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Violence, Mobility and Labour Relations in Asia Special Issue Edited by Benjamin Etzold V , S V , S Violence,Violence, MobilityMobility and and Labour Labour RelationsRelations inin AsiaAsia Published from 1970 to 2016 as Internationales Asienforum International ISSN 2566-686x (print) QuarterlyQuarterly for Asian ISSN 2566-6878 (online) Studies International Quarterly for Asian Studies is a forum for multidisciplinary research on current and historical topics relevant to politics, economics and society in contemporary Asia. It seeks to make the results of social science research on Asia known to a broader public beyond the circle of regional spe- cialists and to provide a solid and informed basis for the public discourse about Asia. The contributions are intended for a public that is aware that the regions and cultures of the world have always been interlinked and, thus, need to be understood in relation to one other. Submitted manuscripts are peer-reviewed anonymously by external reviewers and members of the editorial or advisory board; the acceptance or rejection of manuscripts is finally decided by the editors. International Quarterly for Asian Studies appears quarterly, or semi-annually as a double issue. Price per issue €16.25 (double issue €32.50), per year €65.00, plus postage. This journal is also available in an open access version. For further information please go to our website at: https://asianstudies.arnold-bergstraesser.de This journal and all of the contributions published therein are protected by copyright. Any usage outside the limits of copyright law is prohibited without the consent of the copyright owner. Once a manuscript has been accepted for publication, the author grants the publisher the simple and spatially unlimited right to reproduce and disseminate his or her contribution in physical form, in German and in other lan- guages, and to make it accessible to the public, for the duration of the statutory copyright. This granting of rights includes the corresponding picture templates, plans, maps, sketches, abstracts and tables, as well as the dissemination of the contribution as a special issue, and the reprinting of individual journal issues, contributions or volumes in any form, language, configuration, circulation or dissemination. The editorial sta invites the submission of manuscripts, while noting that they cannot comment on such submissions as a rule and cannot accept any liability. Unsolicited books will not be returned. The editors reserve the right to select works to be reviewed. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and/or America: History and Life; International Political Science Abstracts; World Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Abstracts (WAERSA); Rural Development Abstracts (RDA); Leisure, Recreation and Tour- ism Abstracts (LRTA); EBSCO Academic Search Premier and ProQuest Information and Learning. International Quarterly for Asian Studies Arnold Bergstraesser Institute Phone: 0049-761-88878-33 Windausstraße 16 [email protected] International Quarterly for 79110 Freiburg, Germany asianstudies.arnold-bergstraesser.de Asian Studies © 2019 published by Arnold Bergstraesser Institute International Quarterly for Asian Studies Editorial Board Claudia Derichs (Main Editor), Jörn Dosch, Conrad Schetter, Uwe Skoda Advisory Board Hans-Dieter Evers, Tilmann Frasch, Solvay Gerke, Michael von Hauff, Thomas Heberer, Patrick Heinrich, Anna-Katharina Hornidge, Hermann Kulke, Gudula Linck, Chi Manjiao, Magnus Marsden, Madeleine Reeves, Jakob Rösel, Jyotirmaya Tripathy Editorial Managers Ann-Elisabeth Philipp, Andrea Fleschenberg International Quarterly for Asian Studies V , N –, S Violence, Mobility and Labour Relations in Asia Special Issue edited by Benjamin Etzold Editorial Benjamin Etzold 5 The Cost of Legality: Navigating Labour Mobility and Exploitation in Malaysia Anja Karlsson Franck, Joseph Trawicki Anderson 19 Cyclical, Temporary, No Return. Multiple Navigational Strategies of Displaced Persons from Myanmar Alexander Horstmann, Markus Rudolf, Clara Schmitz-Pranghe 39 Coping with Insecurity: Labour Relations, (Im)mobility and Conflict-sensitive Employment in Afghanistan Elke Grawert 67 Nations Rebound: German Politics of Deporting Afghans Martin Sökefeld 91 Articles Sattras, Magical Power and Belief Narratives in the Context of Flood and Erosion on Majuli Island Baburam Saikia 119 Research Notes Territorialising Chinese Inner Asia: The Neo-Developmentalist State and Minority Unrest Sören Köpke 137 Making Memory by Dissociating the Past from the Present: Narratives of Movement Intellectuals of the Post-Fukushima Protest Cycle in Japan Anna Wiemann 157 Book Reviews R. S. Sugirtharajah, Jesus in Asia Richard Fox Young 171 Arne Seifert, Dialog und Transformation. 