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Seasonal Distribution and Habitat Selection by the Redside Shiner, Richardsonius Balteatus, in a Small Oregon Stream

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Seasonal Distribution and Habitat Selection by the Redside Shiner, Richardsonius Balteatus, in a Small Oregon Stream AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Kenneth J. Rodnick for the degree of Master of Science in Department of Fisheries presented on March 11, 1983 Title: Seasonal distribution and habitat selection by the redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus, in a small Oregon stream Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Hiram W. Li Seasonal habitat availability, utilization, and selection byyoung of the year (<25 mm) and adult (>25 mm) redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus, were studied for 1 year in sections of Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon. Intensive stream mapping procedures and snorkling observations provided most of the quantitative measures for habitat availability and utilization respectively. A multivariate discriminant analysis and classification suggested spatial segregation of young of the year and adult redside shiners along gradients of water velocity and depth of the water column. Throughout the year, young redside shiners occupied shallower water than adults and utilized areas with lower mean water velocities. Associated with increased winter stream flows and lowered water temperatures (< 100 C), redside shiners were inactive and found in habitats offering the most cover and refuge from current. Overwintering areas populated by redside shiners included undercut banks, root wads, bank failures, fallen trees, and backwaters. During the transitional period between winter andsummer, adult redside shiners shifted from overwintering habitats to the fasterwater of the main channel. Activities related to spawning and aggressive defense of space accompanied this shift. Young redside shiners continued to utilize protected margins. A multivariate discriminant analysis and classification comparing available and utilized stream habitats provided indices ofhabitat selection. Both young of the year and adult redside shinerswere relatively selective in the stream habitats they utilized. The importance of four physical components (depth, current velocity, substrate composition, and cover forms) varied seasonally and with the life stage considered. Similar patterns of habitat utilization for redside shinerswere observed in four larger streams and rivers. The availability of large, deep pools was important, new habitat for bothyoung and adult redside shiners during periods of reduced stream flow in larger streams and rivers. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT SELECTION BY THE REDSIDE SHINER, RICHARDSONIUS BALTEATUS, IN A SMALL OREGON STREAM by Kenneth J. Rodnick A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed March 11, 1983 Commencement June 1983 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Associate Professor of Fisheries, in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Head of Departmeft of Fisheries and Wildlife Redacted for Privacy Dean of Gradua School Date thesis is presented March 11, 1983 Typed by LaVon Mauer for Kenneth J. Rodnick ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to dedicate this manuscript to my parents and family who have always supported my academic interests and activities. Dr. Paul Reimers sparked my interests in behavioral research and the stream ecology of the redside shiners. My undergraduate studies and experiences with Dr. Peter Moyle and Dr. Joseph Cech further developed my background and appreciation for fisheries research in the field and labora*ory. I would like to extend a special thanks to Dr. Norbert Hartmann,Dr. James Hall, and Dr. Fred Everest for their helpful ideas and criticisms throughout the study. Concurrent with my research, Gordie Reeves developed his own research interests concerning the interaction between redside shiners and juvenile salmonids in streams.Gordie assisted with the field work and was a valuable source of observations, comments, and discussion. I owe much of my personal growth and accomplishments during my graduate program to my major professor, Dr. Hiram Li, and his wife Judy. They extended themselves well beyond any of my initial expectations. Dr. Li's office door was always open and he was an unlimited source of energy, ideas, encouragement, and criticisms. This research was funded by Oregon Water Research and Technology through the Water Resources Research Institute Project W93-B-077 ORE and the Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit at Oregon State University. