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Formation of Ovarian Follicular Fluid

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Formation of Ovarian Follicular Fluid ,Jr.llv ìo Formation of Ovarian Follicular Fluid Thesis submitted for the degree Doctor of Philosophy a'. T}IE U l' OF At}ELAIDE ftJSTEAU,A LËqT7 ll¡ ¡!.¡. r¡ltl Hannah Clarke BSc (Hons) Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The Universþ of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia, Australia June 2005 Dedication In Memory of my Grandmother Margaret crowley-smith (1e16 - 20os) 2 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to all who have contributed to the production of this thesis. It is your support, encouragement and friendship that have enabled me to fulfil one of the most rewarding and enjoyable experiences of my life. To my supervisors Assoc. Prof. Raymond Rodgers (The University of Adelaide), Dr Sharon Byers (The Women and Children's Hospital Adelaide) and Dr Chris Hardy (CSIRO, Division of Sustainable Ecosystems), I gratefully acknowledge the opportunity you have given me and for your guidance, intellectual input and motivation throughout the course of this doctorate degree. I look forward to your continued support throughout my scientific career. To the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at The University of Adelaide, the 'Women Department of Pathophysiology, The and Children's Hospital Adelaide and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and the Pest Animal Control Co- operative research Centre (PACRC), thank-you for providing me with the opportunity to undertake this doctorate degree and for the financial support. To my numerous laboratory colleagues: Karla Hutt, Sandra Beaton, Nigel French, Helen Irving-Rodgers, Lyn Harland, Stephanie Morris, Malgosia Krupa I am very grateful for the assistance you have provided and for your moral support and friendship. Special thanks are extended to those who helped me through the long periods away from home Helen, Kathy, Damien, Esther, Margaret, Frances, Lenny and Graham. To my parents and family, thank-you for your love and for believing in me. Finally to my husband Zaid, without your love and understanding none of this would have been possible. I am forever in your debt. 3 Table of Contents Dedication 2 List of Tables ............10 List of Figures..... """ 11 List of Commonly used Abbreviations...... 15 Chapter I 1.1. Introduction .................... t.2. The Mammalian Ovary.. 1.3. The Ovarian Follicle....... 1.3.1. Oogenesis 1.3.2. Folliculogenesis......... 1.3.3. Oocyte Growth and Development.'...'.'.... 1.3.4. Follicular Recruitment, Selection and Dominance 1.3.5. Ovulation. 1.3.6. Corpus Luteum. 1.4. Atresia 1.5. FollicularFluid......... 1.6. Osmosis and Osmotic Potential..'.'..'...". 1.7. Follicular Fluid Formation 1.8. Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans 1.8.1. Biosynthesis of Proteoglycans ...."'. I.8.2. GlycosaminoglYcans 1.8.3. Hyaluronic acid (HA) or Hyaluronan .... 48 1.8.4. Chondroitin Sulphate (CS) ....49 1.8.5. Dermatan Sulphate (DS)......... ....49 1.8.6. Heparan Sulphate (HS) and Heparin... ....49 1.8.7. Keratan Sulphate (KS) ......... .... 50 1.9. CellAssociatedProteoglycans ....52 1.10. Extracellular Proteoglycans........ ....52 1.10.1. Small Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (SLRPs)............ ....52 1.10.2. Modular Proteoglycans ............ 