DOCSLIB.ORG

Motivated Identity Construction in a Cultural

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Motivated Identity Construction in a Cultural MOTIVATED IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT MARIANA MARTIN FEBRUARY 2014 i MOTIVATED IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY) OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA BY MARIANA MARTIN FEBRUARY 2014 SUPERVISOR: DR ARMAS E. E. SHIKONGO ii ABSTRACT The present study investigated the concept of motivated identity construction, using a sample of 104 participants who were recruited through convenient sampling. The following motives were selected: self-esteem, continuity, belonging, efficacy, distinctiveness and meaning. These were the motives that previous studies found to be centrally involved in the process of identity construction. The key role of culture in identity construction was also critically investigated. The study used a quantitative approach and employed an already existing questionnaire for data collection. The participants‘ cultural orientation towards individualism/ collectivism was determined by measuring their beliefs about personhood and their degree of religiosity. The data was analysed using independent-samples t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study found statistically significant differences between males and females in relation to the motive of efficacy. In terms of age, the study also found a statistically significant difference between the participants who were below 18 years of age and those who were at least 18 years of age when the two age groups were compared in relation to the meaning motive. However, the magnitude of the differences in the means was small. The study did not find any statistically significant differences in relation to the following motives: belonging, continuity, distinctiveness, efficacy, meaning and positive self-esteem between the various cultural groupings compared. These findings suggest that those identity motives seem to be equally applicable to individuals from different cultural backgrounds. iii DECLARATIONS I, Mariana Martin, declare hereby that this study is a true reflection of my own research, and that this work, or part thereof has not been submitted for a degree in any other institution of higher education. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by means (e.g. electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior permission of the author, or The University of Namibia in that behalf. I, Mariana Martin, grant The University of Namibia the right to reproduce this thesis in whole or in part, in any manner or format, which The University of Namibia may deem fit, for any person or institution requiring it for study and research; providing that The University of Namibia shall waive this right if the whole thesis has been or is being published in a manner satisfactory to the University. ………………………………. Date…………………………….. Mariana Martin iv DEDICATION This thesis is primarily dedicated to my beloved late sister, Maria-Goretti Amutse, for having believed in my ability to excel and for the immense love she has shown me. This thesis is, further, dedicated to my mother, Rosina Ipumbu, for being an exemplary person, to my sister Frederika Shigwedha (Amutse) for her faith in me and to my sister Esther Itoolwa (Kotze) for propelling me to be the individual she can look up to. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “One piece of log creates a small fire, adequate to warm you up, add just a few more pieces to blast an immense bonfire, large enough to warm up your entire circle of friends; needless to say that individuality counts, but teamwork dynamites”. ~ Jin Kwon To Dr Maja Becker, Miss Ellinor Owe and Dr Vivian L. Vignoles from the University of Sussex, UK for firstly inciting my interest in the field of identity construction and for your tireless mentoring. Without you, the motives of identity construction might have remained unexplored in the Namibian context. To my supervisor, Dr A. Shikongo, for your readiness to jump aboard the last minute. The role you played in guiding me with the formation of this thesis has been crucial to its materialisation. My heartfelt gratitude goes out to you. To the principals of the A. Shipena Secondary School, Augustineum Secondary School, David Bezuidenhout High School and the Jakob Marengo Tutorial College for allowing me to conduct my study at their schools. Additionally, my gratitude is extended to the grade 11 teachers of these schools for their assistance in the distribution and collection of the questionnaires and to the grade 11 students of the same schools for using their valuable time to participate in the study. Finally, to all my friends, family, colleagues and everyone that has encouraged, supported me or has in any way contributed to the development of this thesis. Above all, I thank the heavenly Father for the strength, perseverance and countless blessings bestowed upon me during this testing time vi CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. ii DECLARATIONS .................................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... v CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Orientation of Study ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Justification of the Study ............................................................................................... 4 1.4 Research Objectives ....................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Research Hypotheses ..................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Definition and Operationalisation of Key Terms ........................................................... 6 1.6.1. Identity ................................................................................................................... 