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Barbarians of the Black Sea – the Galatians and Odrysian Thrace

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Barbarians of the Black Sea – the Galatians and Odrysian Thrace 049: Barbarians of the Black Sea – The Galatians and Odrysian Thrace The term “barbarian” is often played fast and loose in the writings of the Greek and Roman authors, whether to simply designate persons or peoples of non-Greco Roman origin, or with a decidedly negative tilt, indicating inferiority in either a cultural or moral sense. One of the goals of the podcast is to try and expand the horizon in terms of cultures and civilizations that we learn about, versus exclusively focusing on the Greeks or Romans, not only because it gives us a better understanding of the peoples who also lived and died during the Hellenistic period, but also because it allows us to learn more about the Greeks and Romans themselves in the context of their environment, and their interactions within said environment. Please excuse my self-aggrandizement, but I bring this topic up because it has relevancy with today’s episode and our current theme of staying around Asia Minor and the Black Sea Region. Though primarily dominated by Greek, Macedonian and, as we saw in the last episode, Iranian rulers, Hellenistic Asia Minor was also home to two major groups that are almost exclusively labelled as “barbarians” within our sources: the first are a relatively new peoples on the scene known as the Galatians, but better understood as the descendants of Celtic warbands that invaded Asia Minor in the early 3rd century and settled the region known as Galatia in today’s Central Turkey. The second are the Thracians, a mountain people scattered across much of the northeastern Balkans, and of particular note is the Odyrsian Kingdom, which was the most powerful indigenous state to emerge in Thrace during the around the Hellenistic period. In this episode, we are going to split up our discussion in two parts, in order to learn how each group managed to adapt themselves to the changing environment, along with their reactions to Hellenization and the accusations of barbarism by their Greco-Macedonian neighbors. Galatians: As a heads up for those who haven’t already listened, back in January of 2019 I did two episodes on the Celtic Migrations into Greece and Asia Minor: episode 20, which covered celtic civilization and its history, and episode 21, which was a narrative of the invasions proper. By virtue of this, I am not going to cover the events of 280-275 BC in much detail, and instead I want to go into depth about the Galatians who had established themselves by the 260s, so check those out since this is essentially a sequel to those episodes. The chaos and instability brought about by the warfare between the Successors of Alexander, along with vast amounts of circulated wealth from the Mediterranean and Asia, had proved irresistible to the Celtic warbands that bordered the Hellenistic world. Like a tsunami, they descended upon both Greece and Asia Minor, some as part of extended raiding parties, while others clearly bent upon migration and settlement. Exaggeration, misinformation, and memories of the invasion of Xerxes in the 5th century likely influenced the estimates of the manpower of these armies, but even when taking a conservative approach it would number in the tens of thousands, as many of the warriors brought with them their families, retainers, and slaves in search of a new land to call their own.1 There was not much in the way of coordination between all of the Celtic tribes who made up this mass migration, as some would remain in the Greek Peninsula and plunder the sacred temple of Delphi or ravage Thrace, before finally being 1 Diodorus, Library of History, 22.9.1; Pausanias, 10.19.6; Justin, Epitome, 25.1; contained by the victories of Antigonus II Gonatas in 277.2 Thanks to the assistance of the Bithynian king Nicomedes, who looked to finish a dynastic dispute with Celtic arms, arrangements were made for some of the tribes to be brought into Asia Minor in 278, some 20,000 in total.3 The wealthy cities of the Anatolian coastline proved irresistible, and aggressive raiding and plundering soon followed suit, with some of the survivors committing suicide at the horrors inflicted upon them during their captivity.4 At the Battle of the Elephants in roughly 275/2745, the Seleucid king Antiochus I inflicted a major defeat against a Celtic army that effectively put an end to any large-scale raiding activities, though incidents of attacks in Asia Minor continued for a number of years afterwards. Instead of massacring the survivors, many of these Celts were settled by Hellenistic kings like Antiochus I and Mithridates I of Pontus. The formation of Galatia did not happen overnight, even with Antiochus’ victory and settlement, which more than likely just greatly limited their efforts