54 1.10.3. Glycosaminoglycans in the Ovary 57 1.10.4. Glycosaminoglycans in Fertilisation.................. 57 1.10.5. Proteoglycans in the Ovary 58 1.11. Summary 59 1.I2. Hypothetical model of Follicular Fluid Accumulation Mechanism 59 1.13. Thesis Aims. 6l Chapter 2 Materials and Methods............. --...62 2.1. Introduction.................. 62 2.2. Materials..... 62 2.2.L Colloid Osmotic Pressure Determination and Proteoglycan Identification... 62 2.2.2. In Situ Assays and Hyaluronan synthase (HAS) PCRs and Northern Blots.. 63 2.2.3. Proteoglycan Identification ...,............ 64 2.3. Methods. 64 2.3.1. Introduction.. 64 2.3.2. Tissue Collection Protocols.. 64 2,3,3. Tissues for Follicular Health Determination................ 65 2.3.4. Tissue Collection for Fluid Analysis.... 65 2.3.5. Tissue Collection for In Situ Hybridisation Assays..... 65 2.3.6. Tissue for RNA, oDNA synthesis and PCR... 65 2.4. Follicular Fluid Collection 65 2.5 Histology....... 66 2.5.1. Histological Assessment ofFollicular Health......... 66 2.5.2. Histological Preparation of Tissues for In Situ Hybridisation 67 2.6. ITI and Versican GAGP in the Follicle ..67 _t 2.6.I. Extraction of Surface Proteins from Granulosa and Theca Cells ..... 67 2.7. DextranExperiments 68 2.8. Colloid Osmotic Pressure Determination of Follicular Fluid 68 2.8.L Dialysis Membrane Selection 68 2.8.2. Temperature and Salt Dependent Dialysis.... 68 2.8.3. Size Exclusion Dialysis............... 69 2.8.4. Enz¡rme Digestion of Follicular Fluids 70 2.8.5. Gonotec 050 Osmomat Osmometer............. 10 2.8.6. Colloid Osmotic Pressure Measurement.........,.. 7l 2.9. Confirmation of Dialysis for Size Exclusion and Enzyme Digestion.... -aIJ 2.9.L GelCode@ Blue Staining of Polyacrylamide Gels.......... 73 2.10. Proteoglycan Extraction ............. t5 2.11. Ion Exchange Chromatography t5 2,12. Size Exclusion Chromatography. 74 2.12.1. Vo/Vt Determination............ 74 2.13. Protein and Glycosaminoglycan Determination 74 2.I3.1. Quantitative Protein Determination ........... 74 2.13 .2. Glycosamino glycan Determination............ 75 2.14. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 75 2.14.1. ELISAMethod 75 2.14.2. Pre-treatment of Samples .. 76 2.15. Gel electrophoresis........ 76 2.15.I. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.... 76 2.75.2. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.......... 77 2.I5.3. Gel Transfer 77 2.15.4. Gel Drying 78 2.16. Immuno and Ligand Blotting 78 2.17 Hyaluronic Acid Size Determination 79 2.I8. DNA Measurement .......... ....79 2.19. DNA in Follicular Fluid... ...,79 2.20. Protein Sequencing ....79 22L Immunohistochemistry..... .... 80 2.21.1. Tissue Processing...,.. .... 80 2.21.2. Antibodies .... 81 2.22. RNA Extraction................ 81 2.23. cDNA Slmthesis 81 6 2.24. Pol¡rmerase Chain Reaction .... 82 2.24.1. HAS 1, HAS 2, HAS 3, 18S, Inhibin/Activin BA, and P450 scc Primer Design 82 2.24.2. PCR Protocols ......... .83 2.24.3. PCR Product Purification............. .. 84 2.25. Cloning 84 2.25.1. Ligation ........ 84 2.25.2. Cloning......... 84 2.26. Plasmid Purification..... 85 2.26.t Production of P45Oscc plasmid.... 85 2.27. Production of In Situ RNA probes ..85 2.27.t. PCR......... 85 2.27 .2. DIG Labelling of RNA probes. 86 2.27.3. Quantitation of DIG Probes ..... 87 2.27.4. Hydrolysis of DIG In Situ Probes 8l 2.28. In Situ Hybridisation............. 88 2.28.1. Preparation of Slides.... 