ARCHIVE An Undergraduate Journal of History ARCHIVE AN UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL OF HISTORY Volume 21, 2018 Volume 21, May 2018 University of Wisconsin-Madison AN UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL OF HISTORY ARCHIVE VOLUME 21, MAY 2018 An interdisciplinary journal featuring undergraduate work in history and related felds, founded in 1998. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Hilary Miller EDITORIAL BOARD John Douglas Delany Foster Alana Hirsch Mike Kowalski Rachel Pope Hannah Teller Lezhi Wang Samantha Zinnen FAcULTY ADvISOR Professor Nan Enstad Published by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Printing services provided by DoIt Digital Publishing DEDICATION This edition of ARCHIVE is dedicated to the memory of Colin Rohm, an editor for ARCHIVE in 2013. Colin passed away on November 21, 2017 at the age of 26. Colin earned his bachelor’s degree in 2013, triple-majoring in history, mathematics, and economics. He was pursuing a master’s degree in public affairs at the Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs and a master’s degree in educa- tional policy studies at the School of Education. He also worked as an academic advisor in many units, including the history department. We remember Colin for touching so many lives across campus and encouraging students to fnd joy and intellectual curiosity in their work. cOvER ImAGE This photo shows Memorial UnionTerrace chairs in the rain. Image courtesy of University of Wisconsin-Madison Digital Collections. TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORS' NOTE 6 THE mAkING OF THE "DEEp NORTH" An Examination of the Backlash to School Desegregation in Boston Molly Harris 9 THE ROLE OF EGYpTOLOGY IN NINETEENTH cENTURY FRENcH NATIONAL IDENTITY 39 Mary Evelyn Melton IN SIckNESS ANDI IN HEALTH? Wisconsin's Eugenic Marriage Law, 1913-1981 61 Emma Wathen "mAY THIS OATH kILL mE" Ethnopsychiatry, Loyalty Oaths, and the Foundations of Rehabilitation during the "Mau Mau" 87 Jeffrey Williamson REmEmbER JENNY mccREA: Martyrdom in the American Revolution and National Memory, 1777-1812 115 Sebastian van Bastelaer OpERATION pROvIDE cOmFORT An Opportunity for Kurdish Autonomy Noah Cicurel 131 INSTITUTIONAL(IzED) INJUSTIcE Human Rights Abuses against Personson with Mental Disabilities in the 20th Century US History 145 Avi Bukhbinder ExpULSION AND cOLLApSE OF cHRISTIANITY IN JApAN Nathan Simon 167 LET mE IN! Melissa Ludtke and the Fight for Female Sports Writers in the Locker Room 179 Maren Harris EDITOR bIOGRApHIES 194 A NOTE FROM THE EDITORS The 2018 Editorial Board is proud to present the 21st edi- tion of ARCHIVE. Created as a platform for and by undergradu- ates, ARCHIVE has served as an annual collaboration of history students who have used skills from the major to highlight their peer’s work. For over two decades, ARCHIVE have showcased undergraduate historical research in a student-run journal. This edition continues that tradition. We would like to thank our faculty advisor, Nan Enstad, for her encouragement and guidance throughout the process, as well as the University of Wisconsin Department of History for its support. The more than ffty submissions we received were of incred- ibly high quality, which made our selection process competitive and diffcult. After weeks of review, we chose nine articles that represent the highest quality of undergraduate research. This Spring edition showcases authors from across North America who represent a diverse set of academic felds and address timely top- ics, many of which are underrepresented in historical scholarship. This journal begins with Molly Harris’ discussion on de- segregation in the late 1950s. Coursed through her narrative are personal testimonies that reveal the harsh backlash against the integration of Boston’s public schools and the enduring racial ten- sions in the city. Noah Cicurel builds on the discourse on margin- alized groups by examining the Kurdish struggle for independence during the Operation Provide Comfort missions of the late 20th century. Closer to home, Emma Wathen’s piece on Wisconsin’s Eugenic Marriage Law embeds state policy in the context of a broad national conversation. Avi Bukhbinder’s article furthers the theme of human rights by exploring the mistreatment of individu- als with mental disabilities in the United States during the 1900s. 7 This edition of ARCHIVE not only investigates the disad- vantages that people face before the law, but also those that are deeply rooted in social and cultural norms. Maren Harris assesses the peripheral treatment of American female sports reporters in the late 20th century, demonstrating that a small group can have a massive effect in changing the way people think of one another. This theme is also central to Sebastian Van Bastelaer’s narrative of Jane (Jenny) McCrea, who was a victim in the American Rev- olutionary War and later scribed in the Patriot’s hagiography for propaganda. His piece explores how McCrea’s seemingly futile death exacerbated Americans’ hostility towards Native Americans and their British allies in the early