6 1.6.2. Identity Construction.............................................................................................. 7 1.6.3. Culture ................................................................................................................... 8 1.6.4 Cultural Orientation: Individualistic and Collectivistic Continuum ...................... 9 1.6.5. Identity Motives .................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 13 2.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Culture.......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Cultural Orientations: Individualist and Collectivist ................................................... 17 2.3 Identity and Identity Construction ............................................................................... 22 2.4 Theories on Identity Construction................................................................................ 26 vii 2.4.1 Social Identity Theory ........................................................................................... 27 2.4.2 Social Constructivist Theory ................................................................................. 28 2.4.3 Identity Theory ...................................................................................................... 28 2.4.4 Theory of Self-Development .................................................................................. 29 2.4.5 Developmental Theory of Vygotsky ....................................................................... 29 2.4.6 Systems Theory, Ecological Theory & Self-Representation Theory ..................... 30 2.5 Identity Motives ........................................................................................................... 30 2.6 Theories on Identity Motives ....................................................................................... 38 2.7 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................... 42 3.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 42 3.1 Research Setting ..........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Namibia Wildlife and Culture Small Group Tour | Odyssey Traveller
    Australia 1300 888 225 New Zealand 0800 440 055 [email protected] From $8,750 AUD Single Room $9,500 AUD Twin Room $8,750 AUD Prices valid until 30th December 2021 10 days Duration Namibia Destination Level 2 - Moderate Activity Namibia Wildlife and Culture Tour for Seniors Sep 14 2022 to Sep 23 2022 Namibia Wildlife Tour Odyssey offers easy, convenient, and relaxed escorted small group tours across Namibia and beyond into Africa. We explore Namibia’s incredible natural beauty and some truly spectacular scenery along the way. This and more is all waiting to be explored on one of Odyssey’s small group tours of Namibia, designed for the senior traveller, and led by experienced, and enthusiastic like minded people. This Namibia wildlife and cultural tour explores a country that shares its borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east, Namibia Wildlife and Culture Tour for Seniors 29-Sep-2021 1/9 https://www.odysseytraveller.com.au Australia 1300 888 225 New Zealand 0800 440 055 [email protected] and South Africa to the south and east. Wedged between the Kalahari and the South Atlantic, Namibia is home to the oldest desert of the Earth. Despite its parched reputation, Namibia is one of the world’s best wildlife destinations. This escorted small group tour exploring the wildlife and culture of Namibia may be taken on its own or combined with other tours. The tour can also be an extension to Odyssey’s Southern Africa Wildlife Adventure or Madagascar tour. Itinerary: focused on Namibia wildlife and culture The small group tour to Namibia for 9 days begins in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia.
    [Show full text]
  • Past, Present and Future of Namibian Heritage Conference Book
    THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF NAMIBIAN HERITAGE CONFERENCE 28TH - 30TH AUGUST 2018 WINDHOEK, NAMIBIA `The Past, Present and Future of Namibian Heritage’ Conference 28TH - 30TH AUGUST 2018 Publisher and Conference Organiser MUSEUMS ASSOCIATION OF NAMIBIA WINDHOEK, NAMIBIA P.O.Box 147 Windhoek, Namibia 131, 2nd Floor, Maeura Park, Centaurus Road, Windhoek Email: [email protected] Tel: +26461302230 Published: August 2018 ISBN: 978-99916-902-4-7 Publication Layout and Design: NDAPEWOSHALI NDAHAFA ASHIPALA `The Past, Present and Future of Namibian Heritage’ Conference In many ways Heritage defies definition. It can take many forms. It is usually described as a package of objects, places and activities which are seen to reflect the values and beliefs that a family, community or nation wish to pass on to future generations. Yet, society changes over time and the way in which the selection of particular events, personalities, skills or places that are branded as `Heritage’ are remembered and perceived can also change. The `Past, Present and Future of Namibian Heritage’ Conference seeks to provide some time and space for us to exchange opinions. We want to learn HERITAGE lessons from the Past, review our Present practices and plan for the Future. /ˈhɛrɪtɪdʒ/ Participants in this Conference will have many different views, but we believe that by listening and learning from each other we will, together, build a noun common vision. noun: heritage; plural noun: heritages 1. Objects, sites and practices of The Conference has been made possible through a creative partnership the past that are between a number of institutions and donors. The Conference Organising significant because they tell peoples’ stories and Committee is drawn from the University of Namibia (UNAM), Museums help to show how we can enter Association of Namibia (MAN), University of Basel (UBAS) and Carl the future empowered by an understanding Schlettwein Stiftung.
