The World Meteorological Organization

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), of which 178'" States and Territories are Members, is a specialized agency of the United Nations. The purposes ofthe Organization are:

(a) To facilitate world-wide cooperation in the establishment of networks of stations for the making of meteorological observations as well as hydrological and other geophysical observations related to meteorology, and to promote the establishment and maintenance of centres charged with the provision of meteorological and related services; (b) To promote the establishment and maintenance ofsystems for the rapid exchange of meteorological and related information; (c) To promote standardization of meteorological and related observations and to ensure the uniform pub­ lication of observations and statistics; (d) To further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activities; (e) To promote activities in operational hydrology and to further close cooperation between Meteorological and Hydrological Services; and (f) To encourage research and training in meteorology and, as appropriate, in related fields and to assist in coordinating the international aspects of such research and training.

(Convention ofthe World Meteorological Organization, Article 2)

The Organization consists of the following:

The World Meteorological Congress, the supreme body of the Organization, brings together the delegates of Members once every four years to determine general policies for the fulfilment of the purposes of the Organization, to approve long-term plans, to authorize maximum expenditures for the following financial period, to adopt Technical Regulations relating to international meteorological and operational hydrological practice, to elect the President and Vice-Presidents ofthe Organization and members ofthe Executive Council and to appoint the Secretary-General; The Executive Council, composed of 36 directors of national Meteorological or Hydrometeorological Services, meets at least once a year to review the activities of the Organization and to implement the programmes approved by Congress; The six regional associations (Africa, Asia, South America, North and Central America, South-West Pacific and Europe), composed of Members, coordinate meteorological and related activities within their respective Regions; The eight technical commissions, composed of experts designated by Members, study matters within their specific areas of competence (technical commissions have been established for basic systems, instruments and methods of observation, atmospheric sciences, aeronautical meteorology, agricultural meteorology, marine meteorology, hydrology, and climatology); The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General, serves as the administrative, documentation and information centre of the Organization. It prepares, edits, produces and distributes the publications ofthe Organization, carries out the duties specified in the Convention and other Basic Documents and provides secretariat support to the work of the constituent bodies ofWMO described above.

';' On 31 December 1994 ANNUAL REPORT 1994

I WMO - No. 824 I

Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization - Geneva - Switzerland 1995 © 1995, World Meteorological Organization

ISBN 92-63-10824-2

NOTE

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Foreword by the Secretary-General ...... 1 Overview ...... 2 Climate change and environmental issues ...... 6 The global climate system in 1994 ...... 10 International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction ...... 14 World Weather Watch Programme ...... 15 World Climate Programme ...... 21 Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme ...... 25 Applications of Meteorology Programme ...... 28 Hydrology and Water Resources Programme ...... 32 Education and Training Programme ...... 36 Technical Cooperation Programme ...... 40 Regional Programme ...... 44 Finance ...... 47 Personnel ...... 48

Annexes I Members of the World Meteorological Organization ...... 50 II Membership of the Executive Council and officers of regional associations and technical commissions ...... 51 III Technical assistance provided in 1994 (summary) ...... 53 IV Publications issued in 1994 ...... 58 V Abbreviations ...... 60

Cover: National Meteorological and Hydrological Services contribute to a nation's economy; through benefits gained by; e.g., the energy; transport, irrigation, tourism and agricultural sectors (Water Resources Branch, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada and the International Fund for Agricultural Development)

The year 1994 witnessed several major events of interest perched on top of Mount Waliguan in China, and the to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Two of second is located at the southernmost tip of South the more important among them relate to the follow-up America, in Ushuaia, Argentina. to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Another important milestone for the Organization Development and its Agenda 21, namely the entry into was the launching of the World Hydrological Cycle force on 21 March of the UN Framework Convention on Observing System (WHYCOS). Initiated by WMO with Climate Change (UNIFCCC) and the opening for signa­ the support of the World Bank, WHYCOS will address ture on 14 October of the International Convention to the growing concerns about the lack of accessible Combat Desertification. WMO continues to provide information on the scarcity of freshwater resources and effective support to these Conventions, mainly by provid­ their sustainability in many parts ofthe globe. ing personnel and technical support to their Secretariats Through their support to the foregoing achievements and the scientific information that is required by policy­ and numerous others in the fields of meteorology and and decision-makers. The WMOIUNEP Intergovern­ operational hydrology, the national Meteorological and mental Panel on Climate Change completed during 1994 Hydrological Services contribute an estimated US $20 to its Special Report to the first Conference of the Parties 40 billion each year to the economies of countries world­ to the UN/FCCC to be held in Berlin, Germany, in wide. This was a major conclusion of the global March-April 1995. Conference on the Economic Benefits of Meteorological This year was also the mid-point of the International and Hydrological Services, the largest conference ever Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, and WMO held on the subject, which took place in Geneva from actively participated in the World Conference on 19 to 23 September 1994. Although the services provided Natural Disaster Reduction in Yokohama, Japan, in May are undervalued in most countries, over 250 experts 1994. Although the world today is a safer place because from 127 countries reached broad consensus that these the capability exists to forecast impending disasters and economic benefits amounted to five to ten times the to warn target populations of these events, this capabil­ budgets expended by the NMHSs of Member countries of ity is limited to only certain types of disasters and for WMO. specific areas ofthe globe. WMO's message at Yokohama During 1994, WMO also welcomed to its fold four new was that "warning systems for all" by the end of this Members, namely Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, century is an achievable goal with only a modest invest­ the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Moldova, bring­ ment that is required for the provision of effective ing to 178 the total membership ofthe Organization. systems for early warning, education, training and As we look ahead to the twenty-first century, I am capacity building. confident that, through strengthened alliance with its Rising sea level as a result of potential climate change partners around the world, whether they be from was at the centre of debate during the UN Conference governmental, non-governmental, public or private on the Sustainable Development of Small Island sector organizations, WMO will successfully meet, in its Developing States (SIDS) held in Barbados in April-May area of competence, the multifarious challenges facing 1994. WMO and the national Meteorological and humankind. Hydrological Services (NMHSs), particularly those in countries that are vulnerable to this phenomenon, provided valuable inputs to the development of adapta­ tion strategies for SIDS. As a further testimony to its important contribution ~------to the climate change issue and the protection of the .. environment, WMO assisted in the establishment oftwo - new Global Atmosphere Watch stations: the first, con­ G. O. P. Obasi sidered to be the highest observatory in the world, is Secretary-General WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

WMO's membership increased with Geneva from 10 to 21 October. More the accession to the WMO Con­ information on the outcome of the POLICY-RELATED vention of four new Members, sessions can be found in other sec­ MEETINGS namely: Azerbaijan; Bosnia and tions of this report. Herzegovina; the Kyrgyz Republic; Date and place Title Follow-up to UNCED and the Republic of Moldova. At the 31 Jan.-4 Feb. Bureau - thirtieth end of 1994, the Organization Highlights of the year were the entry Melbourne and session comprised 173 Member States and into force on 21 March 1994 of the Canberra, Australia five Territories. UN Framework Convention on Three regional associations held Climate Change and the signing in 6June Bureau - thirty-first their eleventh sessions during the Paris (14-15 October 1994) of the Geneva session year: RA VI (Europe) in Oslo, International Convention to Combat 6 June Financial Advisory Norway, from 2 to 13 May; RA V Desertification by 87 countries. The Geneva Committee (South-West Pacific) in Noumea, Desertification Convention continues New Caledonia, from 18 to 27 May; to be open for signature at the 7-17 June Executive Council - and RA I (Africa) in Gaborone, United Nations Headquarters in Geneva forty-sixth session Botswana, from 14 to 25 November. New York until its entry into force 14-15 September Meeting of The eleventh sessions of the 90 days after its ratification by 50 Geneva and Presidents of Commission for Instruments and States. WMO has offered to host the Domainede Technical Methods of Observation (CIMO) and permanent Secretariats of both Divonne, France Commissions the Commission for Atmospheric conventions in its new Headquarters Sciences (CAS) were held in Geneva building which is expected to be from 21 February to 4 March and ready in late 1997-early 1998. from 5 to 14 April, respectively. An The Intergovernmental Negoti­ tion to Combat Desertification in extraordinary session of the Com­ ating Committee on the Convention Mrica, the continent most affected mission for Basic System (CBS) was to Combat Desertification adopted a by drought and desertification. held in Helsinki, Finland, from 8 to resolution on Urgent Action for Further details are given in the 18 August and the tenth session of Africa which urges Member States to following chapter. the Commission for Aeronautical initiate immediate action towards WMO and national Meteoro­ Meteorology (CAeM) took place in the implementation of the Conven- logical and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) contributed to the elabora­ Sea-level rise was considered a priority issue by the UN Conference on the Sustainable Development tion of both conventions and will of Small Island Developing States (Barbados, April-May 1994) (WMO/E. Gorre-Dale) play a key role in their imple­ mentation. NMHSs will need to take appropriate action regarding coordi­ nation of national and regional efforts to implement the conventions as well as the Convention on Bio­ logical Diversity. In that regard, WMO guidelines have been widely distributed to all Members. In support of the first session of the Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention, to be held in Berlin from 28 March to 7 April 1995, a Special Report was prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change OPCC) (see p. 7). The UN Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small

2

~------~------Participants at the forty-sixth session of the Executive Council (Geneva, June 1994) (WMO/Bianco)

Island Developing States (Barbados, and technical programmes for the Future exchange of meteorologica l April-May 1994) considered sea-level medium- and long-term, respectively. data and products rise as a high-priority issue in the Approval by Congress of the pro­ context of sustainable development. posals contained in these two docu­ The Executive Council and its Work­ WMO assisted in the development of ments will set the course for WMO's ing Group on the Commercialization the Action Programme and will programmes up to and beyond the contribute to its implementation. turn of the century. A mid-decade review of the A significant decision of the AWARDS CONFERRED BY IDNDR took place during the World Council, recorded in Resolution 15 EC-XLVI Conference on Natural Disaster (EC-XLV!), was the restoration of Reduction (Yokohama, Japan, May rights and privileges to the Republic • The thirty-ninth IMO Prize was 1994) which confirmed the concern of South Africa as a Member of conferred on Mr James P. Bruce of the international community for WMO. (Canada); the mitigation of natural disasters The Council approved some • The winner of the 1994 Professor and the relevance of WMO's pro­ changes in its membership and Vilho Vaisala Award was Dr D. J. grammes that focus on risk assess­ reviewed the composition of its vari­ Gaffen (USA) for her paper "Historical ment and disaster prevention and ous panels, working groups and changes in radiosonde instruments preparedness. Further information committees in the light of these and practices"; is given on pages 9 and 14. changes. Confirming the construction of a • The winners of the 1995 Norbert Forty-sixth session of the new WMO Beadquarters building in Gerbier-MUMM International Award Executive Council Geneva, the Council requested the were Drs J. B. Kerr and C. T. McElroy The forty-sixth session of the Execut­ Secretary-General to pursue the (Canada) for their paper "Evidence of ive Council took place in Geneva negotiations with the Swiss author­ large upward trends in UV-B radiation from 7 to 17 June 1994. The session ities to enable the first stone of the linked to ozone depletion"; reviewed the preparations for the building's foundation to be laid • The WMO Research Award for Young Twelfth World Meteorological Con­ during Twelfth Congress. It was Scientists was won by Mr Du Jun gress - the supreme body of WMO agreed that other organizations (China) for his two-part research (see inside front cover) - which will sharing common interests with paper entitled "Numerical study of the m eet in Geneva from 30 May to WMO may rent space in the new rapid cyclogenesis over sea" and "On 21 June 1995. building. ageostrophic secondary circulation of The Secretary-General's pro­ Three scientific lectures were an off-shore cyclone over the East gramme and budget proposals for presented by invited experts: China Sea" and by Dr R. V. Bekriaev the twelfth financial period (1996- "Hydrological cycle", I. Shiklomanov, (Russian Federation) for his research 1999) and the draft Fourth Long­ Russian Federation; "Global Energy paper on "The study of mechanisms term Plan (1996-2005) were re­ and Water Cycle Experiment of formulation of quasi-stationary viewed by the Council prior to their (GEWEX)", P. Morel, WMO regime of atmospheric circulation in submission to Twelfth Congress. The Secretariat; and "Very short-term temperate and high latitudes". budget and the plan cover the strat­ weather forecasting", M. D. Eilts, egy and projects ofWMO's scientific USA.

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of Meteorological and Hydrological • Substantially greater accuracy of World Meteorological Day and Services continued their delibera­ forecasts over the whole globe; information activities tions with a view to formulating recommendations to Twelfth Con­ • Improvements of warnings of en­ "Observing the weather and climate" gress on future policies and practices vironmental and severe weather was the chosen theme for World relating to the international ex­ and hydrological events; Meteorological Day. An information change of data and products. • Increasing reliability of seasonal kit containing a message from the The Council emphasized the need forecasts in the tropics; and Secretary-General, a booklet entitled to coordinate data exchange issues "Observing the world's environment: with other international agencies, in • A more extensive and better valid­ weather, climate and water" (WMO ated scientific basis for providing particular IOC, UNEP, and ICSU No. 796) and a videoclip for TV advice to the world community on which, together with WMO, are broadcasters was given wide distri­ climate variability and change. sponsors of such programmes as bution. During a special ceremony GOOS, GCOS, WCRP and IGOSS. The Organization had also con­ organized in the WMO Secretariat, The commitment to the research and tributed significantly to the post­ Professor Georgy Grechko, a world education communities to continue UNCED agenda for sustainable renowned cosmonaut and now Chief to provide free and unrestricted development and had ensured that of the Laboratory of the Institute of access to data and products for their meteorology and operational hydro­ Atmospheric Physics of the Russian non-commercial activities, and to logy were effectively included in Academy of Sciences, spoke about strengthen t he WMO and ICSU national and international planning. his experiences in observing the World Data Centres, was also under­ In reviewing the draft of the weather and the environment from lined. Accordingly, the Council Fourth Long-term Plan (1996-2005) space. adopted a comprehensive package of the Council provided guidance for its A seminar entitled "Meteomedia" resolutions designed to strengthen finalization prior to submission to was organized at the ILO Training the exchange of meteorological and Twelfth Congress. Centre, Turin, Italy, in August­ related data and products and to The Council placed on record the September 1994. As part of a new manage the implementation of the opinion of many Members as to the initiative, WMO organized, for the proposed new practice in a coherent usefulness of Long-term Plans. first time ever, a special Workshop manner. The final decision on how to Whilst agreeing that the overall on TV Weather Presentation and deal with the commercialization planning process in WMO should Communication Skills (Nairobi, issue rests with Twelfth Congress. continue to serve as the mechanism Kenya, November 1994). A similar for ensuring that the priorities of seminar will be held in Singapore in Long-term planning Members were appropriately reflec­ April 1995. The Council carried out a comprehen­ ted in the programme and budget for sive review of the progress and per­ subsequent financial periods, the Conferences formance ofWMO's programmes over Council agreed to recommend to A Technical Conference on Manage­ the years 1990-1993, i. e. covering the Congress that the process should be ment of Meteorological and Hydro­ relevant parts of the Second and reviewed at an early stage in the meteorological Services of New Third Long-term Plans. It concluded twelfth financial period in order Members of WMO was convened in that WMO and its Members had to determine whether, and if so in Geneva from 12 to 16 September made significant progress in research what form, the Fifth Long-term Plan 1994 with the participation of and in the provision of meteorological should include individual Part II recently appointed Directors of and hydrological services which had volumes for each of the major pro­ national Meteorological and Hydro­ resulted, most notably, in: grammes of the Organization. logical Services. The conference,

The Secretary-General of WMO, Professor G. 0. P Obasi, joined participants and resource persons at the Workshop on TV Weather Presentation and Communication Skills in Nairobi (Kenya Meteorological Department)

4 Participants at the Technical Conference on Management of Meteorological and Hydrometeorological Services of New Members of WMO (Geneva, September 1994) (C , BlattlLightmotiD

attended by 41 participants from 37 investments made by NMHSs. The Argentina, on the southernmost tip countries, addressed major issues conference recommended that ofthe South American continent (see concerning the management and economic-benefit analysis should be also p. 26). development of NMHSs in the further developed and refined to context offollow-up to UNCED, tech­ underpin continued and increased Status of global climate nological and scientific advances, government funding of national A WMO statement on the status of evolving socio-economic conditions Meteorological and Hydrological the global climate in 1993 (WMO and the widening range of users and Services and to stimulate revenues, No. 809) was published in early 1994 their needs, The conference adopted as appropriate, from the private within the framework of the Climate several recommendations on the sector. The conference also provided System Monitoring activities of the n eed for WMO and NMHSs to a unique opportunity for an ex­ World Climate Programme. contribute to the sustainable devel­ change of views on the benefits of A Plan for the Global Climate opment of new Members and to collaboration between government Observing System has been pre­ that of countries with economies in services and the private sector. pared describing the structure of the transition. programme and the Initial Opera­ The global "Conference on the Ozone monitoring tional System. Economic Benefits of Meteorological The state of the ozone layer a n d Hydrological Services", con­ remained a critical issue. The WMO Water resources - WHYCOS vened by WMO in collaboration with Ozone Assessment for 1994 con­ A major initiative during the year IAEA, ECE, UNEP and FAO, was firmed the continued destruction of was the launching by WMO, with on e of the major events of 1994. the ozone layer due to the rising the support of the World Bank, of a More than 250 participants from levels of stratospheric chlorine and World Hydrological Cycle Observing 127 countries met in Geneva from other ozone depleting chemicals. System (WHYCOS) to meet the 19 to 23 September 1994 to review An exciting development of the growing concern about the availabil­ methodologies and to assess the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) ity and sustainability of freshwater social and economic benefits of was the opening of the GAW stations resources. Information on the national Services. The benefits were at Mount Waliguan, China, in the WHYCOS component for Africa is estimated to be five to ten times the Tibetan highlands and at U shuaia, given on p. 34.

5 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

UNCED follow-up will address land use and desertifica­ tion, forests and biodiversity and, in FCCC - ARTICLE 2 The United Nations Conference on 1996, the atmosphere and ocean and Environment and Development all kinds of seas. The ultimate objective of this Convention and (UNCED) led to the development of WMO Members are regularly in­ any related legal instruments that the a number of international agree­ formed of significant developments. Conference of the Parties may adopt is to ments. Among the more important achieve, in accordance with the relevant provi­ were the negotiations on the Frame­ UN Framework Convention on Climate sions of the Convention, stabilization of green­ work Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) house gas concentrations in the atmosphere Change, which was ratified in 1994, The Framework Convention on at a level that would prevent dangerous and those on the International Con­ Climate Change came into force on anthropogenic interference with the climate vention to Combat Desertification. 21 March 1994. The Intergovern­ system. Such a level should be achieved In order to coordinate UNCED mental Negotiating Committee for within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosys­ follow-up action, the United Nations the FCCC met twice in 1994. Its tems to adapt naturally to climate change, to established various mechanisms, final session in February 1995 will ensure that food production is not threatened such as the Inter-Agency Committee pave the way for the first session of and to enable economic development to on Sustainable Development the Conference of the Parties to be proceed in a sustainable manner. (IACSD) and the Commission on held in Berlin from 28 March to Sustainable Development (CSD), for 7 April 1995. At that session the implementation of Agenda 2l. adequate consideration will be given WMO participates actively in the to commitments related to system­ work of these bodies. atic observations, climate research both requiring substantial input Following reviews by WMO's and measures to cope with the from climate science and on climate Executive Council and other con­ impact of climate change. WMO and applications. stituent bodies, plans and projects national Meteorological and relating to UNCED follow-up have Hydrological Services should there­ Desertification Convention been incorporated in the programme fore continue to stress the import­ The elaboration ofthe International and budget for the period 1996-1999 ance of developing a comprehensive Convention to Combat Desertifi­ and in the Fourth Long-term Plan, strategy for climate change covering cation continued in 1994. Three which outlines the future directions mitigation and adaptation measures, sessions of the Intergovernmental of WMO's scientific and technical programmes for the years 1996 to Meteorological data are vital for land reclamation projects. An International Convention to Combat 2005. Desertification was opened for signature on 14 October 1994 (L. de Toledo) Within the UN system, WMO has provided IACSD with inputs to various sectoral and cross-sectoral clusters of UNCED's Agenda 2l. Also, as lead agency for the World Climate Programme and for drought monitoring, WMO is guiding the preparation of an integrated pro­ posal on the climate-related activi­ ties of international organizations. The proposal will be submitted to WMO's Congress and to the govern­ ing bodies of sponsoring organiza­ tions in 1995. WMO participated in the 1994 session of the CSD which dealt, among other things, with the issue of fresh water (see p. 9). In 1995, CSD

6 GLOBAL CLIMATE OBSERVING SYSTEM (GCOS)

The Global Climate Observing System was established to ensure the cooperate closely with oceanographic programmes, including the provision of observations needed for: Global Ocean Observing System which is now being developed under the aegis of IOC, and, for land surface and ecosystem requirements, • Climate system monitoring, climate change detection, and close cooperation will be ensured with, inter alia , the Global Terrestrial response monitoring, especially in terrestrial ecosystems; Observing System, now being established by several international • Data for application to national economic development; organizations. A GCOS Plan has been prepared. It describes the structure of the • Research toward improved understanding, modelling, and predic­ programme, and sets forth a detailed strategy, including elements of tion of the climate system. the Initial Operational System for GCOS. It provides a rationale for the Sponsored by WMO, IOC of UNESCO, UNEP and ICSU, GCOS is measurements required and recommends specific observations for being planned and developed under the guidance of the Joint Scientific implementation. In addition to the overall Plan, initial versions of plans and Technical Committee (JSTC). The committee is responsible for for space-based observations and for data and information manage­ defining and justifying scientifically the observations required and for ment have been prepared. establishing an appropriate data-management system . The JSTC has During the year, meetings of the JSTC and its six subsidiary bodies established several scientific design and cross-cutting panels to assist were held. Reports are available from the GCOS Joint Planning Office in the development of the programme. located at WMO Headquarters. When fully operational the Global Climate Observing System will gather together all the necessary observations from the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and cryosphere, including both surface- and space-based observations. However, the system is being developed in a phased manner, building upon the present observational activities of the operational and research programmes of participating countries. For observations from the atmosphere, the JSTC maintains close links with ongoing WMO programmes, including WWW and GAW, to ensure the climate needs are met. For data from the oceans, it will

