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La Terre Est Ronde 2015-2016 Ok Mod 2016 ENSM-SE, 2° A : axe transverse P N 08/02/16 - 1 - ENSM-SE, 2° A : axe transverse P N 08/02/16 - 2 - ENSM-SE, 2° A : axe transverse P N 08/02/16 AVERTISSEMENT AU LECTEUR Aristarque de Samos Malgré plus de 10 années d’ajouts variés et de La dilapidation des ressources naturelles est, pour les modifications — et maintenant de pages web élèves Q- ou MC- nom de combustibles fossiles, irréversible pour la fraction déjà la page.htm, « Question » ou « Mot-Clef » indiqués au long de ce poly et consommée. Elle est même semble-t-il impossible à réduire que vous retrouverez en sur le site http://www.emse.fr/~bouchardon dans la pour les sociétés les moins industrialisées 2. Face à cette rubrique Wiki Elèves 2009-10-11 — ce poly de 200 pages, 23 situation, le plus dérangeant n’est pas tant la disparition tableaux et 310 figures environ n’est toujours pas un cours d’une énergie quand d’autres sont renouvelables et complet. Ce n’est d’ailleurs pas son objectif, même si sans seront largement à la disposition de l’homme dans le doute trouverez-vous ici ou là au long de ces cent cinquante futur, que l’épuisement d’un gisement source d’une foule pages, un fourmillement rebutant de connaissances parfois d’applications autres qu’énergétiques. Sur ce plan là, trop (?) pointues, typiques d’un cours. Le propos est de venir l’irréversibilité de nos actes doit peser dans nos décisions. en aide au lecteur, étudiant de l’EMSE ou autre, dans sa S’agissant d’éléments utiles à la fabrication de nos objets et compréhension des processus naturels en le baladant dans outils manufacturés, l’épuisement de la ressource est virtuel. des échelles de temps ou d’espace très variées et en tirant ici Le recyclage devient la norme et constituera demain le ou là sur la pelote de la complexité par quelques brins. nouveau gisement, délocalisé et permanent, dont la En effet, une approche globale (voire systémique) des raréfaction sera en quelque sorte presque seulement processus est indispensable à la compréhension des dépendante de la taille de la population mondiale 3. phénomènes naturels et cette culture devient d’autant plus L’utilisation des deux ressources vitales, l’air dont nécessaire qu’avec les temps modernes, l’homme est bien ere nous commençons à peine à saisir l’importance d’une devenu la 1 espèce consciente que son activité influence gestion, et l’eau, tombée du ciel et donc toujours considérée le futur de notre planète . Il ne faut ni s’en enorgueillir ni comme bénédiction de(s) (D)dieu(x) — utilisez à votre en avoir peur, mais garder à l’esprit que les générations que convenance majuscule, singulier et pluriel — sera demain au nous formons aujourd’hui auront à agir demain en étant cœur des préoccupations humaines. Protéger et gérer capables de considérer leur action en termes de problèmes nécessite une compréhension claire du cycle de l’eau, du globaux, dans leur complexité et dans le respect de ce qui carbone, des substances contaminantes etc., ainsi que des l’entoure, animal, végétal, minéral. Pour ces générations, de interactions entre tous les réservoirs. Passant par nos plus en plus peuplées et actives, le caractère holistique des processus naturels — au sens où ceux-ci ont tendance au travers de leur fonctionnement à créer des ensembles structurés qui présentent des dimensions supérieures à la somme de leurs parties 2 L’absolue nécessité de rattraper leur retard économique, ou — imposera de les aborder avec une pensée complexe en simplement de cuire, de se chauffer, de se déplacer implique, vue d’une politique de développement soutenable. Le mot pour les sociétés les plus pauvres, l’utilisation des ressources anglais « soutenable » est peut-être préférable à « durable », les moins chères, pour l’heure les combustibles fossiles, quel dont la connotation temporelle entrave la compréhension du qu’en soit le prix à payer à long terme. On voit combien il y concept en laissant penser qu’il s’agit de faire durer l’état a loin des intentions aux accords (Kyöto, Montréal ou actuel quand il s’agit au contraire de le faire évoluer. Le Copenhague) et des accords aux réalités qui les suivent… La développement soutenable implique une politique de mitigation passe ici très certainement par notre capacité à croissance responsable et respectueuse, fondée sur la proposer des techniques de substitution au moins aussi mitigation 1 et non sur un retour supposé vertueux (et rentables en terme de coût/performance. Une stratégie complètement irrationnel) aux temps d’avant, Eden adaptative s’impose à nous qui ne relève pas des éco-taxes écologique pour une pensée unique. Viser à limiter l'intensité ou autres incitations à consommer