rather than stopping them outright. For the next 50 years, the settled Celts continued to be quite mobile and active in the poltical infighting that gripped Asia Minor, until the late 230s, where King Attalus I of Pergamon managed to subdue them in battle and formally restricted them to the region that would become Galatia. Much like Caesar’s division of Gaul6, Galatia was politically divided into three broad parts: the northeastern portion bordering Pontus and Cappadocia belonged to the Trocmi, reportedly the most powerful of the three tribes; the interior was given to the Tectosages (Teck-toe-sahjees), formerly the territory of the ancient Phrygian Kingdom, and includes the modern city of Ankara; lastly, the west was home to the Tolistobogii, near the Ionian coast.7 It’s important to note that each of these regions were politically independent from one another, and in a sense there was no such thing as “the kingdom/state of Galatia”, at least during the earlier period. Treaties would be arranged with each tribe individually, rather than as a collective: if one of the Hellenistic kingdoms was attacked by “the Galatians”, this could mean one of the tribes, two tribes independently, two working together, and so on and so forth. Each tribe is said to have spoken the same Celtic language however, or at the very least had mutually intelligible dialects, though we do not have any surviving Celtic inscriptions from Asia Minor to challenge this.8 Almost all of our information on Galatian government is provided by the geographer Strabo. Though he wrote in the Augustan Age, he was a native of Pontus and a reasonably solid researcher, so it’s not unlikely that he had good sources in neighboring Galatia regarding its political system prior to the Roman conquest.9 It’s also likely that the form of government he describes did not properly emerge until 2 Justin, 25.1-2 3 Livy, 38.16; half of them are said to be noncombatants 4 Palatine Anthology, 7.492; Notes suggest that this might be an inscription based upon a romance, but other authors take it at face value. 5 Appian, Syrian Wars, 65; Lucian, Zeuxis or Antiochus, 8-12; The precise date of this battle is unknown, but is to have taken place between 278 and 268 B.C., I follow Grainger, J.D. “The Galatians: Celtic Invaders of Greece and Asia Minor” Pgs 101-102 6 Caesar, Gallic War, 1.1-4 7 Strabo, Geography, 12.5.2; Livy 38.16 8 Strabo, Geography, 12.5.1; Maier, B. “The Celts: A History from Earliest Times to the Present”, Pg. 93. Celtic names and Locations are preserved via the Greco-Roman authors, see Mitchell, S. “Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor (Volume 1: The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule)” Pg. 50 9 Roller, D.W. “Strabo” in “Oxford Bibliographies” DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0230; Mitchell, S. “ the turn of the 3rd century BC, perhaps due the influence of neighboring Pergamon.10 In each tribe, there were four further divisions known as the “tetrarchies”, headed by an official appropriately known as the “tetrarch”. We aren’t sure as to how the position of Tetrarch is received, perhaps by merit, birth, wealth, or some combination of the three, but descendants would proudly trace their lineage to their ancestors who held the title.11 The tetrarch had four officials that would answer to them: a judge to handle criminal cases, a supreme military commander, and two subordinate commanders. The tetrarchs from all twelve tetrarchies (try saying that three times fast), along with a body of officials numbering 300 in total, would meet at a designated location called Drunemeton (drew-nem-may-tawn) once a year.12 Here they would collectively discuss issues between the tribes and oversee murder cases, and it is very likely that there was some sort of religious element to the meeting: nemeton means “sacred place” in the Celtic tongue, presumably some sort of grove.13 Whether it involved the druids, the religious figures of Celtic society in Central Europe and Britain, is unclear, though certainly not out of the realm of possibility. After all, the organization of the tribes and the yearly council meeting are almost identical to practices in contemporary Gaul, and the involvement of a druid class in legal and diplomatic matters is not a stretch of the imagination, though no direct evidence exists.14 To add to the largely decentralized nature of the Galatian government, there are also a significant number of chiefs underneath the tetrarchs, the numbers approaching nearly 200 in some instances15. An early attempt to abolish the Tetrarchies was by a chieftan named Ortiagon, who tried to unite Galatia under a kingship, though this proved to be a fruitless effort.16 In his description of Galatia, Strabo avoids the use of the term “town” when speaking of the Galatians, instead preferring to say “fortress” or “garrison”.17 It appears that
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