Negotiating Committee took place, has been deposited with the UN Intergovernmenta l Panel on each ofthem attended by over a 100 Secretary-General. Climate Change (I PCC) countries, UN bodies and specialized There are many articles in the agencies, including WMO, and other Convention, related to meteorology During 1994, the IPCC completed its intergovernmental and non-govern­ and operational hydrology, that Special Report to the first session of mental organizations. The sessions require the specific attention of the Conference of the Parties to the were devoted almost entirely to WMO and its Members. Some of Climate Change Convention. All detailed consideration of the pro­ them call for action on drought early­ three working groups contributed: posed text of the Convention. warning contingency plans, and Working Group I (on science) with a The final text of the Convention, preparedness and capacity building, 1994 update on the anthropogenic including regional implementation including institution building. Action radiative forcing of climate change annexes for Africa, Asia, Latin relating to research into the causes and the Phase I, IPCC Guidelines on America and the Caribbeans, and of drought and desertification and National Greenhouse Gas Inven­ the northern Mediterranean area, the alleviation of their effects tories; Working Group II (on impacts was adopted on 17 June 1994. Two through cloud seeding as well as and response options) with guide­ resolutions were also adopted on judicious land use and management lines on climate change impacts and Interim Arrangements, and Urgent was also specified. adaptations; and Working Group III Action for Africa. To avoid duplication of effort, (cross-cutting economic and other At the kind invitation of France, especially in the areas of research, issues) with a chapter on the evalu­ the Convention was opened for training, observation and informa­ ation of the six emission scenarios signature at a two-day meeting held tion, and data collection and (known as IS92 scenarios) contained in Paris on 14 and 15 October 1994; exchange, it will be advantageous to in the IPCC 1992 Supplement. A it was signed by 87 countries. coordinate the implementation ofthe summary for policy-makers also Arrangements were made to enable Climate Change and Desertification forms part ofthe report. All contribu­ other countries to sign the Con­ Conventions. tions underwent world-wide peer vention at the United Nations WMO distributed advance copies and governmental reviews in accor­ Headquarters in New York. The of the full text of the Convention to dance with IPCC procedures. Convention will enter into force Combat Desertification to all The 1994 updated report on radia­ ninety days after the date on which Members to enable them to study it tive forcing takes into account the the fiftieth instrument of ratification and initiate appropriate action. newest findings on the distribution,

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sources, sinks and the chemistry of A growing world major greenhouse gases and anthro­ population and pogenic aerosols. rampant energy The Phase I Guidelines for consumption bring National Greenhouse Gas Invent­ the threat of increas­ ories prepared by Working Group I ing emissions of CO2 comprises three volumes "Reporting and other greenhouse instructions", "Workbook" and gases that may harm "Reference manual". The guidelines the global climate h ave been accepted by the Inter­ system governmental Negotiating Com­ 0N. Kutnahorsky, mittee for FCCC as the interim weC) methodology to help the Parties to the Convention make national inventories of emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments. The guidelines were subjected to extensive review and testing in many developed and developing countries. Training workshops on national inventories were held for Mrica (in Nairobi) and Asia (in Bangkok) with funding assistance from govern­ ments, UNEP and the Global Environment Facility; similar work-

shops were held earlier for South models (Milan, April 1994) and on IPCC MEETINGS* America, Asia and eastern Europe. equity and social considerations Working Group II revised its related to climate change (Nairobi, Date and place Title earlier Preliminary IPCC Guidelines July 1994) in order to: 4-5 February IPee Bureau- for Assessing the Impacts of Climate • Inform experts from different Geneva seventh session Change (1992) and the updated text has been published as the IPCC regions about issues related to the 13-15 September IPee WG 1 - fourth Technical Guidelines for Assessing economics of climate change; and Maastricht, session Climate Change Impacts and Netherlands • Gather material for its contribu­ Adaptations. Extensively reviewed tion to the IPCC Second Assess­ 27- 28 September IPee WG 111- and tested in developed and develop­ ment Report, to be completed in Geneva second session ing countries, the guidelines are 1995. expected to provide an assessment 7 November IPeeWG 111- methodology for the Parties to the The IPCC held many meetings of Nairobi, Kenya second session Climate Change Convention with lead a uthors to draft its Special (contd .) regard to the impacts of climate Report as well as the 60 chapters in 8 November IPeeWG 11- change in their regions and evalu­ the Second Assessment Report. The Nairobi, Kenya second session ations of available adaptation IPCC rules call for the inclusion of at measures. least one lead author from the devel­ 9 November IPee Bureau - The IS92 scenarios of future emis­ oping world in the writing team for Nairobi, Kenya eighth session sions of greenhouse gases were each chapter (this requirement also 10-12 November IPee - tenth evaluated by Working Group III with applied for the Special Report). The Nairobi, Kenya session particular reference to their sensit­ draft chapters undergo a rigorous ivity to socio-economic assumptions, two-stage review process: peer such as growth of population and of review by experts nominated by national GDP. governments, intergovernmental • Excluding meetings of the bureaux of Working Group III h eld three and non-governmental organizations working groups, workshops, sub-groups workshops on policy instruments (the last including specifically indus­ and lead authors' meetings of IPee and th eir implications (Tsukuba, try and environmental groups); and Japan, January 1994), on economic a review by governments.

8 PRINCIPLES OF THE YOKOHAMA STRATEGY FOR A SAFER WORLD

1. Risk assessment is a required step for the adoption of adequate 8. The international community accepts the need to share the and successful disaster reduction policies and measures. necessary technology to prevent, reduce and mitigate disaster; this should be made freely available and in a timely manner as an 2. Disaster prevention and preparedness are of primary importance integral part of technical cooperation. in reducing the need for disaster relief. 9. Environmental protection as a component of sustainable develop­ 3. Disaster prevention and preparedness should be considered ment consistent with poverty allevi ation is imperative in the integral aspects of development policy and planning at national , prevention and mitigation of natural disasters. regional, bilateral, multilateral and international levels. 10. Each country bears the primary responsibility for protecting its 4. The development and strengthening of capacities to prevent, people, infrastructure, and other national assets from the impact reduce and mitigate disasters is a top priority area to be of natural disasters. The international community should demon­ addressed during the Decade so as to provide a strong basis for strate strong political determination required to mobilize adequate, follow-up activities to the Decade. and make efficient use of existing, resources, including financial , 5. Early warnings of impending disasters and their effective dis­ scientific and technological means, in the field of natural disaster semination using telecommunications, including broadcast reduction, bearing in mind the needs of the developing countries, services, are key factors to successful disaster prevention and particularly the least developed countries. preparedness. 6. Preventive measures are most effective when they involve parti­ cipation at all levels, from the local community through the national government to the regional and international level. 7 Vulnerability can be reduced by the application of proper design and patterns of development focused on target groups, by appro­ priate education and training of the whole community.

The Panel is also exploring the urgent action is therefore required The Commission welcomed the scientific-technical basis for achiev­ on the part of governments and systematic collection and analysis of ing the objective of the Climate international organizations. The information being carried out by UN Change Convention as embodied in Commission's recommendations of organizations. its Article 2 (see p. 6). A workshop relevance to WMO are as follows: was held for the purpose in Forta­ leza, Brazil, in October. The IPCC • Governments are urged to mobi­ will prepare a synthesis of the lize the financial resources needed outcome of its study of the issue for to implement Chapter 18 of inclusion in its Second Assessment Agenda 21, and United Nations Report. agencies and progra mmes are At its tenth session the P a n el urged to provide the necessary adopted the 1994 Special Report and technical assistance; approved its 1995 budget. • WMO, UNESCO and other UN CSD considers freshwater agencies are urged to strengthen resources their efforts to make a compre­ hensive assessment of freshwater The second session of the Commis­ resources - a subject to be sion on Sustainable Development considered by the 1997 Special (May 1994) noted with concern that Session of the UN General many countries were facing a water Assembly; and crisis with rapid deteriora tion of water quality, serious water short­ • Adequate support is to be given to ages and reduced availability of strategies which address the fresh water, all of which were affect­ water resources issues identified ing human health, ecosystems and in the Programme of Action for economic development. Concern was the Sustainable Development of also expressed that the water crisis Small Island Developing States, infringed on the basic human needs adopted at the Barbados Con­ of present and future generations; ference (April-May 1994).

9 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

Global surface temperature rises again 0.40 ,------;---, 0.30 The 1994 estimated global mean surface temperature anomaly 0.20 (departure from normal calculated 0.10 relative to the 1951-1980 base OOG period) for land and marine areas -0.10 was +0.31°C ±0.03°C. The uncer­ tainty in this estimate arises mainly -0.20 from data sparsity, especially in the -0.30

southern hemisphere oceans and -0.40 parts of the tropics, and lack of data -0.50 from the Antarctic. As a result, C> '" = '" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '" '" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ different analysis techniques yield YEAR recent global mean anomalies that differ by a few hundredths of a Global land, air and sea-surface temperature anomalies are computed with respect to the degree. All estimates for 1994 rely 1860-1994 period. The fitted curve is a 21-point binomial filter (Hadley Centre, Meteorological heavily on land-surface air-tempera­ Office, UK) ture data from about 1 400 surface

SIGNIFICANT CLIMATE ANOMALIES AND EPISODIC EVENTS DURING 1994

Very dry ' wet season; summer drought & fires; good start to '94-'95 wet season Very dry Oct.-Dec.

'-.... in G~~~~rd ~ .~&TX

Strong hurricanes: Emilia; Gilma; John (Jul. -Sep.) STRONGENSO DEVELOPS LATE IN YEAR Scattered rare snows (winter)

Warm May-Jun.; dry Aug.-Oct.; warm Sep.-Dec. Good '93-'94 wet season; Five damaging slow start to (Jan.-Mar.) '94-'95 cyclones including wet season "Cyclone of Century" Geralda Source: CAC

10 - -- WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

. -15-13 . -13-11 . -11-9 11 -9-7 11 -7- 5 1li1 -5-3 . -3--10-1-101-3 0 3-5 m5-7 . 7-9 111 g.11 1E1 11- 131li1 13-15 90N

60N

30N

30S

60S

90S

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

Percentage deviation (from the 1964-1980 average) of total atmospheric ozone concentrations (averaged along latitudinal bands) based on surface data from the WMO Global Ozone Observing System with statistical model interpolations. Deviations are shown at intervals of two per cent. Values below -15 per cent are indicated by the same colour. The Antarctic spring and the northern hemisphere winter-spring ozone declines are especially well demonstrated. Also note the quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone concentrations and the lack of significant changes in the equatorial regions (8ojkov and Fioletev, J. Geophys. Res., 1995)

stations, mostly distributed as WMO normal with the negative departures Continued increases in carbon monthly CLiMAT messages, and on from normal being the largest in 15 dioxide and methane ocean-surface temperatures based on years ofthe satellite record. approximately two million measure­ The upward trend in concentrations ments from ships and buoys. Most of Ozone depletion continues of atmospheric carbon dioxide these data were exchanged over the The overall trend of ozone decline and methane continued in 1994, Global Telecommunication System. continued during 1994 (see figure although the rate of increase of The figure on the facing page (top) above). Mter record low ozone con­ methane over the past few years has shows that 1994 was indisputably centrations were observed over the slowed somewhat. warmer than 1992 and 1993, similar northern middle latitudes in early to 1988, but not as warm as 1990 1993, the 1994 ozone deficiencies Below-normal snow cover and and 1991. Global temperatures have were smaller, being still 5 per cent above-normal ice cover increased approximately 0.5°C over below the long-term average. In the The period from the late 1980s to the past 135 years. During 1994, northern hemisphere, during spring, the present represents the longest individual monthly positive temper­ the greatest ozone deficiencies were interval of below-normal snow-cover ature anomaly records were set for over Siberia and western and central extent over the northern hemisphere mean global temperatures in April, Europe, coinciding with regions of since the beginning of the satellite­ September and December. high concentrations of chlorine oxide, based observation record in 1972. a by-product of CFCs. This coin­ However, longer-term station-based Extreme events cause havoc in cidence supports chemical ozone des­ snow-cover observations suggest many countries truction as a cause of the deficiency. that the late 1970s may have been While extreme climatic anomalies Severe ozone depletion has been the snowiest period since the turn of and weather events (see facing page) observed every spring in the the century. For the eight-year were as numerous and as destruc­ Antarctic since the early 1980s. In period ending December 1994, hemi­ tive as ever in 1994, there is still no the spring of 1994, the ozone decline spheric areal snow cover was above scientific evidence that would indi­ reached another record low value for normal in only 13 months. cate an increased frequency of such the September averages. For nearly Despite fairly large year-to-year events. six weeks, the ozone in the lower variability, a relatively steady in­ stratosphere was severely depleted. crease in total Arctic sea-ice extent Tropospheric warming and It should be noted that all these has been observed since July 1993. stratospheric cooling extremes in 1994 occurred despite During this period, ice cover in­ Satellite-derived estimates of lower­ the complete disappearance of vol­ creased slightly in the Barents and troposphere temperatures showed a canic aerosols from the 1991 erup­ Okhotsk Seas and increased more rise of global temperature anomalies tion of Mt Pinatubo. This supports dramatically in the Beaufort Sea. In to clearly positive values for the first scientific model indications that contrast with the Arctic, total sea-ice time since the eruption of Mt Pina­ volcanic aerosols contributed to only cover in the Antarctic has shown tubo in June 1991. Stratospheric a small fraction of the observed little variability since 1989, although temperatures were colder than ozone depletion in recent years. this was not the case earlier in the

11 ~li~'-<'''~:;,-":::'ff""_"..-~- ::!~':..'''-<;::J.;.'~'' ."'I!>" ,;;r··,:'.,,,,<,~,-,;, -';$' ~,?-.H:'",,~-.!'> 'V'>-'''r''~'~"'>, ; -WMO ANNUAL REPORT c1994 WMO ANNUAL RERORT ,j994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

/ .. ~~' , __ , " ';.. t ,,;_,~ , .. "-:;,:;, r. ~"" '.. ~-!:... '""~._-~" ""0": " ..... ~. :', \ " .. ?"-~:;l"",-: ~,>_.. ',"., .",,,~,,_ T~ ~ ")~." T, .,F,'->'-'; .; record. During the past several the wet season as a whole replaced by subnormal rainfall and years, selected sub-regions around (May-September) was the wettest in above-normal temperatures in May the Antarctic have experienced sub­ 30 years across the western Sahel. and early June, stressing crops in stantial changes in sea-ice extent Five tropical systems made land­ parts of the North China Plain. After with the overall net ice cover being fall on Madagascar during the first a brief respite dUling June and early slightly above normal. three months of the year. Cyclone July, dry weather returned to the Geralda (early February) traversed southern half of Japan, central Warm-episode ENSO redevelops the southern and central parts of the China and the Republic of Korea in The global warmth during 1994 and island. As much as 400 mm of rain mid-July, normally a very wet time some of the other unusual climatic and winds gusting to 215 km h - 1 of the year. According to press events were at least partly associ­ lashed the island, destroying build­ reports, reservoirs near Tokyo were ated with the long-lived El Niiio/ ings and damaging crops. National at half-capacity or less as highs Southern Oscillation (ENSO) epis­ officials described Geralda as the approached 40°C in southern Japan. ode, which redeveloped during the "cyclone of the century" because of Seoul, Republic of Korea, reported a second half of the year (see figure the extreme devastation in the east­ high of 38.4°C, its highest reading below). Thus far, the 1990s have ern coastal city of Toamasina. since 1907. To the north, heat spread been characterized by an unusually across most of Mongolia and central long period of ENSO conditions. The Droughts and storms in Asia Siberia where temperatures climbed redevelopment of warm-episode Much ofIndonesia received less than to 41°C at some locations. conditions in the tropical Pacific 40 per cent of normal rainfall In 1994, 12 tropical cyclones during 1994 means that three out of between May and October. Java and struck China: the highest number in the last four years have been charac­ the Lesser Sunda Islands had less more than 40 years. In late August, terized as warm-episode (ENSO) than 10 per cent during this period. typhoon Fred moved slowly into years. However, an examination of From early May to mid-June, southern Zhejiang province of east­ the historical record shows that such exceptionally hot conditions seared central China, accompanied by 100 prolonged periods of above-normal most of central and northern India to 225 mm of rain, wind gusts of up ocean temperatures is not entirely and much of Pakistan. Daily depar­ to 205 km h- l, and a large storm unprecedented. For example, the tures approached +6°C as highs surge. Fred's landfall coincided with period 1911-1915 appears most soared to 50°C in some locations. an unusually high astronomical similar to that of the 1990s. From early June to mid -July, more tide, resulting in coastal floods. than twice the normal precipitation According to the statistics, the death Around the world fell on parts of east-central India and toll was over 1 000 and economic a large section of western India and loses reached 17.7 billion Chinese Rain in Africa southern Pakistan. The heavy rains, Yuan (about US $2 billion). Widespread heavy rains soaked accompanied by episodes of severe In early May, powerful tropical much of the Sahel region from late flooding, afflicted much of the cyclone 02B, with estimated winds of July to mid-October. By August, well subcontinent throughout August. 250 km h- l, slammed into south­ above-normal precipitation also In central China, surplus eastern Bangladesh causing many covered the Sudan and Ethiopia, and precipitation during April was deaths and much destruction. How­ ever, advance warnings, cyclone shel­ ters, and the absence of a large tidal 40,------, surge kept casualties to a minimum

30 - compared to the devastating 1991 cyclone. 20

10 - 1;\ Hot and dry in central South America "0 .!: 0 g Unusually dry weather developed -10 across much of southern Brazil,

-20 Paraguay, and north-eastern Argentina dUling August. Unseason­ -30 _ ably hot weather in late September -40 --- 5-month running mean aggravated the dryness as temper­ atures soared above 40°C in some locations. YEAR

Monthly values of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI- difference between sea-level pres­ Unusual winter conditions in North sure anomalies at Tahiti and Darwin, standardized with respect to mean monthly standard America deviation). Note that for some months between 1906 and 1932, Tahiti pressure values were In North America, two outbreaks of estimated by an interpolation scheme (Bureau of Meteorology, Australia) brutally cold Arctic air in January covered most of the east and central

12 and the Balkans. Below-freezing ·c temperatures were widespread 11.5 across the continent, and readings 11.0 plummeted to -50°C in northern 10.5 Russia, -28°C in Romania, and 10.0 -12°C in Italy. Heavy snows brought 9.5 down power lines in southern 9.0 France, while blizzards isolated

8.5 villages in Turkey. 8.0 In the summer, record-breaking

7.5 heat waves prevailed over much of Europe, together with a shortage of 7.0 rainfall, especially in the Iberian 6.5 <=> peninsula, Poland, the Baltic States ~ ~ ~ @ '" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ YEAR and western Russia. July 1994 was the warmest at Brussels, Belgium, Annual mean air temperature at Vienna, Austria, 1775-1994 (220-year average =9,SOC) since records began in 1833. In (CELOCLIM-DATABANK) Hungary, maximum temperatures exceeded 35°C on 11 days during July and on only four days did not region s, establishing at least 18 ever observed. Then in August, reach 30°C. In the Iberian peninsula, newall-time record low tempera­ hurricane John intensified into the prolonged dryness, aggravated by tures in the Ohio Valley and central strongest storm ever recorded in the high temperatures (up to 46°C at Appalachians about the middle of central Pacific as it passed south of Murcia in Spain), engendered wild­ the month . Most of Ontario and the Hawaii. The storm did not affect any fires and water shortages, affecting Canadian Maritimes experienced inhabited areas which was fortunate agricultural production in some t h eir coldest January since 1920, as its estimated sustained winds areas. In Vienna, Austria, 1994 was and southern Quebec endured its reached 275 km h-l, with gusts to the warmest year in the 220-year coldest January ever recorded. 330 km h-1. record (see figure above). Hot and dry conditions in the In Australia, at the beginning of A series of storms moved across su mmer combined to create an 1994, hot, dry, and windy weather the Middle East in mid- and late u nu sually severe wildfire season favoured the rapid spread of wild­ November, forcing the closure of across the western USA and British fires. Australia also experienced the some Egyptian harbours and delay­ Columbia. According to the National driest March-September period (as ing convoys in the Suez Canal. Interagency Fire Center, nearly averaged across the continent below 10 120 km2 had been burned in the 200 S) since 1902. Abetted by tinder­ United States by mid-July 1994, dry conditions, fires spread through which was 31 per cent more than the parts of eastern Australia, especially 1989-1993 average for the January in New South Wales, where dozens to mid-July period. of people had to evacuate their The Caribbean was not severely homes. As the year ended, the affected by hurricanes in 1994. How­ 1994-1995 wet season had yet to ever, in November, a rare late-season become well established. Dryness tropical storm, Gordon, formed in across northern and eastern the western Caribbean and took an Australia is consistent with condi­ erratic path that brought gusty tions typically observed during an El winds and flooding rains to some Nino event. parts of Jamaica, Cuba, and Haiti before the system veered towards After a cold start, record heat engulfs F lorida where it generated up to much of Europe 300 mm of rain. In Europe, subnormal tempera­ tures prevailed across much of Effects of ENSO in the Pacific Scandinavia during late January as Abnormally warm waters, associated bitterly cold air enveloped the region. with ENSO, across a vast expanse In Norway several Winter Olympic of the tropical central Pacific events risked postponement because contributed to the development of of the extremely cold conditions. hurricanes with immense strength. Farther south, a bitterly cold Arctic In July, Emilia and Gilma shattered outbreak at the end of January pene­ records for the most intense storms trated as far south as southern Italy

13 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

Major disasters around the wor/d, 1963-1992 (% of significant Earthquakes disasters by type, 10% based on: damage, persons affected, Floods 32% deaths) (IDNDR) Famine! SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE food shortage 4% Epidemics 1 Drought 33%