25 Jahre OSZE- und Zentral- asienforschung Conrad Schetter 173 Hajo Frölich, Des Kaisers neue Schulen. Bildungsreformen und der Staat in Südchina Barbara Schulte 175 Assa Doron / Robin Jerey, Waste of a Nation. Garbage and Growth in India Olivia Calleja 178 Malvika Maheshwari, Art Attacks. Violence and Oence-Taking in India Manuela Ciotti 180 Corinna R. Unger, Entwicklungspfade in Indien. Eine internationale Geschichte 1947–1980 Julia Sophie Schmidt 182 Anna L. Dallapiccola / Anila Verghese (eds), India and Southeast Asia: Cultural Discourses Tilman Frasch 185 Rainer Werning / Jörg Schwieger (eds), Handbuch Philippinen. Gesellschaft, Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur György Széll 187 Authors 190 IQAS V. / –, . – Violence, Mobility and Labour Relations in Asia Editorial Benjamin Etzold Asia is a continent of mobility. In the course of its history, the region has been shaped fundamentally by the movements of hunters and gatherers, peasants and artisans, workers and intellectuals, traders and seafarers, pilgrims and soldiers. For these and many more groups moving to varying destinations, along diverse pathways and in dierent rhythms, the search for better lives and livelihoods as well as the flight from violent conflict and other existential threats have always been strong motives for mobility (Liu-Farrer / Yeoh 2018). Mobile populations have thus always contributed to defining and challenging the respective communities, pre-colonial empires, colonial states and, later, post-colonial nation states in Asia and have contributed to transforming them in terms of their ethnic, religious and social composition and their cultural, economic and political structures. Today, Asia can be considered the most mobile region of the world. 100 million Asian people currently live in a country other than their country of birth, which is equivalent to 40 per cent of the world’s international migrants. Almost 60 million Asians have migrated within the region, while 40 million migrants live outside of Asia, mostly in Europe (20 million) and Northern America (16 million). India and China have the largest number of emigrants, followed by Bangladesh, Pakistan and the Philippines (IOM 2017: 54–56). In addition, hundreds of thousands of people are (temporarily) mobile within their own countries. While internal mobility plays a significant role in people’s lives and for the respective economies, the exact number of internal migrants can only be estimated (Charles-Edwards et al. 2019). Some of the most signifi- cant socio-economic transformations in Asia in the last decades are based on distinct patterns of and structures for labour mobility. The rise of China’s in- dustry has been driven by the integration of Chinese enterprises in global pro- duction networks, which rely on cheap labour provided through rural-urban Benjamin Etzold, Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), Bonn, Germany; benjamin. [email protected] © I Q A S 6 B¬®¯°±²® E³´µ¶· mobility (Kilian et al. 2010, Bork-Hüer 2016). The economic transformation and resultant construction boom in the Arabic Gulf rests on the exploitation of labourers and domestic workers from South and Southeast Asia (Malecki / Ewers 2007, Silvey / Parreñas 2019). Singapore’s global city development is based not only on global linkages, but in particular on regional mobility and the newly emerging translocal livelihoods of workers (Budianta 2016, Peth et al. 2018). And the deforestation and “palm-oilisation” of Borneo and many other parts of Southeast Asia are related to large-scale relocation programmes and the displacement of local populations (Elmhirst 2017). It is thus not exag- gerated to argue that labour mobility has become a defining feature of Asian economies and a transformative force in Asian societies. Human mobility is, of course, driven not only by labour market needs and the search for better livelihoods. In Asia, existing transnational networks and family relations, educational, medical and social services, and the migration industry play a fundamental role in structuring migration (Christ 2016, Liu-Farrer / Yeoh 2018), as do environmental risks, natural catastrophes and climate change (Hugo / Bardsley 2014, Afifi et al. 2015). Violent conflict, po- litical persecution, human rights violations and social exclusion have also forced tens of millions of people in Asia to become mobile (Ho / Robinson 2018). According to the latest data from UNHCR (2019: 74), at the end of the year 2018, 13.5 million people from Asian countries had fled across interna- tional borders and then been registered as refugees or were still awaiting their asylum decision. Moreover, 13.7 million Asians have been displaced within their country of origin due to violence and conflict. Generally speaking, peo- ple flee not only from persecution and violent conflicts,
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