moins, quand le rêve du de certains aléas tels que ceux liés à des phénomènes modèle développé pilleur des ressources qui est le nôtre climatiques et géologiques impose d’en saisir les processus multiplie les besoins d’une population en pleine croissance, et les interactions. Et même si nous devions en venir à tant démographique qu’industrielle. C’est une Grameen considérer toute politique de mitigation comme inaccessible, green mitigation participative qu’il nous faudra inventer. en terme de coût aussi bien que de technique, il resterait à 3 On voit bien ici comment la mondialisation des échanges fournir l’indispensable effort d’adaptation aux changements s’accompagne d’une prise de conscience que le jardin d’environnement qui, de toute manière, attendent notre planétaire est borné. L’idée qu’un jour le nombre des espèce et auxquels, de toutes façons, nous n’échapperons individus devra l’être aussi est déjà perceptible à travers pas ! l’émergence de notions telles que le nombre d’individus que la Terre est capable de nourrir. Là encore une stratégie d’adaptation prévaudra sur un « croissez et multipliez » 1 Mitigation : du latin mitigare ), signifie atténuation. Dans ancestral, nécessaire au salut d’un groupe initial faible vivant le cadre de la prévention de risques majeurs naturels, dans un espace infini pour lui, mais devenu destructeur pour l’objectif de la mitigation est d'atténuer les dommages sur les un groupe nombreux exerçant une prédation forte sur un enjeux, afin de les rendre plus supportables par la société. espace fini. - 1 - ENSM-SE, 2° A : axe transverse P N 08/02/16 besoins, cette eau merveilleuse rejoint un cours d’eau, (IPPC à paraître en octobre 2014, http://ipcc- « diluteur » muet des rejets dont nous le chargeons, dont wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap29_FGDall.pdf ) s’en fait nous ne connaissons que la surface. Parfois seulement l’écho. Que n’a-t-on dit d’une catastrophe, pourtant (hélas), la vie de ce fleuve vient nous rappeler au détour prévisible, la submersion de la Nouvelle Orléans ? Qui se d’une angoisse médiatisée que nous nous sommes forgé un soucie des 4 à 5 Gigatonnes (10 9) de sédiments bloqués par vrai souci (e.g. les PCB, les antibiotiques …). Certes, les quelques 36389 barrages dans le monde (répertoriés par pays industrialisés ont pris conscience qu’ils ont les moyens Commision Internationnale des Grands Barrages, de s’éviter des problèmes à venir et l’eau de nos rivières http://www.icold-cigb.org/homeF.asp ), soit 1/4 des 16 à 19 devient chaque jour moins sale. Pour le reste, l’immensité Gigatonnes qui arrivaient avant jusqu’à l’océan (d’après océanique si mal connue 4 sert encore trop souvent de l’IPCC 2014), nourrissant ainsi des deltas qui ne plus que poubelle à nos déchets, on la considère à tort comme un reculer, et ce d’autant plus vite que la mer monte… Et le garde-manger inépuisable, comme le moyen idéal de sable de nos plages n’est qu’une infime fraction de la masse circulation sans entretien pour nos marchandises 5 sur des de sédiments qui arrivent à la mer. bateaux pollueurs (fortunes de mer, dégazages, conteneurs Bref, inconsciemment ou pas, l’homme etc.), voire parfois des quasi-épaves flottantes 6… Tous ces d’aujourd’hui a largement mutualisé ses déchets et gère problèmes ne sont pas récents. Le Nouvel Obs. écrivait en la ressource sans autre règle que la loi du plus fort (y 2000, N°1879, « 40 000 navires de plus de 300 tonneaux compris en U.E. [7] ). Il eut mieux valu une approche sillonnent en permanence les océans et un bateau rejoint systémique à l’échelle de la ressource et des déchets générés, tous les trois jours le fond des mers » et de rajouter, presque pour une gestion commune… Dans « la voie pour l’avenir en commentaire par anticipation à notre propos, « Mais plus de l’humanité » 2011, Edgard Morin explore des possibles que naufrages et dégazages sauvages, c’est la terre et ses réformes, rêves peut-être, utopies sans doute, mais la route fleuves poubelles qui polluent massivement la mer ». que l’humanité s’est tracée devra changer ; la réussite de 70% de la surface terrestre n’ont pour témoin de nos notre espèce a résidé dans sa capacité à coévoluer avec notre activités que les riverains de l’océan, ici une marée noire, là monde, pas sûr que nous gagnions à refuser plus longtemps une tempête trop brutale. Quid de l’impact de la surpêche sur d’en faire partie. la ressource halieutique ? Le désert du Sahara offre au Notre regard est en train de changer. La perception de marcheur l’incandescence d’un coucher de soleil ou le chant la finitude du milieu qui nous accueille (espace et temps), de dunes ; la solitude noire du fond des mers nous indiffère.
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