Storms 6% Drought Floods Eart~9,uakes Other 26% Yo disasters Other disasters 7% 9% PERSONS AFFECTED NUMBER OF DEATHS

A safer world for the 21 st tion to the conference. He was the bers in securing the funds for the century moderator of the scientific lectures introduction of forecasting and warn­ at the WMO/UNESCO Technical ing systems and to upgrade existing Yokohama was the setting for the Session on Warning Systems. To systems which are inadequate. World Conference on Natural mark the conference, WMO pub­ Another challenge, for the future, is Disaster Reduction (May 1994) lished a booklet entitled A decade to bring together the different types which marked the mid-point of the against natural disasters and, with of warning systems so that seismic, International Decade for Natural UNESCO, also published the lec­ volcanic and other geophysical Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). This tures presented at the technical hazards are handled together with week-long conference attracted session. In addition, a considerable those for meteorology and opera­ several thousand participants from number of WMO publications and tional hydrology. "Getting more for nearly 150 countries. Eighteen UN other materials were available for less" is the laudable aim of this bodies and agencies, including delegates and the media during the initiative. WMO, and 21 other intergovern­ conference, including a special issue mental organizations and numerous of the World Climate News, press non-governmental bodies, among features and press releases; an ex­ them ICSU, came together to debate hibition featured a model of an and discuss natural disaster reduc­ aircraft for hurricane reconnaissance. tion. They considered a 12-point The conference and the Yokohama agenda which terminated with the Strategy, in particular, expressed adoption of the report of the confer­ support for the work of WMO and ence and the Yokohama Strategy for offer a number of challenges. The a Safer World. The Strategy includes Strategy emphasizes the need to ten principles (see p. 9) and also move away from disaster relief to contains a plan of action identifYing disaster preparedness and to high­ activities at different levels from the light the key role that national sub-regional to the international, forecasting and warning services together with follow-up actions. should play in bringing about this The Secretary-General, Professor transformation. One challenge for G. o. P. Obasi, led the WMO delega- WMO is to assist the needy Mem-

14 ; • . • ~" " , I" - l WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

Basic systems at the development and strengthen­ of Presidents of Technical Commis­ ing of national Meteorological Ser­ sions and CBS established an expert The Commission for Basic Systems vices, so that they, in turn, could group to study the technical feasibil­ (CBS) is responsible for the plan­ make their full contribution to ity of the proposed new practice and ning, organization and development sustainable development. Apart from its impact on the exchange of data of the World Weather Watch ensuring adequate observational and products. (WWW), a world-wide system for the data, the major contribution of the collection, analysis and dissemina­ basic systems to GCOS will be in the Global Observing System (GOS) tion of meteorological data and development of a comprehensive The growing requirements for obser­ processed products, without which data management system which vational data for numerical weather national Meteorological Services specifies procedures for the collec­ prediction and for climate monitor­ cannot fulfil their functions. The tion, quality control, comparison, ing and research, have received extraordinary session of CBS, held archival, retrieval, dissemination considerable attention in the past in Helsinki in August 1994, reviewed and utilization of data from a year. To assist users in their plan­ the main components of the WWW, wide variety of sources and over a ning and to provide reasonable which include the basic systems range of time and space scales. Much targets for the Global Observing for observations, telecommunica­ has already been done in this System, the CBS Working Group on tions, data processing and data regard through the development of Observations drew up a "statement management. the WWW Distributed Database of the performance of elements of the Particular attention was given to concept. GOS likely to be achievable by the the role of the basic systems in the CBS decided that WMO data year 2005". follow-up to UNCED and in the requirements and the proposed new Critical components of the GOS development and implementation of practice for the exchange of meteoro­ are the regional basic synoptic the Global Climate Observing logical and related data and products networks, the implementation of System (GCOS). The Commission should be determined in consultation which has remained almost static identified five broad areas of activity, with other technical commissions. A over the past few years. However, which could contribute to the objec­ task force on data requirements was much progress has been made in tives of Agenda 21, aimed essentially therefore set up at the 1994 meeting reviewing and redesigning the networks in the light of new require­ GOES-NEXT satellite. The second satellite is due for launching in 1995 (NOAA, USA) ments, particularly in Region VI (Europe). Problems remain in the imple­ mentation of upper-air stations in certain parts of the world, exacer­ bated by the uncertainties in the continued operation of the Omega radio navigation system for upper­ air wind finding on which some 20 per cent (192 stations) of the world­ wide network depends. In recent years, good progress has been achieved in the development of radar wind-profiler networks in Europe and in the USA, but fin­ ancial and frequency spectrum constraints limit their deployment in many countries. Conventional upper-air observations are also being augmented by the use of Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme (ASAP) systems, a number of which

15 •••·... '~"'i·,..~·',J~""" .... \·Ill',~'=·->.·>-r";·~~~T"1>...... , .. ·.-h·!.l.~---.~,J\'-" . "":-"':-'f::' ...... ( ""'~',,.. - " '. WMO :AN.~IJ~14 RI;P.O~T~~1~94 .' . W~p A,N~l)AJ..' RERQRT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 ~~~ ;~.<~~~:.~.,~~~lt .. ~W~\,j~'k·~~~~'--"'.. ~ ~{ ... _..\·'~L~ :-;..~._~~.. i-:">.! L-i:'...1.;_,:,;.~jl~ ,~~us~... J!~~~"";"".1_t·j'-·':' . ',:'. _ } , ~ /.. .. ;,

are expected to be deployed in the transmit/receive stations (VSAT) ning to upgrade their circuits in North Atlantic within the next few and the associated PC-based user 1995 to meet the needs. The avail­ years. Excellent progress is also terminals at National Meteorological ability of cost-effective, high-per­ being made in the implementation of Centres (NMCs) in the Region began formance hardware and software automated observing and reporting in 1994. Regional Association VI systems has greatly facilitated the systems on aircraft which, with an (Europe) agreed upon the develop­ automation of many meteorological ever-increasing number of aircraft ment of an upgraded RMTN which telecommunication centres and carrying such systems, is leading to is likely to comprise satellite-based continues to be a key element in the huge increases in the amount of data communications to a large extent, upgrading of the GTS. available at cruising altitudes and including, in particular, two distribu­ during ascent and descent phases tion systems operated by France and Satellite activities near airports. Germany via EUTELSAT satellites. The satellites constituting the space­ In addition, several Members, based sub-system of the GOS con­ Global Te lecommunication including Argentina, Canada, China, tinued to provide valuable services System (GTS) France, India, Indonesia, Mexico, in the form of imagery, soundings, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and the data collection and data distribution Satellite-ba sed telecommunications USA, have implemented or have during 1994. Several additions, Multi-point telecommunication ser­ firm plans for the implementation of notably GOES-8 of the USA and the vices via satellite continue to be similar systems for their National GOMS satellites of the Russian essential for the further develop­ Meteorological Telecommunication Federation, marked the beginning of ment and upgrading of the GTS at Networks. a new era. all levels. Implementation of the GOES-8 - the first in the series data-collection and data-dissemina­ Data -communication services/ of GOES-NEXT satellites - was tion components of meteorological meteorological telecommunication launched from Cape Canaveral on satellites continued in areas where centres 13 April and became operational on commercial telecommunications Implementation of circuits operating 12 October 1994. GOES-8 is entirely cannot provide cost-effective ser­ at medium/high speed with ad­ different from its progenitor, with vices. A particular example is the vanced data-communication proto­ separate instruments for soundings meteorological data distribution cols continues. Twenty circuits of and imagery. It can produce both full (MDD) services provided by the Main Telecommunication Net­ disk and designated sector imagery METEOSAT satellites over Africa. work (MTN) are operating at data in much higher resolution than The new Regional Meteoro­ signalling rates higher than 2.4 previous satellites. logical Telecommunication Network Kbit/s, including three circuits at The Russian Federation launched (RMTN) in Region IV (North and 64 Kbitls, and 19 circuits with X.25 its new geostationary operational Central America), based on two-way procedures. CBS endorsed an im­ meteorological satellite (GOMS) on multi-point telecommunication ser­ proved MTN to meet the increasing 31 October 1994 and placed it over vices via an INTELSAT satellite, is data-communication requirements of the Indian Ocean at 76°E. The to start operations at the beginning the GTS. Several Regional Telecom­ images broadcast from this satellite of 1995. Installation of satellite munication Hubs (RTHs) are plan- are providing valuable information to WMO Members, especially for tropical cyclone forecasting in the Organization of the World Indian Ocean. Two more geostation­ Weather Watch Programme: ary satellites in this series are END USERS CBS is entrusted with the planned. technical responsibility for The remaining geostationary the WWW system. It coordi­ satellites, METEOSAT-5 and GMS- nates Members' operational 4, have continued to provide valu­ Implementation Implementation requirements and converts able service within their fields of them into implementation view. METEOSAT-3 operates over plans, standardized pro­ the east coast of the USA, providing cedures and practices. They imagery for both Regional Associ­ are submitted as recom­ ations III and IV mendations to the Executive As regards the polar-orbiting Council for approval satellites, the Russian Federation launched METEOR-3 No. 7 on iren~. :--_C_BS_-:-, 25 January 1994; it carried as part of its payload the first flight model Regional I Executive associations ~ .§ Council of the radiation balance scanning Coordina.... radiometer "ScaRaB", jointly devel­ oped by France and the Russian

16 Federation. The USA launched the last of the NOAA-I through J series WORLD WEATHER WATCH PROGRAMME MEETINGS in December 1994. The newest satel­ lite, NOAA-14, will become the Date and place Title operational morning satellite, while NOAA-12 remains the operational 7-11 February CBS Working Group on Data Management afternoon satellite. Geneva 14-18 February CBS Working Group on Telecommunications Global Data-processing System Geneva (GDPS) GDPS activities in 1994 focused 21 February-4 March Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations - mainly on issues and recommenda­ Geneva eleventh session tions, endorsed by CBS, relating to 7-11 March CBS Working Group on Satellites requirements for: Geneva

• Basic observational data; 9-13 May Implementation Coordination Meeting on the GTS in RA I • Updating procedures for exchange Dakar, Senegal of products; and 8-18 August Commission for Basic Systems - extraordinary session • The development of technical Helsinki , Finland (CBS Ext. 94) specifications for software 3-7 October Task Team on Revision and Assignment of Regional WWW systems. Nairobi , Kenya Responsibilities in Africa

Other issues dealt with the role of 28 Nov.-3 Dec. Implementation Coordination Meeting on the MTN , the GDPS in the follow-up to Melbourne, Australia Telecommunications and Data Management UNCED, capacity building, mon­ itoring the quality of observations, verification of NWP products and view that major GDPS centres Bureau of Meteorology at Darwin environmental emergency response should each co-sponsor at least one from 4 to 8 July 1994. activities. Operations at Regional or two such centres with a view to A Task Team Meeting on Revision Specialized Meteorological Centres assisting them to upgrade their facil­ and Assignment of Regional WWW (RSMCs) were satisfactory in ities and services. Responsibilities in Africa was held in Regions II, IV, V and VI, where In respect of RSMCs with activity Nairobi in October 1994. The meet­ constant improvements in forecast­ specialization, CBS recommended ing recommended the assignment of ing systems and computer facilities the designation of N adi, Fiji as an RSMC and RTH responsibilities to were undertaken. RSMCs in RA III RSMC with activity specialization in South Africa following restoration by were in the process of upgrading tropical cyclones for the South-West WMO's Executive Council of its their computing capabilities to run Pacific, and Melbourne as an RSMC rights and privileges as a Member of better regional models. In RA I, specializing in the provision of trans­ WMO. RSMC Tunis and NMC Pretoria port model products for environ­ The quality of forecasts issued by were both using limited area NWP mental emergency response. major GDPS centres continued to models based on the NMC Wash­ A WMO Regional Training improve as their systems were ington Eta Model. With respect to Seminar on the Operational Use of upgraded and they participated in potential RSMCs and emerging Advanced GDPS Centre Products coordinated verification of their GDPS centres, CBS supported the was hosted by the Australian NWP model output products.

Participants at the 1994 extraordinary session of CBS (Helsinki, Finland)

17 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

WMO binary code forms, including new material on BUFR and GRIB codes, were issued in 1994. Follow­ ing approval by Twelfth Congress in 1995, the two texts will be combined into a single comprehensive volume for easy reference.

Data management coordination The first Inter-programme Data Management Coordination Meeting discussed the coordination of data management activities with the goal of establishing a set of requirements common to all programmes (i.e. those of WMO and of related inter­ national bodies). It then developed a Sophisticated sensors for the determination of "present weather" at a WMO instrument intercom ­ framework to guide future coopera­ parison at St John's, Newfoundland, Canada (AES, Canada) tion between programmes and agreed on a set of recommendations Environmental emergency WWW basic systems in support of for programme managers to enhance response their operational requirements. future cooperation and coordination. An Expert Meeting on Environ­ WMO Distributed Databases (DDBs) WWW System Support Activity mental Emergency Response Activ­ Over the past year the Distributed The objective of the WWW System ities was held at Bracknell in March Database concept moved closer to Support Activity continued to be the 1994. It developed recommendations implementation. Guidelines for the provision of advice and assistance to and procedures for: further development ofWMOIDDBs Members, especially developing were approved by CBS, which also • The provision of initial and countries, in identifying deficiencies updated basic information to endorsed an implementation plan for and resolving problems in order to designated RSMCs in the event of initial trials and the long-term devel­ achieve the most effective operation an accident; opment of client server-based DDBs. ofthe WWW. A number of meetings The trials will demonstrate the feas­ were also organized to support the • Possible training approaches for ibility of the concept and enable the determined efforts of Members to users; and requirements to be refined. optimize the operation of WWW components, for example systems for • Technology transfer to national Guide on WWW Data Management Meteorological Services seeking GOS, by coordinating action in RSMC status in environmental A Guide on WWW Data Manage­ areas not subject to a single national emergency response activities. ment and a technical document on authority.

The extraordinary session of Participants at the eleventh session of CIMO (Geneva) (WMO/Bianco) CBS adopted recommendations on regional and global arrangements for the provision of transport model products for environmental emer­ gency response. WWW Data Management WWW Data Management provides for efficient packaging, exchange, and handling of data to help all Members obtain the maximum benefit from observing systems and NWP models, thereby providing more timely services and attaining improved quality and easier access to data and products. It aims to improve the efficiency of data activ­ ities, thus enabling other WMO programmes to benefit from the I 18 - . WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 ' "_1

The equipment installed during collaboration is of benefit to Mem­ Tropical Cyclone Programme the Operational WWW Systems bers ofWMO, as the data providers, (TCP) Evaluations in Africa has, where as well as to the users of data and necessary, been repaired, using tech­ products. ClMO therefore invited During 1994, the Tropical Cyclone nical cooperation assistance for the Members to participate more Programme undertook a number of supply of spare parts, and is now actively in ISO's work in the fields of training activities aimed at human being used by Members for routine meteorological instrumentation and resource development for operational operations. The proper operation of measurements. meteorologists and for officials deal­ the equipment for data transmission ing with disaster prevention and and reception has been coordinated TECO-94 and METEOREX-94 preparedness. with EUMETSAT. NMC Nairobi The Technical Conference on lnstru­ The Sixth Global Training Course now serves as the monitoring centre ments and Methods of Observation on Tropical Meteorology and Tropical for the operation of MDD and DCP/ (TECO-94) and the Exhibition of Cyclone Forecasting was held in DRS systems in Mrica. Meteorological Instruments, Equip­ Miami, USA, from 21 February to In addition, assistance was given ment and Services (METEOREX- 29 April 1994. Twenty-three to a regional meteorological project 94) were held conjointly with the students from Regions I, II, IV, V of the Indian Ocean Commission eleventh session of ClMO. Some and VI attended the course. The two which will provide observation and 60 manufacturers presented their RA VI students received the training telecommunication equipment for products at the exhibition, thereby in support of the UN peace-keeping the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius ensuring that the users and sup­ activities in tropical areas. Seven of and the Seychelles. pliers of instruments could come the students were women, in together in a meaningful and con­ response to the encouragement of Instruments and Methods of structive manner. More than 200 WMO's Executive Council to provide Observation Programme (IMOP) delegates participated in TECO-94 more training opportunities for where they discussed important female meteorologists. Eleventh session of CIMO issues related to surface, upper­ A Roving Seminar on Tropical The Commission for Instruments air, radiation and environmental Cyclones was organized for Members and Methods of Observation (CIMO) measurements, quality assurance of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Com­ held its eleventh session in Geneva and remote sensing. mittee for the South-West Indian from 21 February to 4 March 1994. Dr J. Kruus (Canada) and Dr A. van Four tropical eye/ones simultaneously struck the North Pacific on (Meteorological Satellite Gysegem (Belgium) were re-elected 23 October 1994 (from left): 9430 Centre, Japan as president and vice-president of Teresa, 9431 Verne, 9432 Meteorological the Commission, respectively. The Wilda and 9433 Yuri Agency) session developed the draft of the Fourth Long-term Plan (19,96-2005) for IMOP; it responds to"-the in­ creased requirements of data users and, as a follow-up to UNCED, to the capacity-building needs of devel­ oping countries. Proposals were made to revise CIMO's terms of reference in the light of the major trends shaping the work of WMO to cover better the standardization of data, the role of the Commission in supporting the work of WMO programmes and bodies, the evaluation of new tech­ niques and the cost effectiveness of observing systems. Emphasis has shifted from standardizing instru­ ments and methods of observation to ensuring data compatibility as a more realistic, appropriate and affordable goal. Collaboration with other organ­ izations, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), continued to grow. Such

19 because some Members of the TROPICAL CYCLONE PROGRAMME MEETINGS ESCAPIWMO Typhoon Committee as well as Members of the WMO/ Date and place Title ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian 16-22 March WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones - twenty-first session Sea participated in the event. Yangon , Myanmar A great deal of work has been 22- 29 March RA IV Hurricane Committee - sixteenth session done in recent years by India and Curar;:ao, others into storm surge research and Netherlands Antilles forecasting methods for the Bay of Bengal. This new knowledge, com­ 5-13 October RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific and bined with the expertise developed Nadi, Fiji South-East Indian Ocean - fifth session by Australia were put into good use 6-12 December ESCAPIWMO Typhoon Committee - twenty-seventh session at the workshop which focused on Macau the use of the latest numerical storm surge prediction techniques using PC-based workstations. It a lso Ocean. The seminar was arranged in aster officials, as the primary users discussed new methods of data three overlapping phases between of those warning services, and on acquisition and proposed improve­ 27 August and 7 September in: methods of improving their co­ ments to the storm surge warning ordinated efforts in the mitigation systems in the Bay of Bengal. • Antananarivo, Madagascar, for 25 process. Participants also included French-speaking participants; representatives of a number of • Vacoas, Mauritius, for 11 bilingual regional and international organiza­ (EnglishlFrench) participants; tions which cooperate with WMO in disaster preparedness and preven­ • Mahe, Seychelles, for 10 bilingual tion issues, namely: the Asian (EnglishlFrench) participants. Disaster Preparedness Centre, the The seminar was designed to South Pacific Regional Environment provide training to Class I and Programme, the UN Department Class II tropical cyclone forecasters of Humanitarian Affairs and the as part of the upgrading of forecast­ United Nations Development ing and warning services for tropical Programme. cyclones and associated storm surges In 1994, in cooperation with in the South-West Indian Ocean. WMO, Australia organized the first The seminar placed emphasis on the Southern Hemisphere Training use of output products from the Course on Tropical Cyclones. Twelve RSMC La Reunion-Tropical Cyclone tropical cyclone forecasters from Centre, and on the use of PC-based meteorological centres in the south­ tropical cyclone workstations. ern hemisphere joined their counter­ Special interest was shown in the parts from the Australian Tropical demonstrations of the South-West Cyclone Warning Centres for the Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone course which was held at the Bureau Workstation, developed in Mada­ of Meteorology's Training Centre in gascar, and the Australian Tropical Melbourne from 17 to 28 October. Cyclone Workstation. The severity of storm surges A Workshop for Senior Meteoro­ resulting from tropical cyclones in logical and Disaster Preparedness the Bay of Bengal is well known. Officers from the South Pacific was Hundreds and often thousands of organized by Fiji, in cooperation with people lose their lives along the coast TCP, in Nadi from 11 to 13 October. or on off-shore islands as a result of It took place in conjunction with the such phenomena. To improve the fifth session of the RA V Tropical capabilities of the national Meteoro­ Cyclone Committee to take advant­ logical Services of the region in age ofthe number of experts attend­ storm surge forecasting, a Workshop ing that session. The workshop on Storm Surges in the Bay of concentrated on the understanding Bengal was organized in Bangkok, of the variou s roles played by Thailand, from 14 to 19 November. meteorologists, as the providers of The workshop a lso served to tropical cyclone warnings, and dis- enhance inter-regional cooperation

