Curriculum Vitae Bruce Western August, 2016
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The Mark of a Criminal Record1
The Mark of a Criminal Record1 Devah Pager Northwestern University With over 2 million individuals currently incarcerated, and over half a million prisoners released each year, the large and growing number of men being processed through the criminal justice system raises important questions about the consequences of this massive institutional intervention. This article focuses on the consequences of incarceration for the employment outcomes of black and white job seekers. The present study adopts an experimental audit approach—in which matched pairs of individuals applied for real entry-level jobs—to formally test the degree to which a criminal re- cord affects subsequent employment opportunities. The findings of this study reveal an important, and much underrecognized, mech- anism of stratification. A criminal record presents a major barrier to employment, with important implications for racial disparities. While stratification researchers typically focus on schools, labor markets, and the family as primary institutions affecting inequality, a new insti- tution has emerged as central to the sorting and stratifying of young and disadvantaged men: the criminal justice system. With over 2 million in- dividuals currently incarcerated, and over half a million prisoners released each year, the large and growing numbers of men being processed through the criminal justice system raises important questions about the conse- quences of this massive institutional intervention. This article focuses on the consequences of incarceration for the em- 1 Support for this research includes grants from the National Science Foundation (SES- 0101236), the National Institute of Justice (2002-IJ-CX-0002), the Joyce Foundation, and the Soros Foundation. Views expressed in this document are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the granting agencies. -
DEVAH PAGER Department of Sociology
DEVAH PAGER Department of Sociology Princeton University 157 Wallace Hall Princeton, NJ 08544 EMAIL: [email protected] Education 2002 Ph.D., Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Dissertation: The Mark of a Criminal Record Winner of the American Sociological Association Dissertation Award, 2003 1997 M.A., Sociology, Stanford University 1996 M.A., Sociology, University of Cape Town, South Africa 1993 B.A., Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles Phi Beta Kappa, Summa Cum Laude, College Honors, UCLA Chancellor's Service Award Employment 2004- Princeton University Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology Faculty Associate, Office of Population Research 2002-04 Northwestern University Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology Faculty Fellow, Institute for Policy Research 2002-03 Fulbright Scholar, Paris, France Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et les Institutions Penales Grants and Fellowships 2006-10 NIH Mentored Scientist Award (K01), “Discrimination in the Lives of Young Disadvantaged Men,” $762,716. 2006-10 NSF CAREER Award, “Toward Improving the Conceptualization and Measurement of Discrimination,” $401,000 2006-10 WT Grant Scholars Award, “Barriers in the Pathway to Adulthood: The Role of Discrimination in the Lives of Young Disadvantaged Men,” $300,000 2005-07 National Institute of Justice, “Investigating Prisoner Reentry: The Impact of Conviction Status on the Employment Prospects of Young Men.” (PI, with co-PI Bruce Western), $275,587 2003-06 National Science Foundation, “Discrimination in Low-Wage -
Pager and Western on “Discrimination Testers”
Discrimination in Low-Wage Labor Markets1 Devah Pager Bruce Western Bart Bonikowski Princeton University October, 2006 DRAFT: PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORS 1 This research has been supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Justice, the JEHT Foundation, the Princeton Research Institute on the Region and the Industrial Relations Section of Princeton University. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of the New York City Commission on Human Rights, and Commisioner Patricia Gatling. Direct all correspondence to Devah Pager, Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, [email protected] Despite a booming U.S. labor market through the late 1990s, racial differences in employment remain among the most intractable economic inequalities. While unemployment rates declined for all groups in the 1990s, young black men remained twice as likely to be unemployed relative to whites of their age. Further, racial inequality in measures of joblessness—which include those who have exited the formal labor market altogether—widened substantially over this period among young black and white men.2 How can we explain these large and enduring inequalities in employment? Historically, research on racial inequality in employment strongly emphasized the role of labor market discrimination. In An American Dilemma, Gunnar Myrdal argues that “the concentration of unemployment upon the Negro people is explainable only as the direct and indirect effects of discrimination” (p.998; see also Pettigrew, 1975; Allport, 1958). Continuing in this tradition, more recent research has investigated the preferences and attitudes of employers as possible sources of persistent racial disparities in the labor market. -
This Paper Explores the Relationship Between Economic Growth and the Welfare State. We Argue That