88 2.28,2. Preparation of Solutions ..88 2.28.3. Procedure. 88 2.29. Northern Analysis 89 2.29.1. RNA Transfer 90 2.29.2. Northern Blot Protocol.. 90 2.29.3. One-Tube RT-PCR....... 91 2.30. Statistical Analysis ...... .92 2.30.1. Follicular Fluid Colloid osmotic pressure Data .92 2.30.2. In Situ Hybridisation Data ..92 Chapter 3 Determination of the Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Follicular Fluid 93 3.1 . Introduction 93 3.2. ExperimentalDesign 95 3.2.1 Statistical Analyses . 97 J.J.aa Results...... .97 3.3.1 Isolation of Follicles 97 3.3.2. Determination of the Size of Molecule Able to Cross the Follicular Wall.... 99 7 J.J.J. Follicular Fluid Volume... 101 3.3.4. Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Follicular Fluid Components in Relation to Follicle Si2e........... ............... 103 3.3.s. Membrane Tests......... .......... 105 3.3.6. Temperature- and Salt-Dependent Dialysis "......'..'.. ..'.'.'..."""' 109 3.3.7. Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Follicular Fluid ......'. ..."........'.""' 113 3.3.8. Protein Concentration............ ".'.'....'..'... 118 3.3.9. Effect of Enz¡umatic Digestion and Subsequent Dialysis.... ...."' 118 3.4. Discussion t20 3.5. Summary. t28 Chapter 4 Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Follicular Fluid 130 4.1 Introduction ............... 130 4.2. ExperimentalDesign 132 4.3 Results...... 133 4.3.r. Protein Concentration............ 133 4.3.2. Ion Exchange Chromatography.... 133 4.3.3. Size Exclusion Chromatography and ELISA'....'.. t34 4.3.4. Uronic Acid Levels of Bovine Serum and Follicular Fluid ...... 139 4.3.5. Proteoglycans and DNA in Follicular Fluid'....'... ......l4l 4.3.6. Western and Ligand Blots...'.' ...... t43 4.3.7. ImmunohistochemistrY ...... t47 4.3.S. Collagenase Sensitive Molecules ...... 155 4.4. Discussion ...... 158 4.5 Summary ......167 Chapter 5 Hyaluronan Synthase Expression in the Bovine Follicle..... 168 5.1. Introduction.............. ... 168 5.2. ExperimentalDesign t7r 5.3. Results 173 5.3.1. Sequence Data.., 173 I 5.3.2, RT - PCR to Follicles and Tissues 176 5.3.3. Sub-Cloning ............... 180 5.3.4. In Situ hybridisation............. 188 s.3.5. Northern 81ots......,.. 222 5.3.6. HAS 2 Protein in the Follicle 227 5.4. Discussion 229 5.5. Summary 239 Chapter 6 Final Discussion ..-........240 8 Appendix 4.............. """' 288 8.1. Chemical and Supplier details.'. """""""""" 288 8.2. Supplier Details """"'289 8.3. Enzyme Details """"'290 8.4. Kits.. 290 8.5 Film 291 g. Appendix B: Recipes """292 9.1. Tissue Collection and Processing 292 9.1.1. Tissue Collection.. 292 9.1.2. Processing 292 9.2. Proteoglycan and Glycosaminoglycan analysis 292 g.2.L Proteoglycan Extraction Buffer.' 292 9.2.2. CL-28-300 Size Exclusion Column Buffer 293 9.2.3. DEAE Column Buffers 293 9.2.4. Dyes and Stains 293 9.2.5. Enzymes 294 9.3. ELISA..,... 294 9.3.1. ELISA solutions 294 9 ......295 g.4. Agarose Gels, PAGE and Western Blotting' ......295 9.4.1. Gels ......... ......295 9.4.2. Tris/GlYcine SDS-PAGE ......296 9.4.3. Buffers ,..297 9.5. 2X CHAPS extraction buffer ...297 9.6. 2% SDS extraction buffer ...297 g.7. Gel Drying Solution (PAGE and Agarose) " ...298 9.8. MolecularAnalyses.'. ...298 9.8.1 Buffers ...298 9.8.2 L-Broth.... ,...299 9.8.3 L-Broth Agar.....'... ....299 g.8.4. RNA Gels and Northern 81ot""""" ...
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