    [Show full text]
  • DISSERTATION O Attribution
    COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za (Accessed: Date). THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF A ROCK SHELTER AND A STONE CIRCLE AT KUIDAS SPRING, NORTH-WEST NAMIBIA by ANZEL VELDMAN MA DISSERTATION submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS in ANTHROPOLOGY in the FACULTY OF HUMANITIES at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR MARLIZE LOMBARD Submission date: October 2014 I Affidavit II Acknowledgements The completion of this study was not possible without the assistance of various people and institutions. I am particularly grateful to my supervisor Prof. Marlize Lombard who did not only provided financial support, but also a great deal of encouragement. The study was funded through a grant awarded to Prof. Lombard by the NRF African Origins Platform Programme, as well as micro-TRACKS (Tracing Ancient Cognition and Knowledge Systems with micro-methods). I thank Dr. Shaw Badenhorst from the Ditsong National Natural History Museum for the analyses of faunal remains and for reading all the draft chapters.
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Democracy and Good Governance
    State Formation in Namibia: Promoting Democracy and Good Governance By Hage Gottfried Geingob Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Politics and International Studies March 2004 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. encourage good governance, to promote a culture of human rights, and to build state institutions to support these policies have also been examined with a view to determining the nature of the state that evolved in Namibia. Finally, the study carries out a democratic audit of Namibia using Swedish normative tools. 1 Acknowledgements The last few years have been tumultuous but exciting. Now, the academic atmosphere that provided a valuable anchor, too, must be hauled up for journeys beyond. The end of this most enjoyable academic challenge has arrived, but I cannot look back without a sense of loss - loss of continuous joys of discovery and academic enrichment. I would like to thank my supervisor, Lionel Cliffe, for his incredible support. In addition to going through many drafts and making valuable suggestions, Lionel helped me endure this long journey with his sustained encouragement. I also thank Ray Bush for going through many drafts and making valuable comments. He has an uncanny ability to visualize the final outcome of research effort.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and Sexuality in Namibia
    Unravelling Taboos Gender and Sexuality in Namibia Edited by Suzanne LaFont and Dianne Hubbard Gender Research and Advocacy Project LEGAL ASSISTANCEUnravelling C ENTTaboos: RGenderE and Sexuality in Namibia ii Unravelling Taboos: Gender and Sexuality in Namibia Unravelling Taboos Gender and Sexuality in Namibia Edited by Suzanne LaFont and Dianne Hubbard Gender Research & Advocacy Project LEGAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE Windhoek NAMIBIA Unravelling Taboos: Gender and Sexuality in Namibia iii © Legal Assistance Centre, 2007 4 Körner Street Windhoek P.O. Box 604 Windhoek Namibia 264-061-223356 264-061-234953 Email – [email protected] Website – www.lac.org.na An Adobe Acrobat (pdf) version of this publication is posted on the LAC website. Printed and bound by John Meinert Printing (Pty) Ltd in Windhoek. ISBNv Unravelling 978-99945-61-23-0 Taboos: Gender and Sexuality in Namibia Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ vi 1. Overview: Gender and Sexuality in Namibia Suzanne LaFont ........................................................................................1 History: Colonialism, Christianity and Tradition 2. Making Tradition: A Historical Perspective on Gender in Namibia Heike Becker ..........................................................................................22 3. Past and Present Practices: Sexual Development in Namibia Philippe Talavera .....................................................................................39 4. The Myth of the Asexual
    [Show full text]
  • Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Working Papers
    MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY WORKING PAPERS Working Paper No.12 THOMAS WIDLOK DEALING WITH INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN PROPERTY REGIMES. AN AFRICAN CASE STUDY Halle / Saale 2000 ISSN 1615-4568 Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, P.O. Box 110351, 06107 Halle / Saale, Phone: +49 (0)345 2927-0, Fax: +49 (0)345 2927-402, http://www.eth.mpg.de, e-mail: [email protected] 1 Dealing with institutional changes in property regimes. An African case study. Thomas Widlok1 Introduction: A sort of communism in Africa “[…] although in effect it approaches a sort of communism, [the economic life of a Bushman band] is really based on the notion of private property.” (Schapera 1930:147) “ […] although an apparently pure communism is observable in the life of the Naman, actually this is not found. Everybody has his own property, which he seeks to increase and improve, and, preferably unobserved by others, to use for himself.” (Schapera 1930:319-320) Europeans have been confused about the property regimes that they have encountered in Africa and in non-European contexts more generally. Schapera’s comments quoted above summarize the dominant views at the time about Khoisan-speaking people in southern Africa, Nama (Khoekhoe- speakers, then called “Hottentots”) and “Bushmen” (now often called “San”). In southern Africa in particular confusion about local property regimes is closely linked to a deliberate disregard of these property regimes in the process of large-scale dispossession of land, cattle and other resources for the benefit of a growing European settler community. The claim that “Bushmen” do not know property has been used as a way of dispossessing them of their land (see Gordon 1989:143).