RESEARCH INSTITUTE POLITICAL ECONOMY Mass Privatization and the Postcommunist Mortality Crisis Lawrence King, David Stuckler, & Patrick Hamm October 2006 Gordon Hall 418 North Pleasant Street Amherst, MA 01002 Phone: 413.545.6355 Fax: 413.577.0261 [email protected] www.umass.edu/peri/ WORKINGPAPER SERIES Number 118 Mass Privatization and the Postcommunist Mortality Crisis1 Lawrence King1, David Stuckler2, and Patrick Hamm3 October 5th, 2006 Keywords: postcommunist, mortality crisis, privatization, psychosocial stress. JEL codes: I12, J18, L33, P36. 1University of Cambridge, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences. E-mail: [email protected]. 2 University of Cambridge, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences. E-mail: [email protected]. 3Harvard University, Department of Sociology. E-mail: [email protected] Word Count: 15,934 1 The authors would like to thank David Ellerman, Silke Aisenbrey, Lawrence Raffalovich, Paul Starr, Tom DiPrete, Bruce Western, Katherine Newman, Karl Mayer, Ivan Szelenyi, Bill Domhoff, Peter Bearman, Jim Vreeland, Devah Pager, Marcus Kurtz, and Andrew Schrank for assistance on, and comments and criticisms of, various drafts of this paper. We would also like to thank the participants at the conference on mass privatization held at the Maxwell European Center, of Syracuse University, in Washington, D.C., in February of 2006, as well as participants at department colloquia and workshops at Yale, Columbia, Princeton and the University of Massachusetts. 1 Abstract During the transition to capitalism, the postcommunist countries have experienced unprecedented mortality crises, although there has been considerable variation within — and between — countries and regions. Much of this variation remains unexplained, although alcohol and psychological stress have been found to be major causes of declining life expectancy. -
Place After Prison: Neighborhood Attainment and Attachment During Reentry
Journal of Urban Affairs ISSN: 0735-2166 (Print) 1467-9906 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujua20 Place after prison: Neighborhood attainment and attachment during reentry Jessica T. Simes To cite this article: Jessica T. Simes (2018): Place after prison: Neighborhood attainment and attachment during reentry, Journal of Urban Affairs, DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2018.1495041 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2018.1495041 Published online: 02 Aug 2018. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ujua20 JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2018.1495041 Place after prison: Neighborhood attainment and attachment during reentry Jessica T. Simes Boston University ABSTRACT More than 600,000 people leave prison and become residents of neighbor- hoods across the United States annually. Using a longitudinal survey of people returning to Greater Boston, this study examines disparities in neighborhood attainment after prison. Accounting for levels of pre-prison neighborhood disadvantage, Black and Hispanic respondents moved into significantly more disadvantaged areas than Whites. Neighborhood resi- dence was not attained by all: One-quarter of respondents left prison and entered formal institutional settings or lived in extreme social marginality throughout Boston. Neighborhood attachment was patterned by criminal justice involvement and experiences of material hardship in the year after prison. Findings indicate that housing insecurity, re-incarceration, and pro- found racial disparities in neighborhood context explain the ecological structure of social inequality in urban neighborhoods in an era of mass incarceration. -
Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality
ASR76410.1177/0003122411414817Weste 414817rn and RosenfeldAmerican Sociological Review American Sociological Review 76(4) 513 –537 Unions, Norms, and the Rise © American Sociological Association 2011 DOI: 10.1177/0003122411414817 in U.S. Wage Inequality http://asr.sagepub.com Bruce Westerna and Jake Rosenfeldb Abstract From 1973 to 2007, private sector union membership in the United States declined from 34 to 8 percent for men and from 16 to 6 percent for women. During this period, inequality in hourly wages increased by over 40 percent. We report a decomposition, relating rising inequality to the union wage distribution’s shrinking weight. We argue that unions helped institutionalize norms of equity, reducing the dispersion of nonunion wages in highly unionized regions and industries. Accounting for unions’ effect on union and nonunion wages suggests that the decline of organized labor explains a fifth to a third of the growth in inequality—an effect comparable to the growing stratification of wages by education. Keywords wages, inequality, unions, labor markets, norms The decline of organized labor in the United DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux 1996); and States coincided with a large increase in wage limited, accounting for only a small fraction inequality. From 1973 to 2007, union member- of rising inequality and only among men ship in the private sector declined from 34 to 8 (Card, Lemieux, and Riddell 2004). percent for men and from 16 to 6 percent for We revisit the effects of union decline on women. During this time, wage inequality in inequality and offer two extensions to earlier the private sector increased by over 40 percent. -
THE FEDERAL INTERAGENCY REENTRY COUNCIL a Record of Progress and a Roadmap for the Future