20 Coordination of the World structure and guidelines agreed practical application of recent and Cli mate Programme upon by the Coordinating Commit­ expected research results in the tee for the WCP. field of climate forecasting. The Executive Heads of interna­ tional agencies involved in the World Advisory Committee on Climate World Climate Data and Climate Programme (WCP), at a Applications and Data (ACCAD) Monitoring Programme (WCDMP) meeting convened by the Secretary­ The annual session of ACCAD was Cli mate Change Detection (CCD) General in Geneva on 11 April 1994, held in Geneva on 14 September Project/global and reg ional data sets exchanged views on overall co­ 1994. In connection with the ordination issues, including support exchange of meteorological and A recommendation of the Working for the work of the Intergovern­ related data and products, the Group on CCD led to the formulation mental Panel on Climate Change, Committee proposed additional of a joint initiative with GCOS to th e development of response strat­ items for inclusion in the list of establish a GCOS Baseline Surface egies and the preparation of the climatological data and products Network which would stimulate integrated proposal on the climate­ constituting Members' current and efforts to establish an international related programmes of international foreseeable future requirements. agreement on a global reference organizations. The Committee welcomed the climate station network. The work­ The inter-agency work on the plans for the elaboration of a ing group also reviewed and pro­ preparation of the integrated pro­ "climate prediction services" vided valuable input to the first posal has continued, based on the project which would aim at the regular WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate, which was issued as a press release at WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME MEETINGS the end of March and, later in the year, published as a booklet (WMO Date and place Title No. 809). Work continued, in collaboration 18-21 January CCI/CBS Expert Meeting on Requirements for Exchange of with the US National Climatic Data Washington, DC, USA Climate Data and Products on the GTS Center, on data collection from 16-18 March RA VI Implementation Coordination Meeting on Climate Members for publication of climato­ Hamburg, Germany Monitoring logical standard norms for the period 1961-1990 and World Weather 22-25 March CCI Working Group on Climate Change Detection - second Records volumes for the decade Washington, DC, USA session 1981-1990. Target dates for com­ 28-31 March Expert Meeting for the Preparation of the Fifth Biennial Review pletion are the end of 1994 and 1996 Washington , DC, USA of the Global Climate System for climatic normals and world weather records, respectively. 4-7 April Meeting of the core group of the RA I Working Group on Climate Niamey, Niger Matters Cli mate System Monitoring (CSM) 29-31 August Expert Meeting on the Future Evolution towards a WMO The fifth biennial global climate Washington, DC, USA Integrated Climate Database Management System system review, covering the period from June 1991 to November 1993, 14 September CCI Advisory Committee on Climate Applications and Data - was near completion at the end of Geneva fourth session the year and is expected to be 26-27 September Meeting of the CCI Task Force on Climate Services published early in 1995. An interna­ Geneva tional meeting of experts reviewed material and made decisions on the 5-7 October Coordinating Committee for the World Climate Programme - content of the publication. Geneva third session To address the incompleteness of 22-26 November CCI Working Group on Operational Use of Climatological CLiMAT message data arriving at Vacoas, Mauritius Knowledge - first session major climate centres, a project was initiated in June to monitor, on a

21 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

climate prediction services project. The outcome of the meeting was considered further by the CCI Work­ ing Group on Operational Use of Climatological Knowledge. The working group made recom­ mendations on determining cus­ tomers' needs for special services, upgrading the present output from climate centres to meet those needs, including those for climate prediction services. The group concluded that further emphasis should be on improving the delivery of services and on enhancing the awareness of users of the availability and poten­ Tourism is one of the most weather-sensitive and fastest-growing sectors of a nation 's economy; tial value of climate services. reliable information on weather and climate contributes greatly to sustainable tourism and At the invitation of the Govern­ development (WMO/E. Gorre-Dale) ment of Mauritius, a Training Workshop on National Climate near-real-time basis, all CLiMAT Data rescue in RA IV was Application Programmes was held messages from RA III that are launched in the Caribbean in 1994, in Vacoas from 28 November to intended for distribution over the following the donation of micro­ 2 December 1994. It focused on vari­ GTS. To solve the problem of late filming equipment by the UK to the ous methods and techniques for the delivery of CSM products, an experi­ Caribbean Meteorological Institute. interpretation of climate information ment to transmit three routine Plans have been made for data and products for use in different monthly CSM products from the rescue activities in Barbados, Costa socio-economic sectors and on updat­ Climate Analysis Center in Rica and Honduras to begin in 1995; ing participants' knowledge of recent Washington to National Meteoro­ they will be funded by Canada scientific developments in climate logical Centres in RA I and RA III through WMO. forecasting. Special emphasis was via the GTS began in February. placed on organizing national Arch ival Climatic History Survey climate application programmes to CLiCOM Proj ect meet increasing needs for the provi­ New installations brought the total A search for useful climate data that sion of operational climatological number of Members with CLICOM may reside in the national archive of services. The programme included to more than 120. Two regional Mexico began late in the year using formal lectures and practical work training seminars were held to assist funds also contributed by Canada sessions, as well as a session of countries in RAs I and III to imple­ through WMO. Two trainers from presentations by the participants. ment the version 3.0 software. New Europe were selected to provide on­ training tutorials were distributed at site guidance to local archive staff on Applications to tourism the end of the year to all Members in how and what to look for in the WMO contributed to the preparation possession of the software. search for climate data. Along with of a publication of the World Tourism WMO, the International Council Organization on Indicators of IN FOCLIMA of Archives and UNESCO are pro­ sustainable tourism and the environ­ The updating of the INFOCLIMA viding support to this project. ment to help decision-makers plan database continued in 1994 with a for tourism and recreation. Several view to the distribution of a new World Climate Applications and indicators relate closely to climate printed version of the INFOCLIMA Services Programme (WCASP) and pollution stress. Catalogue of Climate System Data Sets in 1995. New contributions Operational climate services Energy-meteorology were received, bringing the total Following the decisions by EC-XLVI, WMO took part, together with other number of data set descriptions in a meeting of the Commission for international organizations, in the the inventory to more than 1 100, Climatology (CCl) Task Force on development of databases and with reference data held by over 300 Climate Services was convened by methodologies for the comparative centres in more than 115 countries. the president of CCl. The task force a ssessment of different energy reviewed the activities of WCASP, systems. Data Rescue (DARE) evaluated its effectiveness, discussed By the end of 1994, the DARE the development of future climate Climate and human health project had assisted 30 of the 42 services and, in particular, gave In parallel with the preparation of participating Mrican countries. advice on the development of a a section entitled "Potential health

22 ~" "'WMO-A'NNUAL REPORT'1 '994 :', -- VlMO 'ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 :' • \.. > ~ - •• '. -' • - ' , - effects of climate change" which will oceans. In the Surface Radiation atmospheric-hydrological budget be included in the IPCC Second Budget Project, global fields of short­ studies over eastern regions of Asia Assessment Report, a task group has wave radiative fluxes are now (the G EWEX Asian Monsoon been preparing a monograph on available for the period 1985-1989. Experiment). "Climate and human health", This is From the GEWEX Water Vapour a joint project of WHO, WMO, Project, new global total precipitable Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere UNEP and the US Environmental water data sets are now being (TOGA) programme Protection Agency, major contribu­ obtained. TOGA has reached the end of its ten­ tions have been made by the CCl year mission (1985-1994) to observe Rapporteurs on Climate and Human Studies of coupled hydrological and and model the dynamics of the Health. atmospheric processes coupled tropical ocean-atmosphere The planning for the five-year field system and has achieved its major World Climate Research phase (1995-1999) of the GEWEX objective of establishing the basis for Programme (WCRP) Continental-scale International skilful predictions of El Nino sea The World Climate Research Project (GCIP) over the Mississippi surface temperature anomalies and Programme (WCRP), undertaken River basin is now well advanced. the associated changes in tropical jointly by WMO, IOC and ICSU, GCIP will provide the scientific basis weather patterns up to a year or is an international scientific pro­ for developing coupled models of more in advance. The research gramme which aims to develop an interactive atmospheric, land­ observing system implemented in improved understanding of climate surface and hydrological processes, TOGA provides the vast bulk of and predictions of global and leading to comprehensive hydro­ marine climatological data in the regional climate changes on all time meteorological predictions, including tropics, including particularly the scales. The WCRP organizes a range ground water storage and river Southern Ocean meteorological drift­ of research activities directed flow. Elsewhere, Brazilian, North ing buoy programme and a system­ towards understanding the basic American and European scientists atic hydrographic programme in physical processes that determine are cooperating in the preparation of which nearly 20 000 expendable the Earth's climate, including inter­ a study of the hydrological cycle in bathythermographic sondes per year actions between the different com­ the Amazonian rain forest. The are released along commercial ship­ ponents of the climate system Mackenzie GEWEX Study is being ping lanes, as well as the deploy­ (atmosphere, ocean, land surface organized to study the boreal forest ment and maintenance of the and cryosphere) and refining the and tundra regions lying within the basin-wide array of TOGA moorings models required for predicting Mackenzie river basin in central and in the tropical Pacific. Analysis of the climate variations and quantifying northern Canada. A consortium of data collected in the TOGA Coupled climate change related to the northern European scientific institu­ Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experi­ increase in atmospheric concentra­ tions are planning a combined ment is proceeding rapidly and will tions of greenhouse gases. A few of atmospheric, oceanographic and provide new scientific insight into the main highlights in 1994 from the hydrological cycle study in the Baltic ocean-atmosphere interactions in the wide range of activities undertaken region. Japan has taken the lead in crucial warm water pool of the west­ in the WCRP are described in the defining a programme of coupled ern tropical Pacific. following paragraphs. The "Climate Agenda", an integrating framework for international climate-related programmes, will Global climatology data projects focus on climate observations, research and services to serve the sustainable development needs of Scientific investigation of fast various socio-economic sectors such as agriculture (WMO/E. Garre-Dale) climate processes, which is the primary objective of the WCRP Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX), requires several global research data sets that must usually be inferred from a combination of in situ measurements and remotely sensed data. GEWEX is continuing to develop several such data projects including the Inter­ national Satellite Cloud Climatology Project in which cloudiness data for a ten-year period from 1983 have now been produced. The Global Precipitation Climatology Project provides homogeneous global stat­ istics of rainfall over continents and

23 :, ~ ,wM'oANNUAL REPORT:1994" ' .. WMO , ANNUAL:REPORT ,,199~L -: '.,' WMO;AN'NUAL ',REPORT;';1994 ".~ o,t~!~~L~.,!j~'~ "'~~h~"-~~ ;.~hJ'~.;.<7~ 1 .}_~. ~'J' • .--,' ~ ~j.~ .... ':r:.~l' M'~->d.~;i.-<~'_l:~~~ ~f.t.ji~I.,:~~~0£~~:..;~t,.~~~~~i~~~~;;:"~d~' .. ~"~.::.c..:~:,j,,,,~ ;S~!ti,,.~F~.:~.~~~l~~~:.r!.T,,t.;ci~~,:y~~~

Climate modelling WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME MEETINGS The main target of WCRP-fostered Date and place Title activities in the domain of climate modelling is the identification of 17-21 January GEWEX Scientific Steering Group - sixth session errors in climate model simulations Frascati, Italy and exploring the means for their 14-19 March WMO/ICSU/IOC Joint Scientific Committee for the WCRP - reduction, This effort contributes Geneva sixteenth session substantially to the goals of deter­ mining the predictability of climate 9-13 May International Conference on Monsoon Variability and Prediction and the influence of man's activities Trieste, Italy on climate and also forms the basis 4-8 July Working Group on Radiative Fluxes - sixth session for the scientific assessments of Luneburg, Germany climate change conducted by IPCC Working Group 1. Particular atten­ 29 Aug,-1 Sept. TOGA Scientific Steeri ng Group - thirteenth session tion is now being given to the devel­ Boulder, USA opment of coupled climate models 12-16 September Scientific Workshop on the Baseline Surface Radiation Network and an initial intercomparison ofthe Zurich, Switzerland control climates of the models has been prepared, A review workshop 20- 23 September SPARC Scientific Steering Group - second session on coupled climate models in October Princeton, USA identified a number of key problems 26- 30 September CLiVAR Scientific Steering Group - second session to be tackled in the further develop­ London, UK ment of these models,

10-12 October Workshop on Global Coupled General Circulation Models La Jolla, USA

7-10 November Conference on the Dynamics of the Arctic Climate System G6teborg, Sweden

7- 11 November JSC/CAS Working Group on Numerical Experimentation - Tallahassee, USA tenth session

13-1 6 December GEWEX Cloud System Study Science Panel- third session Victoria, BC, Canada

Climate variability and predictability Polar research

Building on the success of TOGA The ten-year observational phase of and the global perspective of the the Arctic Climate System Study World Ocean Circulation Experi­ (ACSYS), which has the objective of ment, the study on climate variabil­ understanding the role of the Arctic ity and predictability (CLIVAR) aims as an interactive component of the to describe, understand, model and climate and the impact on Atlantic predict global climate variations on deep water formation and the ther­ seasonal, interannual and up to mohaline circulation of the global multi-decadal time-scales, CLIVAR ocean, formally began on 1 January will comprise th e following pro­ 1994, The main areas of activity are gramme elements: investigations of the Arctic Ocean circulation, Arctic sea-ice climato­ • Study of the Global Ocean logy, the Arctic atmosph ere, ' the Atmosph ere Land Surface for hydrology of the Arctic region, and prediction of seasonal to inter­ modelling basin-wide ocean-ice annual climate; processes and ocean-ice-atmosphere • Study of decadal to centennial interaction, An international confer­ natural climate variability; ence on the Arctic climate system was h eld in Goteborg, Sweden, in • Modelling and detection of November to review the ACSYS anthropogenically-forced climate implementation plans and muster change, support for the programme,

24 Introduction ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH AND The Atmospheric Research and ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME MEETINGS Environment P r ogramme (AREP) coordinates and fosters research on Date and place Title the structure and chemical composi­ 7-11 February WMO Meeting of Experts on the Global Measurement tion of the atmospher e and its Boulder, USA of Carbon Monoxide related physical chara cteristics, atmospheric processes and weather 20-24 February Workshop on Sea-Surface Microlayer forecasting. Development of these Rhode Island, USA activities is the r esponsibility of 8- 12 March Consultation of Experts to Plan the Implementation of GAW the Commission for Atmospheric Boulder, USA Global Observatories under the Global Environment Fac ility Sciences. The WMO Research Award for Young Scientists (see box on p. 3) 20-26 March WMO Review Committee for EMEP's Meteorological is also administered through AREP. Oslo, Norway; Moscow, Synthesizi ng Centres Russian Federation; and Commi ssion for Atmospheric Darmstadt, Germany Sciences (CAS) 21-25 March XXIV Session of GESAMP The eleventh session of CAS was New York, USA held in Geneva from 5 to 14 April 1994. Important progress was made 5-14 April Commission for Atmospheric Sciences - eleventh session in addressing issues of global con­ Geneva cern. CAS proposed revised terms of 27-29 April European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) Steering Committee reference to clarify its role in climate Ispra, Italy research a ctivities and to give greater prominence to its respons­ 9-13 May Workshop on Sources, Sinks and Dynamics of Nitrogen ibilities with respect to GAW. As a Rhode Island, USA Species in the North Atlantic Ocean Basin result, CAS will be better equipped 30 May-4 June Sixth WMO Scientific Conference on Weather Modification to provide information and advice to Paestum, Italy Member s, Congress, the Execut­ ive Council and other WMO con­ 14-30 June WMO Dobson Ozone Spectrophotometer Intercomparison stituent bodies. Dr D. J . Gauntlett Izana, Tenerife, Spain (Australia) was re-elected as presid­ 20-25 June Consultation on the Formulation of MED-POL Phase III ent and Dr A. Eliassen (Norway) Ismir, Turkey and Inter-Agency Advisory Committee for MED-POL elected as vice-president of CAS. The Commission established six working 23- 30 June WMO Consultation on Utilization of Brewer Instruments and groups to carry out its work. Santa Cruz, Tenerife, Spain Workshop on Ozone Data Re-evaluation Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) 17- 23 July WMO/UNEP Meeting of Experts to Review the Assessment of Les Diablerets, Switzerland the State-of-the-Ozone Layer The state of the ozone layer remains a critical issue with near-real-time 23-24 July Planning Committee - International Tropospheric Ozone Year bulletins issued during the Antarctic Geneva spring and the northern hemisphere 25- 28 July WMO Meeting of Experts on UV-B Measurements, Data Quality winter. Much pr ogress h as been Les Diablerets, Switzerland and Standardization of UV Indices achieved, notably in the establish­ ment of new GAW global observat­ 21 - 24 August Steering Group on the Sea Surface Microlayer ories (see p. 26), the identification of Norwich, UK two new Quality Assurance/Science 22-26 August WMO Workshop on Coordination UV-B Measurements and Activity Centres in J apan and the Buenos Aires, Argentina Indices in the Americas USA, and the organization of two (contd. on p. 27) major training events (see p 38).

25 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH (GAW)

Mount Waliguan, China, is the first of six new Global Atmosphere The second new GAW station of global importance, being estab­ Watch stations of global importance to begin operations. The site, lished in Ushuaia, Argentina, has begun instrumentation trials. located at an elevation of 3 816 m in the Tibetan highlands of central Training of the station personnel has also been initiated. The station is China, is the highest in the GAW network. It is situated in a remote located on the southernmost tip of the South American continent. It area where no significant changes in land-use practices are expected was selected because it is representative of the high productivity nor are there any major population centres or regional pollution areas of the southern oceans, between the polar and tropical conver­ sources that would interfere with the monitoring of background atmo­ gence zones. spheric composition and related physical characteristics of the The instruments undergoing operational testing include those for atmosphere for at least 40-60 per cent of the time. The monitoring is measuring solar radiation and turbidity, aerosols, molecular trace essential for a better understanding of the atmospheric processes species, meteorological parameters and precipitation chemistry. Total over continental Asia. column ozone and UV spectral monitoring are already being carried The station is equipped with numerous sophisticated and out. The station began operations in late 1994. complex instruments. They measure greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone, the long-lived chloro­ fluorocarbons); ozone (surface, total column; radiation and optical properties); solar radiation, including UV-B radiation (280-320 nm), reaching the surface; turbidity; visibility; total aerosol load and vertical profile of aerosols; total water vapour and vertical profile of water vapour; chemical composition of precipitation; reactive gas species such as sulphur dioxide and reduced sulphur species, nitrogen oxides, NOy and reduced nitrogen species, carbon monoxide; particle (including mineral aerosol) concentration and composition characteristics; selected heavy chlorinated hydrocarbons; selected trace metals; radionuclides; and routine meteorological parameters. The assembly, testing and installation of the equipment at the station is the result of a cooperative venture between experts of the China Meteorological Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA), the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada and the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia. Training of station personnel has also been a part of this cooperative "twinning " venture. The data obtained will be made available to the scientific community through the World Data Centres.

Left: Chinese and WMO officials at the opening of the new GAW station at Mount Waliguan on 17 September 1994 (China Meteorological Administration); and right: the new station in Ushuaia, Argentina, which opened in November (M . Proffitt, NOAA)

26 cipating groups were discussed at MEETINGS (contd. from p. 25) t h e First COMPARE Workshop (Montreal, Canada, October 1994). Date and place Title The eleventh session of CAS gave 3-10 October WMO/BERDI Workshop - Eastern Europe and Global Change high priority to "Tropical cyclones in Halkidi ki, Greece the IDNDR" and redefined two important research projects relating 17-21 October WMO Meeting of Experts on Laboratory QA for Precipitation to tropical cyclone motion and in­ Hradec Kralove, Chemistry tensity and the scientific assessment Czech Republic of the effects of climate change on 31 Oct.-4 Nov. Meeting of Experts on Airborne Pollution of the Mediterranean tropical cyclones. Paris, France Sea Physics and chemistry of clouds 1-3 November Steering Committee for the Tenth Dobson Intercomparison and weather modification Payerne, Switzerland research 3-8 November Umkehr Ozone Profile Re-evaluation A highlight of 1994 was the Sixth Toronto, Canada WMO Scientific Conference on Weather Modification, held in 7-11 November CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation- Paestum, Italy, where the latest Tallahassee, USA tenth session advances in weather modification 5-8 December Workshop on Atmospheric Deposition in Africa technology and their applications Yamoussoukro , were presented. The technical docu­ Cote d'ivoire ments published include the Sixth WMO Scientific Conference on 5-9 December WMO Expert Meeting on Environmental Monitoring from the Weather Modification (No. 22) and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Baltic to Adriatic the Register of national weather Germany modification projects, 1991 (No. 23). Technical Library Technical documents published as meters, WMO GAW data for 1993, The Library is the source of meteoro­ Global Ozone Research and Mon­ Volume 1: Atmospheric aerosol opti­ logical and hydrological information itoring Reports include: Atlas of cal depth (No. 96). for WMO staff, visiting experts, G030S Total Ozone Maps for the participants at Geneva-held meet­ northern hemisphere winter-spring Weather prediction research , ings, staff of other UN bodies, of 1992-1993 (No. 34); Report of including tropical meteorology research workers, students and WMO Meeting of Experts on Homo­ The science oflong-range forecasting teachers. In 1994 it acquired some genizing Total Ozone Records for covering monthly and seasonal 2 060 publications, subscribed to 63 Ozone Assessments and Early variations in the atmospheric circu­ journals and received about 190 Warning Of Ozone Change (No. 35); lation has been making significant other periodicals and 17 CD-ROM. Report of the ninth Dobson ozone progress based on constant improve­ Over 2 000 enquiries were answered spectrophotometer intercomparison ment in numerical weather pre­ and nearly 1 500 publications were (No. 36); and Scientific assessment of diction techniques and better loaned to readers. ozone depletion: 1994 (No. 37). understanding of the short-term Technical documents issued in the variability of climate. A new regular Environmental Pollution Monitoring publication of recent work relevant and Research Programme series, to operational long-range forecasting were: Reports of the second and is in preparation, with the first issue third WMO Meetings of Experts on covering the period from September the Quality Assurance / Science 1993 to August 1994. Activity Centres of the Global WMO enhanced its support to the Atmosphere Watch, held in 1992 and implementation of the COMPARE 1993, respectively (Nos. 92 and 93); (Comparison of Mesoscale Prediction Measurements of atmospheric and Research Experiments) Project, turbidity in BAPMoN (No. 94); which is an important effort of the Report of the 1994 WMO Meeting of international community for meso­ Experts on UV-B Measurem ents, scale modelling intercomparison Data Quality and Standardization under the auspices of the WGNE. of UV Indices (No. 95); and Global Results of forecast experiments for atmospheric background monitoring the first COMPARE case (a marine for selected en vironmental para- cyclogenesis event) from ten parti- 27 • - _ r ~ • _ ,""\. _ -- _ -.- , • , ~ •• 4 _ , ,- ,-- _ -,~ - .... _ I '. , 'NMOAN"NU~L _~E~O~! :1, 9,~4.'~" " , ~M~, ~,~~,U~f : ~~P~RT, 1~~~ " , ,,, ~~~~~, ~~~~ .~~~,?,~r :19~~ ,,:~,;