    [Show full text]
  • Namibia, South Africa, and the Walvis Bay Dispute
    Notes Namibia, South Africa, and the Walvis Bay Dispute Walvis Bay is a port situated on the coast of the emerging nation of Namibia.' The Republic of South Africa currently occupies and con- trols both Namibia and Walvis Bay.2 Namibia will soon be an inde- pendent nation free from South African control; the Pretoria govern- ment, however, alleges that the colonial title it inherited from the United Kingdom gives it sovereignty over the Bay,3 despite the com- mon history, culture, and economic and political systems shared by the Bay and Namibia. This Note argues that the South African claims are invalid and that, legally, the Bay belongs to and therefore must remain with Namibia. The South African legal claim is based on carefully selected his- torical facts and legal theories. South Africa omits certain colonial his- torical facts that undermine its claim, and it overlooks contemporary international law that requires precolonial history to be considered in decolonization disputes. This Note will show that South Africa has relinquished its title to the Bay under three theories of current inter- national law: 1) the norms of international estoppel bar South Africa from separating Walvis Bay and Namibia; 2) the boundaries of non- self-governing territories granted independence may be determined on 1. This Note will use "Walvis Bay" or "the Bay" to refer to the harbor, city, and surrounding enclave as claimed by the British in 1878. See I. BROWNLIE, AFRICAN BOUNDARIES 1273-88 (1979) (describing area claimed by British). This Note will use the name "Namibia" to refer to the geographic area designated on many maps by the colonial appellation "South West Africa." The name Namibia is now used by the indigenous groups in the territory and has been recognized by the United Nations as the official name of the territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Advancing the Owela Display Centre, National Museum of Namibia
    ADVANCING THE OWELA DISPLAY CENTRE, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NAMIBIA Sponsoring Agency: The National Museum of Namibia Anzel Veldman, Curator, Owela Display Centre SUBMITTED BY: Nigel Cochran Lauren Edwards Victoria Howland Caitlin Quinn IKS Project Number: NAM 7 Division # 54 ADVANCING THE OWELA DISPLAY CENTRE, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NAMIBIA An Interactive Qualifying Project Report submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science by Nigel Cochran Lauren Edwards Victoria Howland Caitlin Quinn Date: May 4, 2011 Approved: Professor Ingrid Shockey, Major Advisor Professor Ulrike Brisson, Co-Advisor ABSTRACT This report contains two aspects for the improvement of the Owela Display Centre: two guided-tour pamphlets and a restroom exhibit. The brochures provided supplementary text to the exhibits and the exhibit in the restrooms increased the museum’s aesthetic appeal. We also improved community involvement with the museum by engaging underprivileged students in the creation of the exhibit. Not only did our projects benefit the museum, but also the students who were exposed to a technical life skill and new possibilities. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY National museums are an important part of any country as they ensure the preservation of significant aspects of that country’s heritage. The National Museum of Namibia is no different, with a mission to ―preserve, understand and explain the material heritage of our country for present and future generations, that they may study, enjoy, take pride in and learn from these assets‖ (National Museum of Namibia, 2003, para. 5). The Owela Display Centre at the National Museum of Namibia houses exhibits on the cultures and wildlife of Namibia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Risk Preparedness Workshop Brandberg, Namibia
    REPORT ON THE RISK PREPAREDNESS WORKSHOP BRANDBERG, NAMIBIA FROM 19TH FEBRUARY TO 3TH MARCH 2016 Report submitted by the workshop Coordinators and Resource persons Page 1 of 72 Risk preparedness Workshop Report – Brandberg, Namibia – 19th February-03rd March 2016. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND TO THE RISK PREPAREDNESS WORKSHOP ........................................................................ 4 2. OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 5 3. PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES & PARTICIPANTS EXPECTATIONS .................................................................. 5 4. TRAINING PREPARATION AND COORDINATION ............................................................................................. 6 5. RESOURCE PERSONS AND COORDINATORS ................................................................................................. 7 6. KEY MESSAGES IN THE WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS AND FOLLOW UP DISCUSSIONS ....................... 7 6.1 Introducing Key concepts and Principles for Disaster Risk Management of Cultural and Natural Heritage . 7 6.2 Presentations by participating Countries ...................................................................................................... 9 6.3 Understanding Climate change and Risks .................................................................................................. 10 6.4 Problem tree analysis ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Findaid 2/76 a A.0718 a Private Papers of Brigitte Lau 1955