THE FEDERAL INTERAGENCY REENTRY COUNCIL A Record of Progress and a Roadmap for the Future President Barack Obama holds a discussion with incarcerated men at El Reno Federal Correctional Institution in El Reno, Oklahoma, July 16, 2015. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza) AUGUST 2016 Contents Letter from the Co-Chairs ..............................................................iii Executive Summary. v Participating Departments and Agencies .................................................xiii Introduction ..........................................................................1 What is Reentry and Why is it Important? ................................................3 The Federal Interagency Reentry Council ................................................13 Actions to Date, Objectives, and Next Steps .............................................17 Improving Access to Meaningful Employment Opportunities .............................21 Improving Access to Meaningful Educational Opportunities ..............................32 Improving Access to Health Care, Treatment, and Benefts ...............................39 Improving Housing Stability .........................................................48 Reducing Collateral Consequences ..................................................52 Supporting Children of Incarcerated Parents and their Families ...........................58 Improving Reentry Outcomes for Special Populations ..................................64 Conclusion ..........................................................................75 -
An Application of Bayesian Model Averaging with Rural Crime Data ______
International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2011, 683-717 Model Uncertainty in Ecological Criminology: An Application of Bayesian Model Averaging With Rural Crime Data ___________________________________________________________________________________ Steven C. Dellera Lindsay Amielb Melissa Dellerc Abstract In this study we explore the use of Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to address model uncertainty in identifying the determinants of Midwestern rural crime rates using county level data averaged over 2006-07-08. The empirical criminology literature suffers from serious model uncertainty: theory states that everything matters and there are multiple ways to measure key variables.By using the BMA approach we identify variables that appear to most consistently influence rural crime patterns. We find that there are several variables that rise to the top in explaining different types of crime as well as numerous variables that influence only certain types of crime. Introduction The empirical ecological criminology literature is vast and richly interdisciplinary. But there are at least three problem areas that have created significant confusion over the policy implications of this literature. First, the theoretical literature basically concludes that “everything matters” which makes empirical investigations difficult specifically related to model uncertainty. Second, there is sufficient fragility within the empirical results to cast a pall over the literature (Chiricos, 1987; Patterson, 1991; Fowles and Merva, 1996; Barnett and Mencken, 2002; Bausman and Goe, 2004; Chrisholm and Choe, 2004; Messner, Baumer and Rosenfeld, 2004; Phillips, 2006; Authors). Donohue and Wolfers (2005) along with Cohen-Cole, Durlauf, Fagan and Nagin (2009) note, for example, that the extensive empirical literature seeking to test the deterrent effect of capital punishment has yield nothing but contradictory and inconclusive results. -
Racialized Re-Entry: Labor Market Inequality After Incarceration Bruce Western, Catherine Sirois
Racialized Re-entry: Labor Market Inequality After Incarceration Bruce Western, Catherine Sirois Social Forces, Volume 97, Number 4, June 2019, pp. 1517-1542 (Article) Published by Oxford University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/726072 Access provided at 10 Jul 2019 04:46 GMT from Columbia University Libraries Race and Incarceration 1517 Race and Incarceration Racialized Re-entry: Labor Market Inequality After Incarceration Bruce Western, Columbia University Catherine Sirois, Stanford University .................................................................................................................. hy do some people succeed in the labor market after incarceration but others do not? We study the transition from prison to work with data on Wmonthly employment and earnings for a sample of men and women observed for a year after incarceration. More than in earlier research, the data pro- vide detailed measurement of temporary and informal employment and richly describe the labor market disadvantages of formerly incarcerated men and women. We find that half the sample is jobless in any given month and average earnings are well below the poverty level. By jointly modeling employment and earnings, we show that blacks and Hispanics have lower total earnings than whites even after account- ing for health, human capital, social background, crime and criminal justice involve- ment, and job readiness. A decomposition attributes most of the earnings gaps to racial and ethnic inequalities in employment. Qualitative interviews suggest that whites more than blacks and Hispanics find stable, high-paying jobs through social networks. These findings support a hypothesis of racialized re-entry that helps explain the unusual disadvantage of African Americans at the nexus of the penal sys- tem and the labor market. -
Centennial Bibliography on the History of American Sociology
