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On the Arts and Sciences Academy Inducts 233Rd Class of Members american academy of arts & sciences winter 2014 www.amacad.org vol. lxvii, no. 2 american academy of arts & sciences bulletin winter 2014 Bulletin Academy Inducts 233rd Class of Members Class Speakers: Alison Gopnik, Paula Fredriksen, Xiaowei Zhuang, Marc Tessier-Lavigne, and Phyllis M. Wise On the Arts and Sciences Ken Burns and Ernest J. Moniz ALSO: Restoring Justice: The Legacy of Edward H. Levi Middle East Regional Security Challenges: The View from Turkey A View of the Visiting Scholars A View from a Visiting Scholar Point of View: Talks on Education Upcoming Events FEBRUARY MARCH 12th 12th House of the Academy, Cambridge House of the Academy, Cambridge SILA: Staged Reading and Panel Discussion A program about “At Berkeley,” a new about the Future of our Planet documentary by Frederick Wiseman Featuring: Featuring: Robert Jaffe (Massachusetts Institute Robert J. Birgeneau (University of of Technology) California, Berkeley) Chantal Bilodeau (The Arctic Cycle) George W. Breslauer (University of California, Berkeley) Naomi Oreskes (Harvard University) Mark S. Schlissel (Brown University; Staged Reading by University of Michigan) Catalyst Collaborative@MIT Frederick Wiseman (Filmmaker) 15th Fairmont Chicago, Millennium Park Hotel, APRIL Chicago, Illinois 17th Reception for Fellows and Guests with remarks by Alan Alda House of the Academy, Cambridge Growing Pains in a Rising China Featuring: Elizabeth Perry (Harvard University) Ching Kwan Lee (University of California, Los Angeles) Benjamin L. Liebman (Columbia Law School) Barry Naughton (University of California, San Diego) For updates and additions to the calendar, visit www.amacad.org. Reminder to Members The Annual Fund his year’s Annual Fund Campaign will conclude on March 31. To make your gift Tonline, please go to www.amacad.org, click on Contribute, then click on the DONATE button. You will receive an immediate electronic acknowledgment that your gift has been received. Generous Annual Fund contributions from Members help to support all of the Acad- emy’s activities, including projects and publications, the website, outreach, meetings, and other activities in Cambridge and around the country. If you have already made your gift to the Annual Fund, thank you. If not, we urge you to participate by March 31. For assistance in making a gift, please contact the Development Office: 617-576-5057; [email protected]. Contents Presentations 2 2013 Induction Ceremony Class Speakers 11 On the Arts and Sciences: Presentations by Ken Burns and Ernest J. Moniz 22 Restoring Justice: The Legacy of Edward H. Levi 31 Middle East Regional Security Challenges: The View from Turkey Projects and Activities 36 Projects in Science and Technology Policy; Security and Energy; and Humanities, Education, and Social Policy 55 A View of the Visiting Scholars 58 A View from a Visiting Scholar 60 Point of View: Talks on Education Updates on Members 62 Noteworthy Clockwise from top left: Xiaowei Zhuang, Phyllis M. Wise, Ernest J. Moniz, Jack Fuller, Patricia Meyer Spacks, Annette Gordon-Reed, David F. Levi, and Ken Burns presentations 2013 Induction Ceremony Class Speakers n October 12, 2013, the American Academy inducted its 233rd class of Fellows and Foreign Honorary Members at a ceremony held in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The ceremony featured historical readings by Sally Field (actor, O producer, director, and screenwriter) and Ken Burns (documentary filmmaker). It also included presentations by five new members:Xiaowei Zhuang (Harvard University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute), Marc Tessier-Lavigne (Rockefeller University), Alison Gopnik (University of California, Berkeley), Paula Fredriksen (Boston University and Hebrew University, Jerusalem), and Phyllis M. Wise (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); their remarks appear below. The ceremony concluded with a memorable performance by Herbie Hancock (pianist and composer). One of the major attributes that dis- The second example, one that is near tinguishes human beings from animals and dear to my heart, is optical microscopy. is that humans use tools in fascinating Although often debated, the invention of the ways. Scientists are among the most cre- optical microscope is generally attributed to ative tool inventors and users, develop- Galileo, one of the founding fathers of phys- ing marvelous technologies to explore ics. Legend has it that Galileo took inspira- the wonders of nature. For many of these tion from the telescope that he used to look at technologies, their most profound appli- the stars in the sky and invented a microscope cations were not foreseen at the time of with which he could study small objects on their creation. As a physicist who ven- Earth. It was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, tured into biology, I would like to give generally known as the father of microbi- two examples of physical tools that have ology, who popularized the use of optical transformed life sciences and medicine in microscopes in biology. Using handcrafted unanticipated ways. lenses and microscopes, van