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MOTIVASI INDONESIA MENJALIN KERJASAMA BIDANG KEDIRGANTARAAN DENGAN TIONGKOK Oleh: Rini Vidianty Pembimbing

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MOTIVASI INDONESIA MENJALIN KERJASAMA BIDANG KEDIRGANTARAAN DENGAN TIONGKOK Oleh: Rini Vidianty Pembimbing MOTIVASI INDONESIA MENJALIN KERJASAMA BIDANG KEDIRGANTARAAN DENGAN TIONGKOK Oleh: Rini Vidianty Pembimbing : Faisyal Rani, S.IP. MA Bibliografi : 9 Jurnal, 14 Buku, 2 Tesis/Skripsi, 12 Situs Web. Abstract This research explains Indonesian‘s motive established aerospace cooperation with China. Indonesia and China signed a cooperation agreement on Exploration and Utilization of Space for Peaceful Purposes on 2 October 2013. The areas of this cooperation include the field of launching space satellites, earth observation, satellite communications, satellite navigation, telemitri, tracking and control, rocket probe, facility space, material satellites, space science, training or education, and aeronautics technology. This research used qualitative methods which is done by explaining the case based on existing facts. The techniques used to collects data to study the case is library research in the form of journals, books, thesis, reports, working papers, magazine, and website to explain Indonesian‘s motive established space cooperation with China. The theoretical framework applied in this research are realism perspective, security theory of Barry Buzan and national interests concept from Hans J. Morgenthau. This study shows that Indonesia is the motivation for the national interests and seeks to improve the capacity of leading space faring nation. This partnership is a step to improve the capacity of Indonesia. Keywords: cooperation, national interest, Indonesia, Tiongkok, aerospace. udara (air space) dan ruang antariksa (outer I. Pendahuluan space). Ruang Udara adalah ruang yang terletak diatas ruang daratan dan atau ruang Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk lautan sekitar wilayah negara dan melekat menjelaskan motivasi Indonesia menjalin pada bumi dimana suatu negara mempunyai kerjasama bidang kedirgantaraan dengan hak yurisdiksi.1 Ruang Antariksa adalah Tiongkok. Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas ruang beserta isinya yang terdapat di luar tentang alasan Indonesia termotivasi ruang udara yang mengelilingi dan menjalin kerjasama dengan Tiongkok dalam melingkupi ruang udara.2 dimensi penggunaan teknologi antariksa. Selain itu juga dijelaskan mengenai Ruang udara (air space) merupakan gambaran kedirgantaraan Indonesia dan suatu wilayah kedaulatan dan ruang Tiongkok serta kerjasama Indonesia dan antariksa (outer space) merupakan kawasan Tiongkok dalam bidang kedirgantaraan. kepentingan internasional yang yang berada di atas permukaan bumi tanpa batas. Ruang Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, kedirgantaraan adalah segala sesuatu tentang ruang yang ada disekeliling 1 http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id/page/detail/98 2 dan melingkupi bumi, terdiri atas ruang Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No.21 Tahun 2013 Tentang Keantariksaan JOM FISIP Vol. 2 No. 2 Oktober 2015 Page 1 antariksa memiliki keistimewaan tertentu nyata keberhasilan Indonesia dalam karena mengandung berbagai sumber daya mewujudkan penguasaan teknologi alam yang tidak ditemukan di ruang daratan pembuatan pesawat terbang. dan perairan. Ruang udara dan ruang Namun demikian, keberhasilan antariksa memiliki potensi yang dapat tersebut kurang diimbangi oleh keberhasilan mewadahi kepentingan nasional dalam dalam penguasaan teknologi antariksa menjaga dan melindungi kedaulatan negara, seperti pembuatan satelit, roket, wahana dan keutuhan wilayah NKRI, keselamatan, dan bandara antariksa lainnya. Indonesia masih kehormatan bangsa serta mensejahterakan harus bergantung pada negara lain untuk rakyat. penguasaan teknologi antariksa. Hal yang Kondisi geografis Indonesia sama juga terjadi pada teknologi pembuatan mengharuskan Indonesia menggunakan dan sistem navigasi dan panduan terbang yang memanfaatkan ilmu pengetahuan dan mutakhir. teknologi khususnya teknologi antariksa Sejauh ini, badan antariksa Amerika untuk berbagai keperluan baik militer dan Serikat (NASA) menguasai industri sipil. Indonesia telah memperoleh manfaat antariksa internasional. Telah berabad-abad yang besar dari aplikasi teknologi antariksa Amerika Serikat menjadi pemimpin dalam seperti telekomunikasi, penginderaan jauh, eksplorasi dan pemanfaatan teknologi observasi bumi dan lingkungan, navigasi, antariksa untuk kepentingan sipil, komersial geodesi dan sebagainya. dan keamanan nasionalnya. Dominasi Berdasarkan posisi geografis, Amerika Serikat dalam keantariksaan ini geostrategis dan geopolitis yang dimiliki merupakan hasil dari persaingannya dengan oleh Indonesia maka kebutuhan akan Uni Soviet pada masa Perang Dingin. Pada perlindungan dan mempertahankan masa Perang Dingin (1947-1991) kepentingan terhadap wilayah darat, laut dan berlangsung, teknologi