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. STUDY AREA 5 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 9 Sampling Sites 9 Sampling Methods 9 Selection of Habitat Variables 11 Statistical Methods and Analysis 15 IV. RESULTS 18 Summer Habitat Utilization 18 Habitat Discrimination by Life Stages 23 Habitat Selection 23 Winter Habitat Utilization 25 Habitat Discrimination by Life Stages 34 Habitat Selection 34 Transitional Habitat Utilization 35 Habitat Discrimination by Life Stages 41 Habitat Selection 41 General Behavior Patterns 42 V. DISCUSSION 43 VI. LITERATURE CITED 53 LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1. Location of Greasy Creek. 6 2. Location of sampling points in measurements ofstream habitat availability (mapping). Sampling begins at the downstream end of the study site andproceeds upstream. Sampling points occur at 2 m intervals, both across the stream and moving upstream. Alternate banks are used as references for each transect. 12 3. Frequency histograms for utilized and available depths of the water column during thesummer period. 20 4. Frequency histograms for utilized and available current during the summer period. 21 5. Mean substrate composition for utilized and available habitats during the summer period. 22 6. Frequency histograms for utilized and available depths of the water column during the winter period. 31 7. Frequency histograms for utilized and available current during the winter period. 32 Figures Page 8. Mean substrate composition for utilized and available habitats during the winter period. 33 9. Frequency histograms for utilized and available depths of the water column during the transitional period. 38 10. Frequency histograms for utilized and available current during the transitional period. 39 11. Mean substrate composition for utilized and available habitats during the transitional period. 40 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Categories used to characterize Greasy Creek substrate composition. 14 2. Habitat variables measured at summer locations of redside shiner and corresponding available stream habitats. 19 3. Variable loadings and unbiased classification results for habitat discrimination by life stages. 24 4. Variable loadings and unbiased classification results for habitat selection by young redside shiners. 26 5. Variable loadings and unbiased classification results for habitat selection by adult redside shiners. 27 6. Stream habitat types selected by redside shiners during winter periods. 29 7. Habitat variables measured at winter locations of redside shiner and corresponding available stream habitats. 30 8. Habitat variables measured during periods of changing discharge between seasons (transitional habitats). 37 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT SELECTION BY THE REDSIDE SHINER, RICHARDSONIUS BALTEATUS, IN A SMALL OREGON STREAM INTRODUCTION The main objective of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal relationship of the redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus, to its stream habitat surroundings. Specific objectives included: 1) to document and quantify seasonal patterns of habitat utilization by the redside shiner in streams; 2) to quantify the corresponding habitat availability during different seasons; 3) to develop a multivariate approach to measure habitat selection by the redside shiner in streams. The redside shiner is a small cyprinid, length to 180mm, occurring in coastal streams of Oregon and Washington, the Columbia River below Snake River Falls, and the Skeena and Fraser systems of British Columbia (Scott and Crossman 1973, Wydoski and Whitney 1979). Because it occupies large lakes, small ponds, moderately fast streams, and irrigation ditches the redside shiner is considered one of the most abundant and widespread freshwater fishes within its range (Weisel and Newman 1951, Scott and Crossman 1973). Early studies focused on the high varability of anal fin ray counts over its geographic range (Eigenmann 1895). This variation led to numerous subspecies designations. Today just two forms are recognized: R. balteatus (10-24 anal rays) and R. egregius, the Lahontan redside (8 or 9 anal rays) (McPhail and Lindsey 1970). The great variation in 2 anal fin rays has not been correlated with habitat differences and still remains unresolved. The redside shiner has been most intensively studied in lakes or lake systems (Crossman 1959, a,b, Lindsey and Northcote 1961, Scott and Crossman 1973, Wydoski and Whitney 1979). Relatively little is known about the biology and behavior of the redside shiner in streams. Redside shiners have been observed to partition lake resources with the kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri, and are suspected of competing with and serving as prey for the kamloops trout (Johannes and Larkin 1961). Unfortunately, non-selective chemical poisoning has been a common management measure to reduce redside shiner numbers in streams without any knowledge of general behavior and distribution in streams. The study of patterns of distribution and abundance of organisms is fundamental to ecology (Andrewartha and Birch 1954). Liebig (1840) found that these patterns are limited by the resource in shortest supply. Shelford (1913) developed the concept of zones of tolerance, whereby the distribution patterns are circumscribed by physiological
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