Ag ri cultural Meteorology An International Seminar! animal health and diseases. The Programme Workshop on Agrometeorological meeting identified issues of special Research and Applications in South interest to the Region, such as the Commi ssion for Agricultural and Central America was held in La agrometeorology of haricot bean, Meteorology Paz, Bolivia (23-27 May 1994), cassava and yam crops, and the need Preparatory work was under way in Participants from 14 countries bene­ for a survey of crop-weather model­ 1994 for the eleventh session of fited from the seminar, ling, It also recommended a number the Commission for Agricultural of activities for future study, Meteorology (CAgM), which, at the Regional working groups kind invitation of the Government of The RA VI Working Group on Agri­ Desertifi cation Cuba, will take place in Havana, in cultural Meteorology (January 1994) WMO participated in the third, February 1995. discussed, inter alia, the quality of fourth and fifth sessions of the produce; management of natural In tergovernmen tal N egotia ting Workshops and sem inars resources in highly-industrialized Committee to elaborate an Inter­ WMO organized a regional training countries; software development for national Convention to Combat workshop in Yamoussoukro, Cote agrometeorological applications; Desertification in those countries d'Ivoire (12-19 February 1994), on forest degradation, including forest experiencing serious drought and/or the Impact of Agrometeorological fires; and the impact of climate desertification, especially in Mrica Applications on Agriculture, For­ change in Europe on agriculture and (see also p, 6). estry and Related Sectors in forests, Values of solar radiation for A pre-publication version of the ECOWAS Member States. the estimation of yield were con­ WMOIUNEP report on "Interactions The workshop recommended, sidered highly important and the of Desertification and Climate", by among other things, the improve­ need to ensure their availability for Prof. M. A. J . Williams (Australia) ment of networks, and the util­ operational use was emphasized. and Dr R. C, Balling, Jr (USA), was ization of climatic data for socio­ The core members of the RA I distributed on 14 October 1994 in economic development, training and Working Group on Agricultural Paris at the ceremony to open for research, In particular, it suggested Meteorology met in July 1994. Sub­ signature the International Conven­ that research should be undertaken jects treated were meteorological tion to Combat Desertification. An on food and cash crops of sub­ aspects of desert locusts, drought, earlier version of the report had regional interest, desertification, forest fires, and provided climate-related scientific input for the elaboration of the Convention. AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME MEETINGS Ag roc li matolog ica l survey of the Date and place Title lowl ands of the humid tropics of South Ameri ca 10-14 January RA VI Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology Braunschweig, Germany The report of the WMOIFAOIUNEP agroclimatological survey of the 21-25 February CAgM Working Group on the Provision of Agrometeorological lowlands of the humid tropics of Geneva Services South America was finalized and 21-25 March CAgM Worki ng Group on the Relationships between Weather/ distributed to participating countries Geneva Climate and Sustainable Agricultural Production and Protection and to FAO and UNEP. The survey will be published in 1995. 18-22 April CAgM Working Group on Agrometeorological Data Management Geneva Norbert Gerbier-MUMM Intern ationa l Award 16-20 May CAgM Working Group on Extreme Agrometeorological Events Geneva Prof. A Berger (Belgium) and Dr P. Houtekamer (Netherlands), winners 5-8 July Meeting of core members of RA I Working Group on Agricultural of the 1994 Gerbier-MUMM award Abidjan, Cote d'ivoire Meteorology for their papers entitled "The rela­ tion between astronomy and climate

28 · " . WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT-1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

dissemination of WAFS data by the AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME MEETINGS twoWAFCs. Planning for the implementation Date and place Title of the WAFS satellite broadcast continued; contractors to implement 10 -11 February ASDAR Executive Board it have been chosen. The Satellite Reading, UK Distribution System (SADIS) for 16-18 March Working Group on Advanced Techniques Applied to Aeronautical WAFS products intended to cover Innsbruck, Austria Meteorology Africa, Europe, the Middle East and the western part of Asia is now 20-24 June Aeronautical Meteorological Code Review Meeting expected to start operational service Geneva in January 1995. Implemented from 2-4 August ASDAR Executive Board the outset as a two-way system, Washington, DC, USA SADIS will also support the ex­ change of alphanumeric operational 10-21 October Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology - tenth session meteorological data. Dissemination Geneva of WAFS products over the Americas 5-7 December Implementation Seminar on the World Area Forecast System by satellite from the Washington Santiago, Chile WAFC, expected in early 1995, would comprise GRIB coded data for the WAFS, alphanumeric opera­ variations" and "Predictability in increasing importance of envir­ tional data (e.g. METARs, TAFs, models of the atmospheric circula­ onmental issues, particularly the AIREPs) and graphical data including tion", respectively, were presented growing concern over the impact of significant weather (SIGWX) and with their awards at a ceremony aircraft on the atmosphere, as well wind and temperature charts. The held during the forty-sixth session of as the increasing demand for train­ new Regional Meteorological Tele­ the Executive Council. ing, CAeM agreed to expand its communication Network for RA IV is terms of reference to include training expected to be implemented at the Aeronautical Meteorology and environmental components. beginning of 1995 as a joint ICAO/ Programme The implementation of the WAFS WMO pilot project consisting of a The most important event of the reached a critical phase in 1994, two-way multi-point telecommunica­ year for the Aeronautical Meteoro­ with emphasis on the automation of tion service via satellite to meet the logy Programme was the convening the preparation and issuance of needs of both the ICAO Aeronautical of the tenth session of the Commis­ significant weather (SIGWX) fore­ Fixed Service for WAFS products sion for Aeronautical Meteorology casts in pictorial format by the dissemination and the WMO GTS. (CAeM). One hundred and twenty London World Area Forecast Centre An expert group meeting was participants from 60 countries and (WAFC) and the fulfilment of the convened (June 1994) to monitor and five international organizations requirements for the implementation review operational experience with attended the session which was of the satellite broadcast for the the introduction of new aeronautical addressed by the Secretaries­ General ofWMO and ICAO. CAeM Weather and climate information are essential for the sustainable development of agricultural discussed the implementation of the activities (WMO/B. Genier) World Area Forecast System (WAFS), meteorological support to general aviation and helicopter operations, automated observing systems at aerodromes, air reporting particularly in an automated envir­ onment, and commercialization aspects. The Commission also dis­ cussed training issues and the economic benefits of aeronautical meteorological services. It agreed on the draft Fourth Long-term Plan (1996-2005) for the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme, proposed amendments to WMO Technical Regulations and considered the results of the review meeting on codes (see below). In view of the

29 especially between the AMC and responsible emergency response authorities. Work is being under­ taken to define the most appropriate meteorological and oceanographic products for each area, and to pro­ vide technical advice to national Meteorological Services on marine pollution transport and dispersion modelling. All the development work for MPERSS and the trials are being closely coordinated with IMO and with other interested international organizations, such as IOC and Participants at the tenth session of the CAeM (Geneva) (WMO/Bianco) UNEP. requirements and associated international character of such activ­ Ocean data buoys meteorological codes. Results of the ities, the Commission for Marine Drifting and moored ocean data meeting and feedback from users Meteorology (CMM) decided to buoys have been in use since the indicated that, overall, reactions to undertake the development of an mid-1970s, as a very cost-effective the introduction of the new codes internationally coordinated system means of obtaining surface meteoro­ were both positive and favourable. to provide this support. The system, logical and oceanographic data from Only minor changes were proposed. called the Marine Pollution Emer­ otherwise data-sparse ocean areas, Following the success of the gency Response Support System in support of both operations and UKfWMO Seminar on the Applica­ (MPERSS), was adopted by CMM-XI research. A number of scientific tion and Interpretation of NWP (Lisbon, 1993) and approved by studies have demonstrated the posit­ Products in Aviation Forecasting EC-XLV for implementation on a ive impact of data from such buoys held in 1992, a second UKlWMO trial basis from 1 January 1994. on numerical weather analyses, seminar on the same topic took place Under MPERSS, the world's particularly in the southern hemi­ in July 1994 in Reading, UK. It oceans are divided into 20 zones, for sphere. In addition to their applica­ attracted 19 operational forecasters each of which a national Meteoro­ tion to operational meteorology, from areas receiving the Bracknell logical Service, called the Area drifting buoys equipped with WAFS data in Africa, the Middle Meteorological Coordinator (AMC), drogues have been used extensively East and eastern Europe. In future has agreed to assume the respons­ by oceanographers to map ocean the seminar will be repeated annu­ ibility to provide the meteorological currents, in particular as part of ally. The next seminar is planned for services required by pollution emer­ the TOGA and WOCE programmes July 1995 in the UK. gency response organizations in of WCRP. In late 1994, more than their efforts to combat major pollu­ 500 drifting and 100 moored buoys, Marine Meteorology and tion events. The objectives of the located on all the world's oceans, Associated Oceanographic trial period for MPERSS (which will were reporting their data, via the Activities Programme last at least four years) include the Argos system, onto the GTS. development ofthe necessary lines of Amongst its many activities, the Marine pollution emergencies communication for each ocean area Data Buoy Cooperation Panel Operations at sea in response to among Meteorological Services and (DBCP, formerly called the Drifting marine pollution emergencies are fundamentally dependent on the support of Meteorological Services. In the past, this support has been generally provided by individual national Meteorological Services for their national waters only, with services for international waters or any other related activity requiring international coordination taking place on an ad hoc basis. Launch of a drifting Due to the existing lack of defined buoy (British Crown responsibili ties for providing Copyright, repro­ meteorological support for pollution duced with the emergency response activities on the permission of the high seas, as well as the obvious Controller of HMSO)

30 projects that had been approved by MARINE METEOROLOGY AND ASSOCIATED Congress for PWSP and suggested OCEANOGRAPHIC ACTIVITIES PROGRAMME MEETINGS initial activities relating to: • Formulation and content of fore­ Date and place Title casts and warnings a nd the 17-21 January IGOSS Bureau - first session exchange and coordination of Sydney, Australia h azardous weath er information among neighbouring countries; 18-21 April Intergovernmental Committee for GOOS - first planning session Melbourne, Australia • Presentation and dissemination techniques; 25-27 May Joint Scientific and Technical Committee for GOOS - first session Nantes, France • Public understanding, public information and education. 20-24 June IGOSS Group of Experts on Operations and Technical Geneva Applications - third session The meeting decided to include the preparation of a Guide to Public 19-22 September CMM/IGOSS/IODE Sub-group on Ocean Satellites and Weather Services Practices as a Paris, France Remote Sensing - first session specific project. It also revised the 3-5 October Programme Committee for International South Atlantic Buoy first draft of the relevant section Buenos Aires, Argentina Programme - first session of the Fourth WMO Long-term Plan. The draft was subsequently 1-4 November Data Buoy Cooperation Panel - tenth session reviewed by the Commission for La Jolla, USA Basic Systems and the Executive 7-9 November Fourteenth Meeting on the Argos Joint Tariff Agreement Council and will be submitted to La Jolla, USA Twelfth Congress for approval. 12-16 December CMM Advisory Working Group - eighth session Vacoas, Mauritius

Buoy Cooperation Panel) promotes in several countries, an ISABP was and supports the formation of formally established at a meeting in regional action groups, for the coop­ Buenos Aires, Argentina, in October erative maintenance of operational 1994, hosted by the Argentine buoy networks in specific ocean National Meteorological Service. regions. In addition, the panel has Eleven separate institutions from collaborated directly with the five countries form the initial parti­ Surface Velocity Programme of cipants in the programme and, based WOCE/TOGA in the development on proposed contributions, it is likely and testing of a new, low-cost, that the number of buoys in the combined meteorological/oceano­ South Atlantic will increase from graphic drifting buoy. This drifter is about 15 in mid-1994 to over 70 in now commercially available, and is mid-1995, which represents a major forming the basis of many new step towards achieving the initial deployments under both operational programme target of 100 buoys. The and research programmes. majority of these buoys will be In response to expressed require­ the new, low-cost combined drifter ments from the WWW, GCOS and mentioned above, and will thus serve research programmes for enhanced both meteorological and oceano­ observations of surface atmospheric graphic users. pressure, sea surface temperature and ocean currents from the South Public Weather Services Atlantic Ocean, the DBep under­ Programme took in 1993, jointly with GCOS, to An Expert Meeting on Public investigate the possibilities for the Weather Services was convened in establishment of a cooperative Geneva, from 14 to 17 March 1994, International South Atlantic Buoy to review the overall purpose, scope Programme (lSABP). Following and long-term objectives of the expressions of interest from a Public Weather Services Programme number of institutions and agencies (PWSP). The meeting considered the

31 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

Global water resource issues Hydrological Cycle Observing Global Runoff Data Centre System (WHYCOS), where measure­ Water resource issues have been ments of flow, water quality and A vital component of any global prominent during 1994 in the face of climate parameters will be com­ water resources assessment is the the increasing scarcity of fresh water bined, is currently feasible. Similar Global Runoff Data Centre at the and the growing toll of death and matters were addressed at the Federal Institute of Hydrology, destruction from floods. These issues Workshop on Assessing the Aquatic Koblenz. Inaugurated in 1988, the were highlighted at the session of Environment which was held in Centre now holds data on daily and the UN Committee on Natural Stockholm from 8 to 12 August, monthly discharges of rivers at 3 347 Resources held in New York in in conj'unction with the Fourth stations in 2 941 river basins. Every March, at the Ministerial Conference Stockholm Water Symposium. This effort is made to assure reasonable on Drinking Water and Sanitation in WMO workshop was organized with standards of quality for data entered Noordwijk in the same month, at the the Swedish Meteorological and on the archive, and also to meet second session ofthe Commission on Hydrological Institute and a number requests for data from potential Sustainable Development in New of other agencies and bodies, assisted users. Close links have been estab­ York in May (see p. 9) and during the by the Stockholm Water Company. It lished between the Centre and the World Conference on Natural considered data needs and network Global Precipitation Climatology Disaster Reduction in Yokohama design, analysis and data synthesis, Centre in Offenbach, the GEMS/ (see p. 14). Because of the growing together with policy and institu­ Water Global Data Monitoring concern about the availability and tional requirements. The conclusions Centre at Burlington, Ontario, and sustainability of water resources, called for a shift in decision-making with the UNESCO Friend Project. the Commission on Sustainable from a sectoral-based to a resource­ Development asked for an assess­ based framework that considers all HOMS - 3 000 components ment of global water resources to major users and needs. The luxury of transferred be presented at its 1997 session. of being able to "pick and choose" In May 1994, the three thousandth WMO is now actively involved with from a range of options available for transfer of a HOMS component was other UN agencies and national any given activity will have to be effected for the WMO project for the experts in the preparation of the replaced by acceptance of integrated Rehabilitation and Improvement of assessment. plans covering the whole spectrum of Meteorological and Hydrological Of course, many of the past and water resources. Services of the Central American present activities within the Hydro­ logy and Water Resources Pro­ Measuring water flow and quality and related climate parameters will be possible under the gramme are concerned with water global network of stations envisaged for WHYCOS (WMO/ 8asso) resources assessment and improving the techniques for measuring, analysing and applying the neces­ sary hydrological data. Two meetings relevant to the assessment of water resources were held during the year. To discuss advances in water quality monitor­ ing, a workshop was held in Vienna from 7 to 11 March at the kind invi­ tation of the Government of Austria. New sensors for in-river monitoring were discussed, along with methods of data transmission and the prospects offered by remotely sensed imagery. These discussions demon­ strated that the global network of stations envisaged for the World

32 Isthmus. The component is a HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME manual on Statistical Analysis in MEETINGS Hydrology written by the German Federal Institute of Hydrology. The Date and place Title manual, which is available in English, was to be used as a resource 29 Jan.-1 Feb. Nile 2002 Conference - Comprehensive Water Resources for the development of course mater­ Khartoum, Sudan Development of the Nile Basin: The Vision Ahead ials in Spanish on data processing and statistical analysis in hydrology 7-11 February CHy Working Group on Hydrological Forecasting and for en gineers and other technical Bracknell, UK Applications for Water Management - first session personnel of national Hydrological Services in the region. 7-11 March Water and Environment, Regional Workshop on Advances HOMS started operations in Vienna, Austria in Water Quality Monitoring August 1981 and there have been 18-22 April CHy Advisory Working Group - second session about 250 transfers each year since Koblenz, Boppard , that date. The number of countries Rudessheim, Germany participating in HOMS has grown considerably in the last year to 117, 28-30 June International Symposium on Water Resources Planning in after remaining steady for several Karlsruhe, Germany a Changing World years. Most of the new participants are new Members ofWMO. Supple­ 28-29 June Workshop: A Hydrological Cycle Observing System for the ment No. 15 to the HOMS Reference Geneva Mediterranean rim (HYCOS-Mediterranean) Manual was issu ed in February, with 34 new or revised components 4-6 July Consultations on the Applications of MOFFS in the bringing the total number available Mexico City, Mexico Caribbean to 440. 8-12 August WMO/Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Hydrological pub li cations Stockholm, Sweden Workshop on Assessing the Aquatic Environment For almost four decades, WMO has produced publications on hydrology 28 Aug.-2 Sept. Postg raduate Hydrology Education - 1994: International and water resources. Some h ave Prague, Czech Republic Workshop appeared as Operational Hydrology 5-9 September XVlith Conference of the Danube Countries on Hydrological Reports (No. 42 was the most Budapest, Hungary Forecasting and Hydrological Bases of Water Management recent), some as technical reports in Hydrology and Water Resources and 8-16 September Second International Course on Discharge Measuring some in other WMO report series. Manaus and Techniques in Large Rivers Standing apart from these reports Manacapuru, Brazil are the HOMS R eference Manual, and its successive updates, and the 12-16 September Second Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) Workshop INFOHYDRO Manual (see p. 34), Bern, Switzerland the second edition of which will be publish ed shortly. In addition, 12-16 September The European Conference on Remote Sensing and GIS there are joint publications with Moscow, in Urban Waters UNESCO - such as the Inter­ Russian Federation national Glossary of Hydrology, the second edition of which was issued in 13-16 September International Conference on Integrated Basin Development 1992 - and several joint productions Wallingford, UK with commercial publishers, for example, the Hydrology of Disasters 19-23 September First International Conference on Hydroinformatics which was published in 1989. How­ Delft, Netherlands ever, the most important of all these 17-19 October Third Planning Meeting on Grid Estimation of Runoff Data publications is the Guide to Bern , Switzerland Hydrological Practices. The first edition of the Guide appeared in 14-18 November Advisory Committee for the System for Technology Exchange for 1965 and, in September 1994, the Geneva Natural Disasters (STEND) Project recently updated and enlarged fifth edition was published in a new 22-24 November International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium single volume format with 735 Adelaide, Australia pages. More th an 40 experts from different parts of the world

33 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 ,WMO ANNUAL REPORT .1994 . WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 , _".,,~ ,_ .. _.~+,:,.",~_:~_.~ •. ,_"",-,.'':l&.''...:.'.,' '• ... ",o;...,':'}-(":",:.\:I:...' .. ~ •• I,,'

contributed to its 59 chapters. Along Many of the TC 113 standards have and for countries in West Africa. Also with the HOMS Reference Manual, been included in the WMO Tech­ within the WHYCOS framework, a the Guide must form the most com­ nical Regulations, Volume III, Hydrological Cycle Observing Sys­ prehensive treatment of "how to do Hydrology, and they are referred to tem network is being developed for hydrology" that is in existence. in the recent fifth edition of the the benefit of the countries of the Guide to Hydrological Practices as Mediterranean rim. Together, these Commission for Hydrology are the TC 147 standards. different components should, when As is the case for other constituent implemented, provide a strong bodies, during the years between Supporting hydrology in Africa boost to hydrological activities in sessions of the Commission for With the encouragement of the Africa. Hydrology its affairs are entrusted to World Bank, plans continue to be the president of the Commission. developed for establishing the World Technical cooperation in hydro­ The Advisory Working Group (AWG) Hydrological Cycle Observing logy and water resources provides the necessary advice. April System, including an initial com­ The implementation of technical 1994 saw a session of the AWG ponent for Africa (WHYCOS-Africa). assistance projects in hydrology by taking place in Koblenz, Germany, Detailed proposals were made for WMO started in the 1960s. One of kindly hosted by the Federal the network in the Southern African the earliest was the Hydrometeoro­ Institute of Hydrology. The Advisory Development Community (SADC) logical Survey of the East African Working Group reviewed the pro­ countries and agreed upon by SADC Lakes which commenced in 1967. gress made by the three working authorities. These proposals were But there have been many other groups established by the Commis­ also submitted to the seventh session notable projects since then, such as sion at its ninth session in 1992 and of the Steering Committee for the the Hydroniger Project, the Jamaica by the 19 rapporteurs assigned to World Bank/UNDP Sub-Saharan Flood Plain Mapping Project and, them. Amongst others, the group Africa Hydrological Assessment more recently, the project for the agreed that HOMS should be Project, which took place at Improvement of the Flood Fore­ reviewed by a small task group, that UNESCO's headquarters in Paris in casting System in Bangladesh which the terms of reference of the July. At the same meeting, WMO is part of the Bangladesh Flood Commission were adequate to form was invited to prepare similar Action Plan. These projects repre­ the basis for its existing activities, proposals for the IGADD countries sented about 40 per cent of the and that links with UNESCO should be reinforced. INFOHYDRO Collaboration with the International Organization for The Hydrological Information Referral Service (INFOHYDRO) disseminates information on: Standardization (ISO) • National and international (governmental and non-governmental) organizations, institutions For a number of years, the interests and agencies dealing with hydrology and water resources; ofWMO and ISO in standardization of certain hydrological measure­ • The hydrological and related activities of those bodies; ments and observer practices have • The principal international river and lake basins of the world; been shared through the activities of two ISO Technical Committees • Networks of hydrological observing stations of countries - numbers of stations and dura- (TCs), namely: TC 113 (Hydrometric tion of records; Determinations); and TC 147 (Water • National hydrological data banks - status of collection, processing and archiving of data; Quality). WMO has participated in the regular meetings of both commit­ • International data banks related to hydrology and water resources. tees for some time to ensure con­ INFOHYDRO is available as: sistency of approach and to avoid duplication. Both committees held • The INFOHYORO Manual in book form which contains the above information in a single sessions during the year, TC 113 in volume (WMO No. 683); New Delhi and TC 147 in Vancouver, • A diskette containing the material held on the computerized INFOHYDRO database. to review progress and agree on new work. Extensive sets of international standards have been developed by TC 113 on flow measurement relat­ ing, for example, to dilution gauging and the use of weirs and flumes, and by TC 147 as regards the methodo­ logy of taking water and sediment samples, their preservation, trans­ port and analysis in the laboratory.