Leeuwenhoek Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) is discovered bacteria, sperm, and, along with one such example. nmr was originally dis- Robert Hooke, the cell. Optical microscopy covered as an interesting physical phenom- has since become one of the most widely enon of nuclei in a magnetic field. Later, used methods of investigating the micro- Xiaowei Zhuang through its ability to precisely determine scopic world of living things. Using modern Xiaowei Zhuang is Professor of Chemistry and the structures of molecules–both chemical microscopes today, we can observe signals Chemical Biology and Professor of Physics at compounds and large biomolecules–nmr from objects as small as a single molecule. Harvard University and a Howard Hughes spectroscopy has transformed chemistry Recently, the century-old resolution limit and structural biology. More recently, - of optical microscopy has been overcome Medical Institute Investigator. She was elected a nmr based imaging, more commonly known as through inventions in physics and chemis- Fellow of the American Academy in 2013. mri, has become a powerful method used try. Thanks to these advances, we can now by doctors to diagnose pathological tissues use optical microscopes to see with nano- t is my great pleasure and honor to speak such as brain tumors. But when Isidor I. meter-scale resolution how tiny molecules I on behalf of Class I, the mathematical Rabi, Felix Bloch, and Edward M. Purcell are arranged in cells, which is helping us and physical sciences. I would like to ded- first detectednmr signals in the 1930s and understand how these molecules function icate my speech to these scientists, driven 1940s, they probably did not anticipate the together to give life to a cell. As visionary by curiosity, armed with mathematical and enormous influence their discovery would as Galileo was, he probably could not have physical principles, inventing tools that have have on life sciences. And they surely did foreseen the enormous contributions optical transformed our knowledge and changed not predict how many patients’ lives would microscopy would make toward our under- our lives, often in unexpected ways. today be saved by mri. standing of the living world. 2 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Winter 2014 induction 2013 These are but two examples of the vast ing things. I hope that research institutes number of technologies that were originally and funding agencies do not judge scientific invented for studying physical matters but research based solely on impact factors for ended up changing the way we investigate journals in which the work is published, for living systems. Still, many mysteries of life example. I hope that Congress does not base remain too difficult to solve today, due to its funding decisions exclusively on whether the lack of proper tools. One prominent or not the research will directly lead to a example is how the billions of neurons in cure for cancer or other diseases. I may be our brain work together to give us cogni- too greedy here; we first have to hope that tive power–how we think, in other words. Congress will reopen our government. The White House recently recognized this When I was at the White House listen- question as one of the twenty-first century’s ing to the president’s announcement of the great challenges, and in response, President brain Initiative as a bold research effort Obama announced the brain Initiative– to revolutionize our understanding of the Brain Research through Advancing Innova- human mind and uncover new ways to tive Neurotechnologies–earlier this year. treat brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Clearly, more tools are needed. I remembered hoping that “understanding As we ponder upon what new tools to the human mind alone” could be sufficient invent and what new discoveries to make, motivation for the initiative. Important as let me reiterate that many of the technol- it is to cure devastating diseases like Alz- Many of the technologies and scientific discoveries we rely on today came about due to the curiosity of scientists, their innate craving for understanding how nature works. Such curiosity-driven research has advanced science and technology and benefited human well-being in profound ways. ogies and scientific discoveries we rely heimer’s, our curiosity to understand the on today were not originally intended for human mind may ultimately lead to even their current applications. Rather, they greater breakthroughs, the effects of which came about due to the curiosity of scien- we cannot even begin to fully contemplate. tists, their innate craving for understanding Let me end with a quote by Antonie van how nature works. Such curiosity-driven Leeuwenhoek: “My work, which I have done research has advanced science and technol- for a long time, was not pursued in order to ogy and benefited human well-being in pro- gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from found ways. It is critical for us to remember a craving after knowledge.” Scientists are a this, especially now, as funding gets tighter curious bunch, whose cravings for knowl- and trendy science becomes both more edge have long served science and society fundable and publishable.
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