national era. The remaining articles have in common an exploration of the wide-ranging infuences of European imperialism. Mary Evelyn Melton’s research investigates how the cultural exchange between France and Egypt during the Napoleonic era infuenced French national identity. Nathan Simon’s essay delves into the vexed rela- tionship between Japan, Christianity and trade in the 17th century by analyzing the Tokugawa government’s campaign to absolve for- eign-introduced religion. Jefferey Williamson examines anti-impe- rialism in his article on the Mau Mau uprising in mid-20th century Kenya, exploring the perspectives of both Kikuyu insurgents and British colonists. The Editorial Board is excited to present these pieces in the 21st edition of ARCHIVE. We hope that they illuminate moments in history that are often overlooked and inspire new ways of un- derstanding diffcult issues that people still confront. The diversity of topics and regional scope of this edition make for a compelling read. For more information about the history of ARCHIVE and how to submit academic work to future volumes, please visit our website at uwarchive.wordpress.com. 8 ARCHIVE 9 THE mAkING OF THE “DEEp NORTH”: AN ExAmINATION OF THE bAckLASH TO ScHOOL DESEGREGATION IN bOSTON Molly Harris Molly Harris is a senior at McGill University, in Montreal, Canada, where she is double majoring in history and North American studies. In addition to populism in recent American history, Molly’s interests include American drug policy, the history of social services in the United States, and the American Jewish experience. Molly is endlessly grateful to Professor Leonard Moore for the guidance he provided during the process of writing this paper. Photo: Mayor Kevin White photographs, Collection # 0245.002, Subject fle, Box 214, Folder 55, Boston City Archives, Boston 10 ARCHIVE In 1996, political sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset noted that the American emphasis on meritocracy, a key part of “American Excep- tionalism,” was manifested with particular vigor in the ideology of the American school system, which emerged early in the republic’s history. In Lipset’s words, “the United States has led the world in the propor- tion of young people attending different levels of education (elementary, high school, and college).”1 Lipset goes on to quote Martin Trow, who stated that “the great, unique feature of American…education is surely its diversity. It is this diversity – both resulting from and making possible the system’s phenomenal growth – that has enabled our colleges and universities to appeal to so many different functions.”2 Lipset deemed the American educational system to be “competitive” and uniquely abundant with resources for faculty and students.3 Although Lipset maintained that this competitiveness, diversity, and accessibility has character- ized the American educational system since its beginning, access to the system has been historically uneven, if not intentionally exclusionary. It was not until the years following the end of the Civil War that African American children were accepted into public schools. Even the schools that did serve black students were massively inferior to schools attended by white children. In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregated facilities were permissible, so long as they were “equal.” However, visual evidence, school records, and writ- ten descriptions of the school’s black children attended for nearly sixty years indicate that separate facilities remained substandard well into the twentieth century. As articulated in an October 1934 NAACP memoran- dum, “At the present time the issue of discrimination in education is far more acute than that of transportation. All education, white and Negro, is feeling the pinch of the depression; but in the South common rumor is that Negro education is being sacrifced so as to save white education from being curtailed.”4 As a powerful response to the decades-long institutional sepa- ration of black and white students, school desegregation is a widely discussed phenomenon in American history. When tracing the trajectory of American civil rights, placing children – regardless of the color of their skin – in the same schools has proven to be a pivotal moment in history. This paper will explore the history of desegregating public schools in Boston, Massachusetts, with a primary focus on the “Boston busing cri- sis,” which offcially began in 1974 and lasted until 1976. Full control of the school system was returned to the Boston School Committee in 1988. While not necessarily as a means of achieving racial parity, the busing THE MAKING OF THE “DEEP NORTH” 11 mechanism was used until 2013, when the School Committee adopted a system that matches students with a unique list of six to ten schools that meet their geographical and educational needs.5 This paper will examine the backlash to desegregating public schools. Specifcally, it will assess the rhetorical, tactical, and political devices employed by those opposed to desegregation, and the relation- ship between opposition to desegregation and minority status.