34 total WMO technical assistance pro­ gramme funded by UNDP. During 1994, several new pro­ posals for projects were developed. One prime example is a coordinated flow forecasting and warning system to serve the international manage­ ment of the Danube; a number of country projects were also promoted, such as those for Guyana, Mexico and Uganda. Of course, the proposals made within the frame­ work of WHYCOS also represent a substantial technical assistance contribution. One such contribution, which is part of a World Bank project proposal, concerns the basin of the Aral Sea, where improved monitoring and assessment of water resources is desperately needed as part of the programme to stop the Aral Sea from disappearing completely. WM O/UNESCO co llaboration Over the years, WMO and UNESCO have improved their collaboration in hydrology to the extent that a number of Member countries of both organizations have recognized the benefits of even closer cooperation between UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme and WMO's Operational Hydrology Programme at the national and international levels. Consequently, a task group was set up by the two agencies for the purpose of examining current and planned activities and making proposals for bringing about increased cooperation. In considering the different alternatives, the group adopted a step-by-step approach starting, for example, with an in­ Aftermath of a disaster. WMO is actively involved in the development and improvement of public and creased number of joint publications. user awareness of flood forecasts as part of the Bangladesh Flood Action Plan (UNICEF)

35 , WMO ANNUAL REPORT -1994 ," :_, - WMO ANNUAti , REPORT ,~1994 ,' WMO :AN'NUAL REPORT 1994 -'. ~ ,~ ... " 'I.~'.~. ,_ • __.... : • ..-- _.1.. ... '4 .' ./~';'L<;~A::-~.,P.:"1o.-.i-i~·"(~~;:2[;{· . .:•. _"~t:~~;~~)oPl,~,>.S;.-£..~ .. .:.._:.... ~~-:.4";:':"~~"",,::!.....;. :..:.. i..&:;.,. .'"l.L? : • _ ~ .."'. _~. ~':':'~i~

Introduction FELLOWSHIPS AWARDED IN 1994 The Education and Training Programme (ETRP) is closely inter­ Programmes or Long-term Short-term Training events of related with all other major scientific sources of support fellowships fellowships short duration and technical programmes ofWMO. UNDP 13 16 5 It h olds t h e k ey to future human resource development in Member vCP 10 81 12 countries to ensure the availability VCP(F) 8 19 of adequately trained staff to meet Members' responsibilities for provid­ Trust funds 13 23 2 ing meteorological and hydrological WMO regular budget 13 53 20 information and services, Activities under the ETRP span a wide range Total 49 181 58 of subjects. During 1994 the implementation ofthe ETRP continued under its four Meteorological Services hosted by Fellowships sub-programmes: manpower devel­ WMO, Geneva, 12-16 September opment; training activities; educa­ 1994; Th e fellowships awarded in 1994 tion and training fellowships; and under the various programmes or support to training events under • The Regional Training Seminar sources of support are listed above. for National Instructors of RA I other WMO major programmes. Efforts were made to increase the and RA VI (Cairo, Egypt, 16- Other activities included the coordi­ fellowship resources by tapping 27 October 1994). nation and integration of the various extra-budgetary and new sources of components ofWMO's education and These and other training and funding, training functions, technical back­ related events provided opportu n­ stopping of other programmes, ities for coordinating and sh aring Regional Meteorological advice to Members, support to the new learning technologies and Training Centres development of n ew Regional materials for the future development In June 1994, the Executive Council Meteorological Training Centres of edu cation and training in the decided that the following training (RMTCs), and the promotion of new fields of meteorology, operational centres should be recognized as methods such as computer-assisted hydrology, and marine meteorology. WMORMTCs: learning (CAL). Secretariat staff also participated • The Hydrometeorological Tech­ in a number of meetings of WMO nical School, at Tashkent, Education and training constituent bodies. Visits were made Uzbekistan, for training Class II meetings to national training institutions and Class III meteorological Training events organized or co­ and to WMO RMTCs in Algeria, personnel (Region ID; Argentina, China, Egypt, France, sponsored by WMO are listed in the Iran, Kenya, Nigeria, Portugal, the • The Postgraduate Training tables on pages 38 and 39, Centre for Applied Meteorology, High priority was given to helping Russian Federation, Uzbekistan and Venezuela, Bet Dagan, Israel, for specialized national instructors keep abreast of A "WMO Symposium on Educa­ training at postgraduate level scientific advances and new teaching tion and Training in Meteorology (Class I) (Region VI); methods, and to creating close links • The Advanced Training Institute among training institutions. In this and Operational Hydrology: curric­ u lum needs beyond 2000" will be and Moscow Hydrometeorological regard, the fo llowing meetings in held in Toulouse, France, in J uly College, Moscow, and the Russian 1994 were of particular significance: 1995. An International Programme State Hydrometeorological Insti­ • The third meetin'g of the Committee, chaired by Dr R. tute, St Petersbu rg, Russian Coordinating Committee of the Riddaway of the UK Meteorological Federation, for Classes I, II, and Standing Conference of Heads of Office College, has been established III and for specialized training Training Institutions of National to make the necessary preparations. (Region VI).

36 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

RMTC BUENOS AIRES

RMTC Buenos Aires, which is located in two institutions, gives Class I • M.Sc. in Agricultural Meteorology (2 1/2 years). and Class II courses at the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of the From 1955 to date, 61 Class I and 54 Class II foreign students have University of Buenos Aires , and Class III and Class IV courses at the graduated. National Meteorological Service (NMS), as well as postgraduate and In 1994 the NMS component organized a seminar on the meteoro­ specialized training courses and seminars. The courses have been logy of aviation accidents and hosted three events organized by WMO. attended by representatives of almost all countries in Regional On-the-job training was given to meteorological staff from Peru and Association III (South America). Paraguay and RMTC staff offered a course on the interpretation of The NMS has a teaching tradition which goes back for more than half a century - it started in 1934 with the creation of the School for satellite imagery in Uruguay. Four-month distance-learning courses for meteorological observers, radiosonde observers and meteorological Meteorological Observers. As from 1955, courses have been attended chart plotters are regularly offered. A distance-learning course for by Ibero-American fellowship students. assistant forecasters is planned for 1995. To date, there have been 2 787 graduates from RMTC Buenos In addition to producing the texts needed for the distance-learning Aires, 205 of whom were foreign students. In 1993, 135 students courses, the NMS, through RMTC Buenos Aires, has started a public graduated, including 24 who had received fellowships under various awareness campaign by providing information for general readers on cooperation programmes. the main aspects of atmospheriC sciences, the environment and natural RMTC Buenos Aires gives regular specialized courses and seminars disaster reduction. The series of information bulletins (37 bulletins intended to cover personnel training at all levels; at the NMS they are issued to date) has mainly been oriented towards secondary-school as follows: students and teachers, and is distributed to other Spanish-speaking • Postgraduate courses in nephanalysis, operational aeronautical Meteorological Services. meteorology, Antarctic meteorology and radar meteorology;

• Classes III and IV training courses for meteorological inspectors and meteorological instrument maintenance technicians; while those at the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences cover: • University Baccalaureate in hydrometeorology, climatology, agricul­ tural meteorology and synoptic meteorology (3 years) ; • "Licenciatura" in Atmospheric Sciences (5 years); • D.Phil. in Atmospheric Sciences (approximately 2 years);

Students at a workshop at the NMS component of the RMTC Buenos Aires (National Meteorological Service of Argentina)

The Council also decided to recog­ continued to perform an important materials, visiting scientists and the nize the Department of Meteorology, role in providing education and training of RMTC instructors. Federal University of Technology, training for operational personnel Akure, as the university component from their Regions and, in some Training publications of the WMO RMTC in Nigeria instances, from other Regions. Work continued on the preparation for training Class I meteorological The Secretari at continued to of new training publications and the personnel. assist centres and to monitor their revision and translation of existing The world-wide network ofWMO activities to ensure a high standard ones from the original into other RMTCs now comprises twenty-two of performance. Assistance was al so WMO working languages. During centres. During 1994 the centres provided in the form of training the year, the 1992 revised English 37 ~':': :WMO ANNUAl.·REPORT ,1994' WMO ' ANNUAL ; REPORt~1994 ',' ~= ,':, ,~,WMO : ANNUAtREPORT,)f99·~:.,;.'J ~,~.. :'_ .., 1"~--; .::, ~ ... ~ "'<~ 1; lJt:~ ~!-., A:, ,," orr. - ;~ .... £,,,' ~ <~-f':'!.. ~ I.~ :..i:l"IL"~j~":;;1~~ ..~.;~,,;;.'~~,rl~~~~ i.~~:~.~'~~il~1~~ l ..i-iii!t. :t~~:i?>~'~~~"J1'-~~l;;JJ.~~~j),~i~~~

TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS ORGANIZED BY WMO

Subject area Event title Location Dates Language(s)

Agrometeorology Regional Workshop on the Impact of Agrometeoro- Yamoussoukro, 12-19 February English/French logical Applications on Agriculture, Forestry and Cote d' ivoire Related Sectors in ECOWAS Member States

International Seminar/Workshop on Agrometeorological La Paz, Bolivia 23-27 May English/Spanish Research and Applications in South and Central America

Air pollution WMO Inter-regional (RA III/RA IV) Training Workshop on Buenos Aires, 7- 13 May English Background Atmospheric Composition Monitoring and Argentina Operation of GAW Stations

WMO Inter-regional (RA IIIRA V) Training Workshop on Beijing, China 12-16 September English Background Atmospheric Composition Monitoring and Operation of GAW Stations

First WMO GAW Workshop on Precipitation Chemistry Hradec Kralove 18-22 October English Laboratory Techniques Czech Republic

CLiCOM RA III Training Seminar on Utilization of CLiCOM 3.0 La Paz, Bolivia 7-18 March Spanish

RA I Training Seminar for French-speaking Countries on Tunis, Tunisia 25 April-6 May French Utilization of CLiCOM 3.0

CLiCOM installation and on-the -job training Bahamas Feb. and June English Kuwait April Arabic Sal ille, Cap Verde July French Jeddah, September Arabic Saudi Arabia

Climatology Training Workshop on National Climate App lication Vacoas, Mauritius 28 Nov.-2 Dec. English Programmes

Data management Regional Training Seminar on Data Management Singapore 5-9 December English for RA II and RA V

Education and Regional Training Seminar for National Instructors from Cairo, Egypt 16-27 October English/French training RA I and RA VI

Operational Training Seminar on the Operational Use of Advanced Darwin, Australia 4-8 July English forecasting GDPS Centre Products

Tropical meteorology Training Course on Tropical Meteorology and Tropical Miami, USA 21 Feb.-29 April English Cyclone Forecasting

Roving Seminar on Tropical Cyclones for RA I Antananarivo, 27 Aug.-1 Sept. French Madagascar Vacoas, Mauritius 31 Aug.-3 Sept. English/French Mahe, Seychelles 3-7 September English/French

Workshop on Storm Surges in the Bay of Bengal Bangkok, Thailand 14-19 November English edition of WMO-No. 434 - Com­ Training Library therefore continued to strengthen pendium of lecture notes in marine and expand its holdings in those meteorology for Class III and Class The WMO Training Library contin­ areas. During 1994, in response to IV meteorological personnel - was ued to give assistance to Members by requests from Members, training translated into Arabic and French. making educational materials avail­ institutions and many other users, The French version has been pub­ able to their training institutions. the library made available 282 video lished. Work has started on the There is a clear trend towards an films, 50 sets of slides (totalling preparation of a new publication in increasing demand for audiovisual 3 490 slides) and 598 computer the "Blue series" on the subject of training aids and computer-assisted diskettes, including 164 CAL soft­ "training of instructors". learning materials. The library ware packages.

38 TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS CO-SPONSORED OR JOINTLY SUPPORTED BY WMO

Subject area Event title Location Dates Language(s)

Agrometeorology Postgraduate Course in Crop-weather Modelling Bet Dagan, Israel 19 Jan.-25 Feb. English

Postgraduate Course in Database Construction, Bet Dagan, Israel 6 June-8 July English Maintenance and Management in Agrometeorology

Postgraduate Course in Agricultural Meteorology Bet Dagan, Israel 1 Nov.-10 Dec. English Joint WMO/FAO/UNEP Roving Seminar on the Use of Brasilia, Brazil 13-24 January Englishl Data for Effective Planning and Management of Water Portuguese for Sustainable Irrigated Crop Production Tehran, Iran 2-14 July English Cali, Colombia 24 Oct.-5 Nov. Spanish Niamey, Niger 26 Oct.-6 Nov. French

Climatology Postgraduate Course on Climatological Applications Antananarivo, 26 Sept.-17 Oct. French and Modelling Madagascar

Hydrology 25th International Postgraduate Course in Hydrology Budapest, Hungary 1 Feb.-31 July English

International Postgraduate Course in Hydrometeorology Bet Dagan, Israel 11 April-9 May English Course on Techniques of Hydraulic Investigations Denver, USA 11 July-31 Aug. English for International Participants

23rd International Postgraduate Diploma and Master's Roorkee, India Started 17 July English Course in Hydrology

4th Postgraduate Diploma Course in Hydrology Nairobi, Kenya Oct. 93-June 94 English 2nd International Course on Discharge Measuring Manaus and 8-16 September English Techniques in Large Rivers Manacapuru, Brazil

Regional Course on Hydrometeorologicallnformation Caracas, Venezuela 19 Sept.-15 Oct. Spanish Systems as Support to Water Resource Assessment

Meteomedia Design and Use of Audiovisual Materials for 1V Weather Turin, Italy 19 Aug.-16 Sept. French Presentation

1V Weather Presentation and Communication Skills Nairobi, Kenya 1-11 November English

Numerical weather Advanced Training Course on Numerical Weather ECMWF, Reading, UK 18 April-17 June English prediction (NWP) Prediction

UKlWMO Seminar on Application and Interpretation of Reading, UK 11-15 July English NWP Products in Aviation Forecasting

Satellite meteorology Training Course on Satellite Meteorology Nanjing, China 29 Aug .-26 Sept. English

Tropical meteorology Workshop for Senior Meteorological and Disaster Nadi, Fiji 11-13 October English Preparedness Officers from the South Pacific

First Southern Hemisphere Training Course on Melbourne, Australia 17-28 October English Tropical Cyclones

Training events

In 1994 more than 300 persons participated in 20 training events organized by WMO in 20 different countries; the Organization also co­ sponsored or jointly supported 22 training events organized by national institutions in Member countries (see this and facing page).

39 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

Introduction ing system was installed in January. arrangements. Nevertheless, the Good progress was achieved in the strong support and assistance of A total of 128 countries received implementation of Phase II of the UNDP field offices are essential for technical assistance to the value of project: "Establishment of a National efficient project implementation. US $18.96 million during 1994. Meteorological Service" in the Although operationally completed in These technical cooperation activ­ United Arab Emirates, where the 1993, projects in Brazil, Colombia ities were financed from the United Forecast Office is now providing and Venezuela received additional Nations Development Programme meteorological information and prod­ equipment in 1994, while formalities (UNDP) (14.2%), the Voluntary Co­ ucts to different users in the country continued regarding the approval of operation Programme (36.2%), trust and preparing climatological sum­ new phases. Computer facilities funds (41.1%) and the WMO regular maries for a number of stations. In were upgraded, satellite imagery budget (8.5%). addition, meteorological equipment receiving systems were installed and is being calibrated locally. spare parts for meteorological and UNDP and related activities A sectoral support mission on hydrological instruments were As in previous years, UNDP consti­ strengthening the Hydrometeoro­ provided. Sectoral support alloca­ tuted one ofthe sources of financing. logical Services of Mongolia was tions as well as funds from the However, the overall situation shows carried out in October to formulate a Project Development Facility (PDF) reduced availability of UNDP funds specific project on UNCED follow-up were used to identify Members' for development projects, including action, especially Agenda 21 and the requirements and to formulate pro­ those in WMO's areas of interest. All UN/FCCC. The Krygyz Republic also ject proposals. A large-scale project UNDP-funded projects have suffered benefited from a sectoral support for modernization of services within in this respect. mission, the aim of which was to the new Ministry of the Environ­ Sectoral advisory missions in assess the existing meteorological ment was prepared for Colombia. meteorology and operational hydro­ and hydrological facilities. A project In RA IV, sectoral support and logy were undertaken in 20 coun­ proposal was prepared and submit­ PDF funds were used to carry out a tries to assist in the planning and ted to the country and to UNDP for fact-finding mission in the English­ formulation of new projects. A total financing. speaking Caribbean countries. The of US $209 365 was spent for that In RA III, projects are almost fully resulting report and project proposal purpose in 1994. financed by the national counterpart for replacing the ageing hurricane In RA I, progress continued to be institutions under cost-sharing surveillance radars have been made in the implementation ofvari­ ous WMO activities related to the Orought management is of vital importance to many regions of Africa; the Orought Monitoring improvement of national Meteoro­ Centres in Harare, Zimbabwe, and Nairobi, Kenya, playa key role in provision of information to logical and Hydrological Services decision-makers in countries affected by drought (P. Williams/WCC) and regional institutions. Sectoral support missions were , carried out in Egypt and Sudan with the main tasks of assessing the existing meteorological and/or hydro­ logical facilities and advising on ways and means of improving and strengthening them. As a result of the missions, project proposals were prepared and submitted to the coun­ tries concerned as well as to UNDP and other donors for consideration. In RA II, under the UNDP pro­ ject: "Strengthening of Meteoro­ logical Services" in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, a NOAA satellite data receiving and process-

40 NEW SUN FOUNDATION

To promote a better knowledge of the impact of human activities on the Good progress has been made in obtaining the support of the environment the New Sun Foundation is actively involved in several relevant countries, and steady progress is being made in securing projects developed by WMO, namely: funding for the projects. To help sensitize the public, and to develop a tool for the transfer of • Improvement of protection against radioactive environmental technology, a project entitled: "Air, water and related environment" hazards in eastern Europe and the countries of the former Soviet (AWARE) is being considered. Equipment for the AWARE centre has Union; been pledged by private sector allies of the Foundation, Tecnavia and • Protection of investments in environment-related activities in the Hewlett Packard. The centre is in an advanced stage of design as Pacific-rim countries; regards the hydrological aspects. For the meteorological aspects, support has been pledged by the Republic Group, USA, and Weather • The Ibero-American Climate Project; News Inc., Japan. • Radar networking warning for the protection and sustainable devel­ opment of the Caribbean; • Sustainable development in southern Africa.

submitted to the European Union for climatological conditions and the tions in the participating countries consideration. provision of timely warnings on the have been identified and arrange­ In RA V, upon the request of possible incidence of drought. During ments made for the provision of Papua New Guinea, the data­ the year major efforts were dedicated computer workstations. Installation collection platform (DCP) was re­ to securing additional funds to of the SPRING software developed instated on the Sui River, using continue the operations of the by the Brazilian Space Research savings under UNDP project: centres; two project proposals have Institute (INPE) and training on its "Strengthening of water resources been submitted to UNDP and use for the application of Geographic and management". Belgium. Information Systems (GIS) will In RA VI, additional measuring follow in 1995. devices for air-pollution monitoring Global Environment Facility A number of GEF project pro­ and training of nationals were (GEF) posals have been submitted for provided within the framework of Two new GAW stations funded by consideration either through UNDP Phase II ofthe project "Development GEF for monitoring greenhouse resident representatives in the coun­ of a background air-pollution net­ gases, including ozone, were officially tries concerned or directly to the work" in Hungary. opened in China in September and GEF Coordinator at UNDP Regional Sectoral support missions were in Argentina in November 1994 (see Offices. carried out in Albania, Georgia and p. 26). The global station in Brazil the former Yugoslav Republic of could not be established at the Voluntary Cooperation Macedonia in the field of meteoro­ originally selected site in Natal and Programme (VCP) logy and operational hydrology. The an alternative location, near Bahia, In 1994, eleven donor Members con­ missions assessed the existing is now being considered. Good pro­ tributed cash amounting to about meteorological and hydrological facil­ gress is being made in Indonesia, US $453 500 to the Voluntary Co­ ities and advised on ways and means where the station is scheduled to operation Fund (VCP(F)). The for their improvement. Project open in September 1995. Equipment money was u sed for high-priority proposals were prepared and procurement and training for staff of programmes in accordance with the submitted to the countries concerned the stations in Algeria and Kenya allocations approved by the Execut­ as well as to UNDP and other donor are well under way. ive Council. institutions. Five countries are participating In 1994, two countries made use in a project to monitor ozone UV-B of the WWW Implementation Sup­ UNDP regional project in the Southern Cone of South port Revolving Fund of the VCP, The Drought Monitoring Centres in America. Sites for new stations have which is a loan not exceeding US Nairobi and Harare in RA I were been identified and preparations for $10000 per country, for temporary established within the framework of the installation of the equipment are assistance to purchase spare parts the UNDPIWMO project "Drought under way. and consumables. monitoring for eastern and southern Regional cooperative activities Within the framework ofthe VCP Africa". During 1994, the two centres within the framework of the Inter­ Equipment and Services Programme continued to play a key role in American Institute for Global (VCP(ES)), 19 donors provided drought management in the region Change Research are proceeding equipment, expert services and through regular assessments of well. Associated research institu- fellowships amounting to about