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Sociology Department, Faculty Publications Sociology, Department of 2005 Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology Michael R. Hill [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Hill, Michael R., "Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology" (2005). Sociology Department, Faculty Publications. 348. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/348 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Department, Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Hill, Michael R., (Compiler). 2005. Centennial Bibliography of the History of American Sociology. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. CENTENNIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN SOCIOLOGY Compiled by MICHAEL R. HILL Editor, Sociological Origins In consultation with the Centennial Bibliography Committee of the American Sociological Association Section on the History of Sociology: Brian P. Conway, Michael R. Hill (co-chair), Susan Hoecker-Drysdale (ex-officio), Jack Nusan Porter (co-chair), Pamela A. Roby, Kathleen Slobin, and Roberta Spalter-Roth. © 2005 American Sociological Association Washington, DC TABLE OF CONTENTS Note: Each part is separately paginated, with the number of pages in each part as indicated below in square brackets. The total page count for the entire file is 224 pages. To navigate within the document, please use navigation arrows and the Bookmark feature provided by Adobe Acrobat Reader.® Users may search this document by utilizing the “Find” command (typically located under the “Edit” tab on the Adobe Acrobat toolbar). -
Curriculum Vitae Bruce Western August 2013
Curriculum Vitae Bruce Western August 2013 Address: Department of Sociology E-mail: [email protected] Harvard University Phone: (617) 495-3879 33 Kirkland Street Fax: (617) 496-5794 Cambridge, MA 02138 Education B.A. (Hons.) First Class, Government, University of Queensland (Australia), 1987. M.A., Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1990. PhD., Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993. Appointments Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Professor of Criminal Justice Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2013 to present. Faculty Chair, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2013 to present. Director of the Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2011 to present. Professor of sociology, Harvard University, 2007 to present. Director of the Multidisciplinary Program in Inequality and Social Policy, Harvard University, 2007 to 2011. Professor of sociology, Princeton University, July 2000 to June, 2007. Faculty associate, Office of Population Research, Princeton University, September 1993 to present. Associate professor of sociology, Princeton University, 1998–2000. Assistant professor of sociology, Princeton University, 1994–1998. Lecturer with the rank of assistant professor, Princeton University, 1993–1994. Books and Monographs Grusky, David, Bruce Western, and Christopher Wimer (eds.). 2011. The Great Reces- sion. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Loury, Glenn and Bruce Western. 2010. Daedalus 139(3). Guest editors of special issue on “The Challenge of Mass Incarceration.” 1 Western, Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Patillo, Mary, David Weiman, and Bruce Western (eds.). 2004. Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration. -
BEYOND TITLE VII: RETHINKING RACE, EX-OFFENDER STATUS and EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION in the INFORMATION AGE Kimani Paul-Emile *
__ VIRGINIA L. REV. __ (Forthcoming 2014) Draft: Do not circulate or cite without author’s permission BEYOND TITLE VII: RETHINKING RACE, EX-OFFENDER STATUS AND EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION IN THE INFORMATION AGE Kimani Paul-Emile * ABSTRACT More than 68 million people in the United States—more than one in four adults—have had some involvement with the criminal justice system that will appear on a criminal history report. A rapidly expanding, for-profit industry has developed to collect these records and compile them into electronic databases, offering employers an inexpensive and readily accessible means of screening prospective employees. Nine out of ten employers now inquire into the criminal history of job candidates, systematically denying individuals with a criminal record any opportunity to gain work experience or build their job qualifications. This is so despite the fact that many individuals with criminal records have never been convicted of a crime, as one-third of felony arrests never result in conviction. And criminal records databases routinely contain significant errors, including false positive identifications and sealed or expunged information. The negative impact of employers’ reliance on criminal records databases falls most heavily on Black and Latino populations as studies show that the stigma of having a criminal record is significantly more damaging for racial minorities than for whites. This criminal records “penalty” limits profoundly the chance of achieving gainful employment, creating new and vexing problems for regulators, employers, and minorities with criminal records. Our existing regulatory apparatus, which is grounded in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Fair Credit Reporting Act, is ill- equipped to resolve this emerging dilemma because it fails to address systematic information failures and the problem of stigma.