    National Archives of Namibia Findaid 2/76 A Findaid 2/76 A A.0718 A Private Papers of Brigitte Lau 1955 - 1996 Compiled by A.C. Stern and S.A. Harper National Archives of Namibia, 2001 National Archives of Namibia Findaid 2/76 A: A.0718 A Private Papers of Brigitte Lau Compiled by A.C. Stern and S.A. Harper Windhoek, 2001 Layout re-designed 2018 © National Archives of Namibia Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA Republic of Namibia Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture National Archives of Namibia P/Bag 13250 Windhoek Namibia Tel. +264–61–2935211 (switchboard), 2935210 or 2935222 (reading room) Fax +264–61–2935207 [email protected] Brigitte Lau at her desk at home NAN Photo 19994 ii Findaid 2/76 A Brigitte Lau Private Papers A.0718 A Private Accession A.0718 A Private Papers of Brigitte Lau Former Head of the National Archives of Namibia Introduction a) About these papers With the exception of the “In Memoriam” file at Section J, these papers originate from Brigitte’s home in Windhoek, Namibia. They have been arranged and described by AC Stern and SA Harper, former colleagues of Brigitte at the National Archives of Namibia, and also friends. In their present form of arrangement, they occupy 27 volumes and approximately 2, 20 linear metres shelving space. The collection should be read together with Brigitte’s semi-official papers, also housed in the National Archives of Namibia (A.0718 B). The semi-official collection comprises those documents removed from her office after her death.
    [Show full text]
  • Dartmouth in Namibia
    Dartmouth in Namibia Dartmouth College, Environmental Studies Program, Hanover NH USA October-November 2017 Table of Contents Assessing the Carrying Capacity of the Kuiseb River Ecosystem for Topnaar Livestock ....3 References ..................................................................................................................................30 Appendices ..................................................................................................................................32 Topnaar Livestock Management in the Lower Kuiseb ...........................................................35 References ..................................................................................................................................62 Appendices ..................................................................................................................................65 !Nara Herbivory: Implications for Plant Growth, Productivity, and Associated Animal Communities .................................................................................................................................79 References ................................................................................................................................110 Appendices ...............................................................................................................................115 Assessing the carrying capacity of the Kuiseb River ecosystem for Topnaar livestock November 10, 2017 Prepared by: Nicholas Cervenka Eric Gokee
    [Show full text]
  • Camera Ready Copy
    Identifying Factors for Integrating Math and Music Education at Primary Schools in Namibia Samuli Laato Romanus Shivoro Nicolas Pope Dept. of Future Technologies Faculty of Education Dept. of Future Technologies University of Turku University of Namibia University of Turku Turku, Finland Windhoek, Namibia Turku, Finland [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Frednard Gideon Erkki Sutinen Office of the PVC: Academic Affairs Dept. of Future Technologies University of Namibia University of Turku Windhoek, Namibia Turku, Finland [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— The Namibian school system puts little emphasis music performances is not easy [5]. To address the decline, on art subjects such as music and emphasizes STEM subjects scholars are proposing to combine music with other subjects instead. Despite heavy focus on math teaching at primary schools, like mathematics [6] or computational thinking [7]. many students are not learning. This study investigates how the Furthermore, as education is becoming more and more rich music oriented indigenous culture of Namibia can be ubiquitous due to the availability of the internet and its offered leveraged to assist in math education by teaching math via music. resources, perhaps it’s time for education to shift more First, previous findings from literature are discussed in the towards fostering intrinsic motivation towards learning, than Namibian context. Second, three focus groups (n=12, n=2 and teaching skills which can be evaluated via tests. n=3) are interviewed and consulted in order to find the potential The aim of this study is to explore the possibilities of benefits and barriers of starting to teach math and music leveraging the rich musical culture of Namibia to enhance together.
    [Show full text]