41 "'1~"_r-:ri"~-1:' _ ~ ~, ' <. ~ -, • ~".:!.,' ~ .'~.<-',,"'~~ " ~:"~~~~~',- ..... _.~ ...... -~ •• -~, .-, -,I',~ '''-;-"" WMO~NNUAL REBOR'f,1994 " " ,WMO ,ANNUAL iRERORv;;1994: , _·-,',:,;·"~WMO - ANNUAl';REP'ORti j994 :d f;~,.~i~:~~'~r~~.. ~.~~ "~;:;;:;~~;t;i-').~ '~": ~: ,<~'. ~·~i{~~~' '.~-~ i; "(_:'~ ••> ;\~,,:~t:l~!;''''~~~ r~~':.).:;;>&ii~:~:_·;Lt-L:~~~~~w·#"t~('" ;;{~~~~-c.,~~.;~w' ~l. ~.~i:f:'f;~\}';<~1~~4t/~~:/;:';£~ ~~~~~:?'~Jl.~~c~

US $6 400 000 in response to specific Trust-fund projects Service" in Morocco are being used to requests from developing countries. cover the most urgent needs of the Sixty-nine countries received sup­ WMO has initiated the procurement Service. port for a total of 119 VCP projects. of equipment for members of the In the Central American Isthmus Ofthese projects, 27 were completed Economic Community of the Great the major objective ofthe FINNIDA in 1994 and 92 are in the process of Lakes Countries (CEPGL), which project is being met through the being implemented. Seventeen were are participating in ACMAD activ­ establishment of a satellite-based aimed at strengthening surface ities, using Belgian funds as agreed meteorological telecommunication observing stations, 26 at strengthen­ upon during a meeting in Gisenyi. system in the southern part ofRA IV ing upper-air observing stations, five The Sudan/FINNIDA project is with strong support from the USA at installing satellite receiving terminating after the satisfactory NOAA/National Weather Service stations, 42 at improving the GTS completion of Phase II, during which and other donors. Close coordination and 19 at strengthening climato­ meteorological and telecommunica­ is ensured with activities ofICAO for logical activities, primarily through tion equipment, data-processing the WAFs transmissions. the installation of CLICOM systems; facilities and training aids were The activities of the Brazilian ten other projects were related to provided. The meteorology post­ Institute of the Environment in the radar stations, data-processing graduate and M.Sc. courses at the project for the recovery of rivers and systems, maintenance workshops, Institute of Environmental Studies watersheds have been expanded and research and training centre activ­ of the University of Khartoum were now include a large programme for ities, and hydrological and GAW reviewed and 11 students completed control and evaluation of chemical activities. their studies. The residual funds substances and environmental During 1994, 102 short-term and are being used for high-priority management. 53 long-term fellowships were under activities. The project for the establishment implementation within the frame­ Following the completion of the of a hurricane surveillance radar in work ofthe VCP. WMOIUNDP project "Meteorology, Santo Domingo by the European The Netherlands contributed to training and equipment" in the Union with a link to Port-au-Prince the WMONCP Natural Disaster Sultanate of Oman, trust-fund Airport had been delayed for several Assistance Fund by replacing the arrangements were made for the years pending construction of the hydrometeorological equipment in implementation of a project to radar tower. The station has now Viet Nam which had been destroyed ensure the continuation of training been installed and ancillary equip­ by typhoon Kyle. in different fields of meteorology and ment, including automatic stations A study tour and a Workshop on to provide expert services through a and computers, have been purchased Meteorological Cooperation between consultancy mission. The remaining for the Dominican Republic. The RA II and RA V Members took place funds under the project "Strengthen­ link to Haiti will be implemented from 5 to 17 September in China. ing of the national Meteorological when adequate arrangements are completed. After a long period of low-level TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME MEETINGS activity, the Venezuelan Ministry of the Environment has agreed to Date and place Title proceed with the implementation of a solid programme aimed at rehabil­ 1-3 March Informal Planning Meeting on the Voluntary Cooperation Geneva Programme (VCP) itating or strengthening central and regional support facilities through­ 18 June New Sun Foundation - Second Board Meeting out the country. Geneva Regular budget 28-30 July Meeting of the Coordinating Board of the WMO/FINNIDA Project Panama City, Panama for the Central American Isthmus During 1994, WMO continued to work closely with the Southern 3-7 September Meeting on Mutual Cooperation Among Hydrometeorological African Development Community Tehran, Islamic Services of the Islamic Republic of Iran and some of the Newly (SADC), in particular its Transport Republic of Iran Independent States and Communications Commission (SATCC) and the Inter-Govern­ 5-17 September VCP Study Tour and Workshop (Beijing) on Meteorological mental Authority on Drought and China Cooperation between WMO RA II and RA VMembers Development (IGADD) in order to 7-9 November International Conference on Early Warning and Environmental further the development of mete oro­ Niamey, Niger Monitoring (WMO/CeSIAliATNAGRYHMET) logical activities in support of envir­ onmentally sound economic and 17 November International Data Rescue Coordination Centre (lDCC) Geneva Supervisory Committee social development in the two sub­ regions. A major undertaking, carried out by SATCC with the 42 support ofWMO, was the prepara­ Mutual cooperation ment. In addition, the Netherlands tion of the SATCC Ten-year Meteoro­ financed two Associate Experts: one logy Development Programme for A Meeting on Mutual Cooperation is working in the Central African the SADC countries. In addition, among Hydrometeorological Services Republic in the field of hydrology efforts are under way to assist of the Islamic Republic of Iran and and the other in Guinea-Bissau SATCC with the preparation of Draft some of the Newly Independent in the field of hydrology and data Protocols for the Meteorology Sub­ States was held in Tehran, from 3 to processing. Finland and the Sector in the SADC region. 7 September 1994, at the kind in­ Netherlands continued to support With regard to IGADD, WMO vitation of the Islamic Republic of this scheme with experts assisting in collaborated in the preparation of Iran Meteorological Organization. operational hydrology and climato­ project proposals for the further The vice-president of RA II and logical data processing in the Central development of meteorological activ­ representatives from Armenia, American Isthmus. Two United ities in IGADD Member States and Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Nations Volunteers (UNVs) are in the organization of Meetings of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian working in Africa: one from Directors of Meteorological and Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan Madagascar is working in the Hydrological Services in the IGADD and Uzbekistan participated in the Central African Republic in the field region. meeting. The meeting agreed on the of hydrology and the other from Togo WMO has been collaborating with establishment of a Coordinating is in Sao Tome and Principe carrying the Economic Community of West Committee on the Caspian Sea, the out data processing work. African States (ECOWAS) on the exchange of research and informa­ preparation and finalization of a tion on severe weather phenomena, programme document in support of the establishment of national and agricultural production and the regional data banks and the use management of environmental of available training facilities at resources in the sub-region. Fruitful the WMO Regional Meteorological contacts with potential donors have Training Centre in Tehran. been made with a view to funding the projects. The projects will be Support for new Members of examined by the next meeting of WMO Directors of the Meteorological Arrangements are under way for a Services. WMO has also been work­ donors' conference in support of the ing closely with CEPGL on the national Meteorological and Hydro­ follow-up to the coordination meet­ meteorological Services of the Newly ings on meteorology and water Independent States and new resources held in Gisenyi, Rwanda, Members of WMO in Europe and in October 1994. The action foreseen Central Asia. The purpose of the includes consultancy missions, which conference, which will take place in will be organized by WMO, on the Geneva in April 1995, is to secure commercialization of meteorological resources to enable each Service to products, the standardization of contribute to the sustainable devel­ meteorological services and the opment of its nation and to meet training of personnel. international obligations. A consolid­ The first session of the RA VI ated document has been prepared Task Force on Technical Cooperation and distributed to the donor commu­ took place in Geneva from 14 to nity; it details the requirements of 17 September 1994. On the basis the Services and identifies the role of of information collected by the meteorology, climatology, operational Secretariat, the most urgent needs of hydrology and related environmental national Meteorological and Hydro­ disciplines in the development meteorological Services for ensuring process. A number of national and the continued operation of the upper­ multinational donor agencies and air network of stations in the Region donor countries have been invited to were identified. To reinforce the attend. assistance already requested by the Secretariat as contributions from Associate experts, JPOs and donor Members through the VCP, UNVs scheme the task force called for further Two Junior Professional Officers external assistance for the rehabil­ (JPOs), financed by France and Italy, itation of the Region's upper-air were assigned to the Secretariat in network of stations. the Technical Cooperation Depart-

43 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994

Regional Office for Africa Monitoring Centres, and sub-regional nized the advantages to be gained by cooperation programmes initiated NMHSs from the SADIS system of The Office continued to provide and developed for economic group­ ICAO. However, several Members assistance in the promotion of ings such as SADC, IGADD, CLISS, expressed concern regarding the meteorological and hydrological CEPGL, ECOWAS, ECCAS and impact SADIS might have on activities in the Region. It initiated others. NMHSs in Africa and urged those substantive studies on the World Two issues ofthe Regional N ews­ involved to work together to over­ Weather Watch, education and train­ letter were published in 1994. come any difficulties. A rapporteur ing and marine meteorological was appointed for this subject area. services in Africa, with a view to Eleventh session of Regional Guidelines on the commercializa­ establishing itself as an information Association I (Africa) tion issue were adopted for use by centre for the Region. Other in-depth The eleventh session of RA I was Members of RA 1. studies were commissioned through held in Gaborone, Botswana, from The importance of the Technical the subsidiary bodies of the Associ­ 14 to 25 November 1994. It was Cooperation Programme was ation' including those on coordina­ attended by representatives of 36 emphasized and the Association reit­ tion of meteorological activities at Members of the Association, three erated its concern over the reduced the national level and future observers from other Regions and availability of external resources and arrangements for the exchange of 13 regional and international organ­ the impact that such reductions meteorological data and products, in izations. The Association re-elected would have on the operation of the preparation for the eleventh session Mr K. Konare (Mali) and Ms G. K. basic meteorological systems in the ofRA 1. Ramothwa (Botswana) as president Region. It urged Members to spare Continued support was provided and vice-president of the Association, no effort to mobilize internal and to the president of the Association respectively. external resources. and to Members in the implementa­ The Association identified high­ The session considered that the tion of WMO programmes through priority activities and indicated the name "Association" was inappropri­ visits, advice and follow-up actions. level of importance it attaches to ate for intergovernmental bodies The Office ensured liaison with sub­ WMO programmes, for inclusion in such as the WMO Regional Associ­ regional organizations and with the Fourth Long-term Plan. ations and recommended that regional bodies of international In considering the telecommuni­ Congress consider changing the organizations active in the field of cation and data-processing needs of name to "Assemblee Generale" in meteorology, operational hydrology, the Region, the Association decided French, with an appropriate trans­ environment and related disciplines. to restructure its telecommunication lation into other official languages. It was closely associated with the circuits and networks of RTHs and The Association adopted guide­ implementation of regional projects, RSMCs. As regards aeronautical lines for the coordination of meteoro­ such as ACMAD and the Drought meteorology, the Association recog- logical activities at the national

Participants of the eleventh session of RA I (Gaborone, Botswana)

44 Participants of the eleventh session of RA V (Noumea, New Caledonia) level which provide a step-by-step March 1995). The Office also the seventeenth meeting of the approach to the establishment of a assisted in the preparations for the ASEAN Sub-Committee on Meteoro­ unified Meteorological Service in any Fourth Meeting of Directors of logy and Geophysics, which was held given country. Meteorological and Hydrological in Indonesia. Services of Ibero-American Coun­ Continued support was provided Regional Office for the Americas tries, to be held immediately after to Mr H. A. Taravat, former presid­ During 1994, the Regional Office the technical conference. ent of RA II, and Dr Z. Batjargal, worked in close cooperation with the The Office was involved in such acting president of RA II, as well as presidents ofRAs III and IV, Messrs events as the Meeting of Directors of to Dr S. Karjoto, president ofRA V. Wilfrido Castro W. and Nabil Kawas, Meteorological Services of the Two issues of the Regional N ews­ respectively, and with Mr Steve Central American Isthmus, held in letter were published in 1994. Pollonais who replaced the latter Panama, and the Regional Workshop during the second semester of the on Research and Applications of Eleventh session of Regional year. Following the recommenda­ Climate Forecasts in the Decision­ Association V (South-West tions of the eleventh session of making Process in South-eastern Pacific) RA III (Asuncion, September 1993), South America, held in Uruguay. The eleventh session of RA V was the Office maintained close contact The capabilities ofthe Office have held in N oumea, New Caledonia, with the chairmen and members of been enhanced with the upgrading of from 18 to 27 May 1994. The 45 the various working groups in order the database management system participants included delegates from to facilitate and expedite their tasks. and the establishment of a PC-based 12 Member countries, six observers It continued to provide assistance to telecommunication link with the from other countries, two invited Members in the follow-up and imple­ Headquarters. These developments experts and four observers from mentation ofWMO programmes. enable the Office to serve the Mem­ international organizations. Dr S. The president of RA III carried bers of the Region better. Karjoto (Indonesia) and Mr J. out missions to seven countries of Two issues of the Regional N ews­ Lumsden (New Zealand) were the Region to familiarize himself letter were published in 1994. elected president and vice-president with the progress of relevant activ­ of the Association, respectively. ities of the NMHSs. As a result, it Regional Office for Asia and the As regards the WWW, the Associ­ is expected that the Services South-West Pacific ation agreed that special attention will enhance their participation in The Office carried out its work as an should be given to the operation of WMO programmes and activities. integral part of the Secretariat. It the Global Telecommunication Increased participation of RA III maintained close liaison with coun­ System and to reducing the deficien­ Members in activities and pro­ tries in RAs II and V. In particular it cies in the GOS and GDPS in the grammes carried out by the Govern­ assisted and participated in study Region. ment of Brazil, through INPE and tours and workshops, organized by The status of implementation of CPTEC, is also expected. High-level the China Meteorological Adminis­ the World Area Forecast System in meetings were held with some tration and the Islamic Republic of the Region was reviewed and the governmental authorities to Iran Meteorological Organization, Association noted the agreement strengthen collaboration with WMO. which aimed at strengthening coop­ reached by Australia and New Preliminary arrangements were eration and the exchange of experi­ Zealand on the transfer of the fore­ made for the RA IIVRA IV Technical ence between Members. casting function from Wellington to Conference on Management and Support was provided to the three Melbourne. Development of Meteorological and tropical cyclone bodies in Regions II In considering the important Hydrological Services (Colombia, and V. The Office also contributed to developments related to climate and 45 climate change that had taken place since its last session, the Association recognized the need to expand its activities in those areas and estab­ lished a Working Group on Climate Matters. Recognizing that traditional sources of technical cooperation assistance were diminishing, the Association urged Members to make resource-mobilization efforts at the national level, in particular to meet their capacity-building require­ ments. As regards the Regional Office, the Association considered that a more visible and active presence in the Region was desirable. A Familiarization Meeting of Participants at the eleventh session of RA VI (Oslo, Norway) Directors of national Meteorological Services of non-Members ofWMO in lish national climate programmes nical Cooperation to assist the con­ the South-West Pacific was arranged and to develop their climate-related siderable efforts being made by the in conjunction with the eleventh activities in support of sustainable Secretariat in support of these new session of the Association. development. The widespread in­ Members. volvement of Members in GAW The Association also considered Eleventh session of Regional activities was welcomed; the import­ the question of the commercializa­ Association VI (Europe) ance of the ozone issue was stressed. tion of meteorological services and The eleventh session of RA VI was The session fully endorsed the the new framework practices held in Oslo, Norway, from 2 to 13 WHYCOS concept. adopted by the Executive Council in May 1994. Professor P. Steinhauser The Association appreciated the the context of the principle of free (Austria) and Mr J. M. Simoes kind offers by Israel and the Russian and unrestricted exchange of basic Cristina (Portugal) were elected Federation to host RMTCs in their data and products between NMHSs president and vice-president of the respective countries and recom­ in the interest of all WMO Members. Association, respectively. mended that appropriate procedures Political changes that have be initiated to that effect. occurred in Europe have had import­ It also noted with appreciation the ant repercussions on RA VI which Secretary-General's actions related now comprises 44 Members, includ­ to UNCED follow-up and the estab­ ing several new Members ofWMO. lishment of a Resource Mobilization Representatives of 37 Members of Unit within the Technical Coopera­ RA VI, observers from two other tion Department to consider all Regions and representatives of five opportunities for external funding. international organizations attended The session agreed that the the session. proposals in the draft Fourth Long­ The Association urged Members term Plan well reflected major issues to support activities related COSNA related to the environment and and considered the provision of sustainable development, including warnings of severe weather events climate change and the need to as a high-priority activity of all ensure WMO's responsiveness to NMHSs. It adopted a revised RBSN new challenges. and a revised RMTN and considered Many new Members of Region VI different technological options for a were facing serious problems in new Regional Meteorological Data maintaining the level of national Communication Network. Arrange­ Meteorological and Hydrological ments for the exchange of data and Services at the required standard, products for emergency response while others were in the process of activities were reviewed. rehabilitating their basic infrastruc­ In considering new developments tures. The Association gave consider­ related to climate change issues, the able attention to this issu e and Association urged Members to estab- established a Task-Force on Tech-

46 Regular budget The budget adopted by EC-XLIII sections of the second biennium for for the first biennium (1992-1993) the continued implementation of The maximum expenditure approved was SFR 112 010 000. The budget the programmes. This amounted to by Eleventh Congress for the eleventh which EC-XLV adopted for the SFR 3426914 in reappropriations to financial period (1992-1995) was second biennium (1994-1995) was the 1994-1995 biennium. SFR 236 100000. It was based on SFR 122 400 000. It took account of zero real growth in programmes. For lower actual inflation during the first Contributions the first time, however, Congress 17 months of the first biennium and Assessed contributions for the year made provision in the maximum al so lower projected inflation for 1994 totalled SFR 61212240, includ­ expenditure for "full budgeting" to the second biennium. EC-XLV also ing SFR 12 240 assessed on one new cover cost increases due to inflation approved the reappropriation of Member. Unpaid contributions in during the financial period. This any unspent balances remaining respect of the assessments amounted affords more stable purchasing from the budget of the first biennium to SFR 12 542 409 at 31 December power to the WMO programmes. to the corresponding parts and 1994. Total unpaid contributions due from Members at 31 December 1994 were SFR 19 123 662 as compared ACTUAL EXPENDITURE FOR THE FIRST BIENNIUM (1992- with SFR 17 634 766 at 31 December 1993) AND BUDGET FOR THE SECOND BIENNIUM (1994-1995) 1993 and SFR 25 530 251 at 31 (I N SFR '000) December 1992. On 1 January 1995, 47 Members had forfeited their Actual Budget" rights in accordance with decisions Parts Programmes expenditure 1994-1995 of Congress as compared with 38 at 1992-1993 1 January 1994. 1. Policy-making organs 2470.3 4276.5 Working Capital Fund 2. Executive management 5284.2 6123.8 During the last quarter of 1994, an 3. Scientific and technical programmes: advance of SFR 1 500 000 was made 3.0 Overall coordination of the scientific and to the General Fund to cover cash shortages. The advance was repaid technical programmes 1743.3 2783.9 in December 1994 after receipt of 3.1 World Weather Watch Programme 11 320.5 14033.3 further contributions. 3.2 World Climate Programme 10282.9 12125.6 Extra-budgetary expenditure 3.3 Atmospheric Research and Envi ronment Programme 5 674.1 7951.0 In addition to the extra-budgetary activities in respect of technical co­ 3.4 Applications of Meteorology Programme 5 675.0 6959.1 operation projects, WMO admin­ 3.5 Hydrology and Water Resources Programme 4648.3 5 356.8 istered several trust-fund and 3.6 Education and Training Programme 61 88. 1 8051.1 special accounts financed by various Members and international organ­ 3.7 Regional Programme 6152.1 7 052.6 izations, notably for UNDP and Total Part 3: Scientific and tech nical programmes 51 684 .3 64313.4 UNEP projects and for GCOS, JCRF, 4. Technical Cooperation Programme 5 771.0 1741.7 CAEA, IPCC, TOGA, IGMlWCP. 5. Programme support services and publications 22892.2 25860.6 6. Administration 18 266.3 20959.6 7. Other budgetary provision 2214.8 2 551. 3

Total 108583.1 125826.9

• including reappropriations

47 DISTRIBUTION OF STAFF BY NATIONALITY AND REGION (on 31 December 1994)

u P G S Total U P G S Total RA I - Africa RA IV - North and Algeria Central America Burkina Faso Canada 4 5 Burundi Costa Rica 1 1 Cameroon 1 Honduras 1 1 Egypt 1 Mexico 2 2 Eritrea 1 St Lucia 1 1 Ethiopia 1 1 United States of America 7 2 4 13 Ghana 1 1 16 3 4 23 Guinea 2 2 Kenya 2 2 RA V- South-West Pacific Liberia 1 Australia 3 3 Mauritius 2 2 Brunei Darussalam 1 1 Morocco 4 4 Indonesia 3 3 Niger 2 2 New Zealand 1 2 Nigeria 1 Philippines 5 7 Senegal 1 1 Sudan 2 2 6 9 16 Tunisia 1 2 Uganda 1 RA VI - Europe United Republic of Tanzania 2 2 Austria 1 Zambia 1 1 Belgium 5 5 Denmark 1 19 11 31 Finland 1 1 France 9 41 3 53 RA II - Asia Germany 4 1 5 Bangladesh 2 2 Greece 1 2 Cambodia 1 1 Hungary 1 China 3 3 Ireland 4 5 India 3 3 Italy 4 6 Iran, Islamic Republic of 1 1 Jordan 1 Japan 2 3 Netherlands 1 Pakistan 1 2 Norway 1 2 Qatar 1 1 Poland 2 2 Republic of Korea 1 Portugal 1 Sri Lanka 1 Romania 1 1 7 9 2 18 Russian Federation 12 5 19 Spain 2 7 9 RA 1/1 - South America Sweden 2 2 Argentina Switzerland 5 31 3 39 Brazil 1 1 United Kingdom of Great Britain Chile 2 3 and Northern Ireland 10 15 4 30 Colombia 1 1 2 58 111 16 187 Guyana 1 1 Paraguay 1 1 Uruguay 2 2 6 4 10 Summary by funding sources U: Unclassified posts at the Secretariat (Secretary-General, Deputy General Fund 3 97 120 220 Secretary-General, Assistant Secretary-General) UNDP Fund (administration P: Professional category staff and above (established posts) and execution) 15 27 42 G: General Service category staff (established posts) Supernumerary staff 23 23 S: Supernumerary staff (P and G categories) Total 3 112 147 23 285