kedirgantaraan ruang udara di atas Indonesia merupakan hal merupakan salah satu alat persaingan yang yang penting untuk dilakukan. Kepentingan digunakan oleh Uni Soviet beserta Indonesia atas ruang udara dan ruang sekutunya (Blok Timur), dan Amerika antariksa didasari oleh konsepsi Wawasan Serikat beserta sekutunya (Blok Barat) untuk Nusantara dimana wilayah nasional memperoleh kekuatan. dimanfaatkan seoptimal mungkin untuk Selain Amerika Serikat, saat ini kesejahteraan dan ketahanan bangsa dan Tiongkok telah muncul sebagai kekuatan negara. baru yang telah mempunyai kemampuan Dalam hal penguasaan teknologi mandiri dalam keantariksaan. Mengutip dirgantara, khususnya pembuatan pesawat laporan Reuters, sidang kongres AS- terbang, Indonesia dapat dikatakan telah Tiongkok bertema Economic and Security berhasil mengurangi tingkat ketergantungan Review Commission menyatakan bahwa teknologi kedirgantaraan pada negara lain. program antariksa China National Space Keberhasilan pembuatan pesawat terbang N- Administration (CNSA) adalah untuk 250 yang dibuat pada tahun 1996, dan mengejar ketinggalan dari apa yang telah pesawat R-80 yang merupakan diraih oleh National Aeronautics and Space pengembangan dari pesawat N-250 yang Administration (NASA). 4 dimulai sejak tahun 20133 merupakan bukti 4 CNN Indonesia. —Tiongkok Mulai Ancam Dominasi 3 http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/05/ingin- NASA“ dalam tahu-perkembangan-pembuatan-pesawat-r-80 <http://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/201502201 JOM FISIP Vol. 2 No. 2 Oktober 2015 Page 2 Hal itu terbukti setelah pesawat Pada tanggal 2 Oktober 2013, ruang angkasa tak berawaknya sukses Indonesia dan Tiongkok menandatangani mendarat di bulan pada tahun 2013.5 Misi persetujuan mengenai kerjasama eksplorasi tersebut merupakan yang pertama kali dan pemanfaatan ruang angkasa untuk setelah Amerika Serikat dan eks Uni Soviet maksud damai. Bentuk-bentuk kerjasamanya melakukan hal yang sama pada tahun 1976. antara lain adalah kerjasama riset dan Pesawat luar angksa Tiongkok yang pengembangan satelit, kerjasama menjalankan misi ke bulan itu, bernama penyediaan peluncuran satelit, kerjsama Chang'e 3. Pada tahun yang sama pada penginderaan jauh, kerjasama pelatihan bulan Juni, tiga astronot Tiongkok juga telah sains dan teknologi antariksa dan lainnya. menghabiskan waktu selama 15 hari di stasiun ruang angkasa internasional. Berdasarkan pemaparan ini, Apabila dilihat ke belakang, pertanyaan penelitian yang penulis gunakan munculnya Tiongkok sebagai kekuatan baru dalam penelitian ini adalah Apa faktor dalam keantariksaan secara independen ini Indonesia menjalin kerjasama bidang adalah merupakan sebuah hasil dari proses kedirgantaraan dengan Tiongkok? yang lama. Tiongkok mulai Kerangka Teori mengembangkan kemampuan keantariksaan sejak tahun 1950-an yaitu dengan tujuan saat Penulis menggunakan kerangka dasar itu untuk memperoleh senjata nuklir yang teori yang beranjak pada perspektif didorong oleh 2(dua) alasan politis yaitu neorealisme dalam Hubungan Internasional. kepentingan pertahanan wilayahnya dan Perspektif ini berpendapat bahwa negara untuk kepentingan prestise.6 merupakan aktor yang dominan, namun non- Secara resmi hubungan Indonesia state actors memiliki peranan yang penting dan Tiongkok dalam bidang kedirgantaraan dalam sistem internasional. khususnya antariksa dimulai sejak APSCO Asumsi-asumsi dasar neorealisme (Asean Pacific Space Cooperation adalah sistem internasional bersifat anarki, Organization) yang didirikan pada tanggal karena tidak ada otoritas yang sentral untuk 28 Oktober 2005 dan ditandatangani oleh memaksakan tata tertib. Kedua, kepentingan delapan (8) negara yaitu : Indonesia, utama negara adalah keberlangsungannya Tiongkok, Thailand, Iran, Mongolia, sendiri, sehingga negara akan Pakistan, Peru, dan Bangladesh. Meskipun memaksimalkan power-nya. Karena power t Indonesia ikut menandatangani namun bersifat zero-sum, negara menjadi Indonesia belum berstatus menjadi anggota ”posisionalis defensif‘, sehingga struggle for tetap.7 power adalah karakteristik permanen hubungan internasional. Menurut neorealis, negara 64310-199-33663/tiongkok-mulai-ancam-dominasi- merupakan aktor yang rasional, negara akan nasa> memilih kebijakan yang strategis untuk 5 —Cetak Sejarah, 3esawat /uar AngNasa China memaksimalkan keuntungan dan Mendarat di Bulan.“ meminimalkan kerugian. Neorealis juga terdapat dalam< http://international.sindonews.com/read/816998/40/ce mengklaim adanya ketergantungan dan tak-sejarah-pesawat-luar-angkasa-china-mendarat-di- integrasi antara negara satu dengan yang lain bulan-1387031804> dalam memaksimalkan kepentingan 6 Susilawati. op.cit 7 Totok Sudjatmiko, Analisi Hubungan China ± Kebijakan Keantariksaan. Hal 139. Terdapat dalam Indonesia terkait keantariksaan. Peneliti Bidang <jurnal.lapan.go.id> JOM FISIP Vol. 2 No. 2 Oktober 2015 Page 3 nasionalnya. Dalam hal ini Indonesia dan negara yang bahkan mampu untuk Tiongkok menjalin
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