europaeus Hakea sericeaHaquea Hakea sericeaHaquea Hakea sericeaHaquea Erica sp Erica sp Erica sp Cytisus striatus Erica sp. Erica sp. Erica sp. Hakea sericea Erica arborea Erica arborea Erica arborea Shrubs Erica arborea Erica arborea Erica arborea Erica sp PterospartumCarq utrid.eja PterospartumCarq
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