48 THE SECRETARIAT OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

World Weather Watch Department (Director: R. C. Landis)

World Climate Programme Department (Director: V. Boldirev)

Joint Planning Staff for WCRP' (Director: H. Grassl)

Joint Planning Office for GCOS" (Director: T. W . Spence)

Deputy Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme Department Secretary-General (Director: F. Delsol)

(0. N. Axford) Hydrology and Water Resources Department (Director: J. Rodda)

Resource Management Department (Director: M . Husain)

Regional Offices: Africa (Director: W. Degefu); the Americas (Director: G. Lizano); Asia and the South-West Pacific (Director: E. H. AI-Majed)

Regional programme coordination, Secretary-General UN and external relations, public information (Director: S. Chacowry) (G . O. P. Obasi)

Special duties: Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change (Acting Director: J. L. Breslin)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Secretary: N. Sundararaman)

Technical Cooperation Department Assistant (Director: R. A. de Guzman) Secretary-General Support Services Department (Director: J. K. Murithi) (A. S. Zaitsev) Education and Training Department (Director: G. Necco)

Languages, Publications and Conferences Department

Long-term planning

Formulation of programme and budget

WMO Bulletin • World Climate Research Programme--Coordination in accordance with the WMO/ ICSU/ IOC agreement Coordination of arrangements •• Global Climate Observing System-Coordination in for Congress and EC accordance with the WMO/ ICSU/ IOC/UNEP agreement

49 MEMBERS OF THE ANNEX I WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (31.12.1994)

I. Members (States) under the terms of Article 3, paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of the Convention (173)

Afghanistan Denmark' Lesotho' Senegal' Albania Djibouti Liberia Seychelles' Algeria' Dominica Libyan Arab Jamahiriya' Sierra Leone' Angola Dominican Republic Lithuania Singapore' Antigua and Barbuda Ecuador' Luxembourg' Slovakia Argentina' Egypt' Madagascar' Slovenia' Armenia EI Salvador Malawi' Solomon Islands Australia' Eritrea Malaysia' Somalia Austria' Estonia Maldives South Africa Azerbaijan Ethiopia Mali' Spain' Bahamas' Fiji' Malta' Sri Lanka Bahrain Finland' Mauritania Sudan Bangladesh France Mauritius' Suriname Barbados' Gabon' Mexico Swaziland Belarus' Gambia' Mongolia' Sweden' Belgium' Georgia Morocco' Switzerland Belize Germany' Mozambique Syrian Arab Republic Benin Ghana' Myanmar Tajikistan Bolivia Greece' Namibia Thailand' Bosnia and Herzegovina Guatemala' Nepal The former Yugoslav Botswana Guinea' Netherlands' Republic of Macedonia*' Brazil' Guinea-Bissau New Zealand' Togo Brunei Darussalam Guyana' Nicaragua' Trinidad and Tobago' Bulgaria' Haiti' Niger' Tunisia' Burkina Faso' Honduras Nigeria' Turkey Burundi Hungary' Norway' Turkmenistan Cambodia' Iceland Oman Uganda' Cameroon India' Pakistan' Ukraine' Canada Indonesia' Panama United Arab Emirates Cape Verde Iran , Islamic Republic of' Papua New Guinea United Kingdom of Great Central African Republic' Iraq' Paraguay Britain and Northern Ireland' Chad Ireland' Peru United Republic of Tanzania' Chile Israel Philippines' United States of America China' Italy' Poland' Uruguay' Colombia Jamaica' Portugal Uzbekistan Comoros Japan' Qatar Vanuatu Congo Jordan' Republic of Korea' Venezuela Costa Rica Kazakhstan Republic of Moldova Viet Nam, Socialist Cote d'ivoire' Kenya' Republic of Yemen Republic of Croatia Kuwait' Romania' Yugoslavia' Cuba' Kyrgyz Republic Russian Federation' Zaire' Cyprus' Lao People's Democratic Rwanda' Zambia' Czech Republic Republic' Saint Lucia' Zimbabwe' Democratic People's Latvia Sao Tome and Principe Republic of Korea Lebanon Saudi Arabia

II. Members (Territories) under the terms of Article 3, paragraphs (d) and (e) of the Convention (5) British Caribbean Territories, French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia

Member States that have acceded to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies The General Assembly decided on 8 April 1993 to admit to United Nations membership the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name. Note: Non-Member which has acceded to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies and declared that it will apply it to WMO: Tonga

50 EXECUTIVE COUNCIL President: Zou Jingmeng (China) First Vice-President: J. W. Zillman (Australia) Second Vice-President: Vacant Third Vice-President: A. Lebeau (France)

Presidents of Regional Associations

RA I (Africa): RA III (South America): RA V (South-West Pacific): K. Konan3 (Mali) W. Castro Wrede (Paraguay) S. Karjoto (Indonesia) RA II (Asia): RA IV (North and Central America): RA VI (Europe): Z. Batjargal (Mongolia) (acting) S. Pollonais (Trinidad and Tobago) (acting) P. Steinhauser (Austria)

Elected members M. E. Abdalla (Sudan) E. Ekoko-Etoumann (Cameroon) L. Ndorimana (Burundi) (acting) A. A. Algain (Saudi Arabia) H. M. Fijnaut (Netherlands) K. Ninomiya (Japan) (acting) R. G. AI -Kubaisi (Qatar) (acting) C. Finizio (Italy) (acting) J. R. Ortega Hernandez (Venezuela) (acting) A. Athayde (Brazil) (acting) E. W. Friday (USA) M. M. Saho (Gambia) (acting) M. Bautista Perez (Spain) J. Hunt (United Kingdom) (acting) B. T. Sekoli (Lesotho) (acting) A. Bedritsky (Russian Federation) (acting) R. L. Kintanar (Philippines) N. Sen Roy (India) (acting) C. E. Berridge (British Caribbean Territories) (acting) G. McBean (Canada) (acting) H. Trabelsi (Tunisia) A. Cissoko (Cote d'ivoire) T. Mohr (Germany) (acting) J. Zielinski (Poland) A. J. Dania (Netherlands Antilles) E. A. Mukolwe (Kenya)

REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

Regional Association I (Africa) Reg ional Association III (South America) Regional Association V (South-West Pacific) President: K. Konare (Mali) President: W. Castro Wrede (Paraguay) President: S. Karjoto (Indonesia) Vice-president: G. K. Ramothwa (Ms) (Botswana) Vice-president: Vacant Vice-president: J. R. Lumsden (New Zealand)

Regional Association II (Asia) Regional Association IV Regional Association VI (Europe) President: Z. Batjargal (Mongolia) (North and Central America) President: P. Steinhauser (Austria) (acting) President: S. Pollonais (Trinidad and Tobago) Vice-president: J. M. Simoes Cristina (Portugal) Vice-president: Vacant (acting) Vice-president: H. Hidalgo Ramirez (Costa Rica)

TECHNICAL COMMISSIONS

Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM) Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) Commission for Instruments and Methods of President: C. H. Sprinkle (USA) President: A. A. Vasiliev (Russian Federation) Observation (CIMO) Vice-president: N. D. Gordon (New Zealand) Vice-president: S. Mildner (Germany) President: J. Kruus (Canada) Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM) Commission for Climatology (CCI) Vice-president: A. van Gysegem (Belgium) President: C. J. Stigter (Netherlands) President: W. J. Maunder (New Zealand) Vice-president: M. J. Salinger (New Zealand) Vice-president: Y. Boodhoo (Mauritius) Commission for Marine Meteorology (CMM) Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) Commission for Hydrology (CHy) President: R. J. Shearman (United Kingdom) President: D. J. Gauntlett (Australia) President: K. Hofius (Germany) Vice-president: Lim Joo Tick (Malaysia) Vice-president: A. Eliassen (Norway) Vice-president: G. Arduino (Uruguay)

51 STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

CONGRESS

The supreme body, on which all Members are represented; meets every four years

TECHNICAL COMMISSIONS REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Commission for Basic Regional Association I - Systems (CBS) Africa Commission for Instruments Regional Association II - and Methods of Observation Asia (CIMO)

Regional Association III - Commission for Hydrology South America (CHy)

Regional Association IV - Commission for Atmospheric North and Central Sciences (CAS) America EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Commission for Aeronautical Regional Association V - Meteorology (CAeM) South-West Consists of 36 members, Pacific including the President, Commission for Agricultural three Vice-Presidents and Meteorology (CAgM) Regional Association VI - the six presidents of the Europe regional associations, Commission for Marine who are ex officio Meteorology (CMM) members; meets annually Commission for Working groups and Climatology (CCI) rapporteurs of regional associations Advisory working groups, Regional hydrological working groups and advisers rapporteurs of technical commissions

Other bodies which are Working groups, affiliated with WMO, committees and panels e.g. JSC for of experts of the WCRP, Intergovernmental Executive Council Panel on Cli mate Change, JSTC for GCOS

SECRETARY-GENERAL SECRETARIAT

The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General, provides support to the above constituent bodies and groups

52 Table I Analysis of assistance under UNDP and TF (1990-1994)

Total number of countries which Number of UNDP and Number of UNDP and Va lue in US $ (millions) received UNDP TF expert missions' TF fellowships awarded of assistance provided and/or TF assistance

Year UNDP TF UNDP TF UNDP TF UNDP TF Tota l

1990 115 35 214 46 105 37 16796 7427 24223

1991 111 36 153 52 145 56 15583 7862 23445

1992 99 36 127 59 74 79 11 984 5828 17812

1993 60 32 148 74 69 23 7320 10064 17 384

1994 50 38 48 49 34 38 2700 7800 10 500

* including three UN Volu nteers, five associate experts and 14 national experts

Tabl e II Distribution of expert missions in 1994 by field of activity

Programme / Number of expert missions

Field of activity UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Agrometeorology 9 13 22

Automatic data processing 5 4 9

Computer science/techniques 2 2

Hydrometeorology/hydrology 11 23 34

Instruments/electronics

Meteorology 21 5 26

Other 2 2

Training

Total 48 49 97

53 Table III Nationality of WMO experts who served in 1994

Nationality Associate National Volunteer Other Total Nationality Associate National Volunteer Other Total

Algeria Malaysia 1 1 Barbados Mali 6 6 Bosnia and Mexico 1 Herzegovina Netherlands 3 3 Brazil 5 5 Niger 2 2 Bulgaria 1 Nigeria 3 3 Burkina Faso 2 2 Peru Canada 3 3 Philippines 1 1 Cape Verde 1 1 Romania 3 3 Colombia 2 3 Senegal 1 Cote d' ivoire Sudan 3 3 Egypt Switzerland 2 2 EI Salvador Trinidad and Tobago Ethiopia 1 United Kingdom of Finland 2 Great Britain and France Northern Ireland Gambia United States Ghana of America 6 6 Guatemala Uganda 1 2 Guinea Uruguay 2 2 Honduras 3 3 Venezuela 6 2 8 India 1 Viet Nam 2 2 Italy 7 8 Zaire Japan Zambia Kenya Zimbabwe Lesotho Total 5 14 3 75 97 Madagascar (from 48 countries)

Table IV Distribution of fellowships in 1994 by field of study

Programme / Number of fellows Field of study UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Agrometeorology 12 12 17 8 49 Automatic data processing 2 3 Climatology 2 12 7 21 Computer science/techniques 2 2 7 12 Hydrometeorology/hydrology 4 26 11 18 59 Instruments/electronics 2 33 6 41 Meteorological telecommunications 2 4 7 Meteorology 24 115 47 96 282 Other 2

Total 51 204 83 138 476

54 Table V Nationality of WMO fellows under training in 1994

Programme / Number of fellows Programme / Number of fellows Nationality Nationality UNDP VCP TF RB Total UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Region I Region I (contd.) Algeria 1 Zaire 2 2 4 Angola 5 2 7 Zambia 5 8 Benin 2 4 Zimbabwe 7 9 Botswana 2 Total (Region I) 26 82 41 94 243 Burkina Faso 3 1 4 Burundi 3 4 Cameroon 1 2 3 Region II Cape Verde 2 2 2 6 Afghanistan 2 2 Central African Republic 3 3 Bahrain Chad 4 6 4 15 Bangladesh 1 Comoros 2 3 China 3 3 Congo 2 Democratic People's Cote d'ivoire 2 Republic of Korea 5 5 Djibouti 3 3 India 12 14 Egypt 2 5 7 Iran, Islamic Republic of 2 2 Eritrea 15 15 Iraq 2 2 Ethiopia 2 Maldives 2 3 Gabon Mongolia 2 3 Gambia Myanmar 5 5 Ghana 3 4 Oman 1 Guinea 4 2 4 10 Pakistan 4 4 Guinea-Bissau 5 3 9 Republic of Korea 1 Kenya 9 2 11 Republic of Yemen 8 3 11 Lesotho 2 2 Sri Lanka 2 3 Madagascar 1 1 3 Tajikistan 1 1 Malawi 2 3 5 Thailand 3 3 Mali 2 4 3 9 Turkmenistan 5 5 Mauritania 2 2 United Arab Emirates 2 2 Mauritius 4 4 Uzbekistan 1 2 Mozambique 3 1 5 Viet Nam 6 3 9 Namibia 6 6 Total (Region II) 21 46 16 83 Niger 2 2 5 Nigeria 2 5 7 Rwanda 2 3 Sao Tome & Principe 4 2 7 Region III Senegal 4 2 2 1 9 Argentina 3 3 Seychelles 2 3 Bolivia 1 2 3 Sierra Leone 1 Brazil 2 2 South Africa 1 1 Chile 2 3 Sudan 2 4 6 Colombia 14 15 Swaziland 2 2 Ecuador 1 2 Togo Paraguay 5 6 Tunisia 1 Peru 2 3 Uganda 5 3 2 10 Uruguay 4 4 United Republic ofTanzania 7 3 11 Total (Region III) 34 7 41

55 EPORT 1994

_. - ~ . - .

WMO technical assistance Table V (cant.) (Total delivery US $18.96 million in 1994)

Programme / Number of fellows Nationality UNDP VCP TF RB Total Region IV Bahamas 2 3 Barbados 2 2 Belize 2 2 • RA-I(49) Costa Rica 2 4 7 RA-II (23) EI Salvador 11 12 2 RA- III (12) Grenada Guatemala 2 2 • RA- IV(1S) Honduras 11 12 • RA-V(8) Jamaica 1 • RA- VI (21) Netherlands Anti lles 2 Nicaragua 8 8 Breakdown by number of countries in each Region receiving Panama 6 7 assistance (total 128 countries) Saint Lucia 1 Trinidad and Tobago 4 5

Total (Region IV) 18 42 6 66

Region V Brunei Darussalam Fiji Malaysia 1 Papua New Guinea 3 3 Philippines 3 4 • UNDP VCP (ES) Solomon Islands Vanuatu

Total (Region V) 9 3 12

RB 2.5 % Region VI Breakdown by source of funds Albania 2 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Estonia 2 3 5 5.1 % Hungary 4 5 Jordan 1 Latvia 2 3 5 Lithuania Poland 2 Portugal 1 Romania 3 4 Slovakia 1 • Experts The former Yugoslav Fellows Republic of Macedonia 1 Ukraine 2 Seminars Total (Region VI) 4 15 12 31 • Equipment

GRAND TOTAL Breakdown by type of assistance (from 113 countries) 51 204 83 138 476

56 Table VI Host countries which trained WMO fellows in 1994

Programme / Number of fellows Programme / Number of fellows Host country Host country UNDP VCP TF RB To tal UNDP VCP TF RB To tal

Algeria 3 17 20 Netherlands Argentina 4 2 6 Niger 15 4 14 4 37 Australia 1 2 Nigeria 3 3 Barbados 2 3 5 Philippines 4 2 5 11 Belgium 14 16 Portugal 14 7 21 Brazil 2 3 Russian Federation 31 31 Canada 4 5 Senegal 2 3 Chile 2 2 South Africa China 2 2 Spain 4 4 Costa Rica 23 3 26 Sri Lanka 2 2 Denmark 1 Switzerland 2 8 10 Egypt 2 9 27 38 United Kingdom of France 7 2 11 Great Britain and Guatemala 17 17 Northern Ireland 4 38 9 52 Hungary 7 7 14 United States of India 2 15 4 21 America 15 35 2 11 63 Ireland 2 2 Ukraine 4 4 Israel 10 4 14 Zimbabwe 7 7 Italy 3 4 Japan 2 2 Kenya 3 10 14 Total 51 204 83 138 476 Malawi (37 host countries)

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Despite serious problems facing the Newly Independent States and some other new Members of WMO, that are commonly attributed to their transition to a free market economy, there is tremendous political will among them to provide the necessary support to their national Meteorological and Hydrological Services. In Belarus, a meteorologist makes observations at the background environmental monitoring station at Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, 100 km from Minsk.

(A. S. Zaitsev)

57 WMO - WMO- No. No. Mandatory publications 544 Volume I - Global aspects (contd.) Supplement No.2: English (reprint) Basic documents Supplement NO.6: English (reprint)-French (reprint) Supplement NO.7: English (reprint)-French (reprint) 49 Technical Regulations Supplement NO. 9: English-French-Russian Volume I - General meteorological standards and recom - Volume 11- Regional aspects (1981 edition): mended practices (1988 edition, including Supple- English (reprint) ment No.1): Russian Supplement NO.2: Russian (reprint)-Spanish (reprint) Volume II - Meteorological service for international air Supplement NO.3: English (reprint) navigation (1992 edition): Supplement NO. 2: Russian Volume 111 - Hydrology (1988 edition) 558 Manual on Marine Meteorological Services, Volumes I and II Supplement NO. 1: English (reprint)-Russian (1990 edition): Russian (reprint)

60 Agreements and working arrangements with other inter- Operational publications national organizations (1988 edition) 5 Composition of the WMO (bilingual English/French) Supplement No.2: Spanish 1994 editions in January, April and July 306 Manual on Codes 9 Weather reporting (bilingual English/French) Volume I-International codes (1988 edition): Volume A - Observing stations Supplement NO. 3: English (reprint) Editions: November 1993 and May 1994 Supplement NO.5: English (reprint)-Russian-Spanish Volume C - Transmissions Supplement No. 68: English-French Editions: November 1993 and May 1994; supplements: Supplement No. 7A: English-French January, March, July and September 1994 Supplement No. 78: English-French Volume D - Information for shipping Supplements: October Volume II - Regional codes and national coding and December 1993 and February, April, June, August, practices (1987 edition): October and December 1994 Supplement No.1: English (reprint) Supplement NO. 5: English (reprint)-French (reprint) 47 International list of selected, supplementary and auxiliary Supplement NO. 6: Russian ships (bilingual English/French): October 1993 edition Supplement NO.7: English-French-Russian Supplement NO. 8: English-French Official records 508 Resolutions of Congress and the Executive Council 386 Manual on the Global Telecommunication System Supplements Nos. 5 and 6: English Volume I - Global aspects (199 1-92 edition): Amendment No.2: English-French-Spanish 783 Regional Association II (Asia) - Abridged final report of the Volume 11 - Regional aspects (1991 edition): tenth session (1992): Arabic/English, Arabic/French Amendment No.1: Russian-Spanish 789 Commission for Hydrology - Abridged final report of the 485 Manual on the Global Data-processing System ninth session (1993): English (reprint) Volume 1- Global aspects (1991 edition, including 792 Commission for Marine Meteorology - Abridged final Supplements Nos. 1 and 2): French-Spanish (+ reprint) report of the eleventh session (1993): Supplement No.2: English (reprint) Russian (reprint)-Spanish Volume II - Regional aspects (1992 edition): French-Russian-Spanish 793 Regional Association IV (North and Central America) - Supplement No.1: English-Russian Abridged final report of the eleventh session (1993): English-Spanish 544 Manual on the Global Observing System Volume 1- Global aspects (1981 edition): 794 Forty-fifth session of the Executive Council (1993) - English (reprint) Abridged report with resolutions: Supplement No.1: English (reprint)-Spanish (reprint) Arabic/English, Arabic/French

58 WMO - WMO- No. No. 797 Regional Association III (South America) - Abridg ed 790 World Weather Watch - Sixteenth status report on final report of the eleventh session (1993): implementation: Russian (+ reprint)-Spanish English-Spanish

807 Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation Technical Notes - Abridged final report of the eleventh session (1994) : 770 Methods of interpreting numerical weather prediction out- English-French-Russian-Spanish put for aeronautical meteorology (TN No. 195): French

808 Commission for Atmospheric Sciences - Abridged final 802 Climate variability, agriculture and forestry report of the eleventh session (1994) : (TN No. 196): English English-French-Russian-Spanish

810 Executive Council, forty-sixth session - Abridged final Special Environmental Reports report with resolutions (1994) : 496 Systems for evaluating and predicting the effects of English-French-Russian-Spanish weather and climate on wil dland fires (second edition) (SER No. 11): English Guides 134 Guide to agricultural meteorological practices (1981 edition): Training publications Supplement NO.3: French-Russian-Spanish 434 Compendium of lecture notes in marine meteorology 168 Guide to hydrological practices (fifth edition): English for Class III and Class IV personnel : French

305 Guide on the Global Data-processing System (1993 edition): English Other programme-supporting publications 471 Guide to marine meteorological services (1982 edition): Supplement: Russian Handbooks and service information

488 Guide on the Global Observing System (1989 edition): 782 Aerodrome reports and forecasts - A user's handbook: Supplement No.1: English-French-Russian-Spanish English (reprint)

731 Guide on meteorological observation and information Catalogues distribution systems at aerodromes (1990 edition): Russian (reprint) Publications of the World Meteorological Organization - 1994. Quadrilingual: English/French/Russian/Spanish 781 Guide to the applications of marine climatology (1994 edition): English Lectures presented at Congress and sessions of 788 Guide on World Weather Watch data management the Executive Council (1992 edition): English-French- Russian 795 Scientific lectures presented at the Eleventh World Meteorological Congress: English or Russian Annual reports of WMO 798 Climate change issues - Lectures presented at the forty- 800 Annual report 1993: English (+ reprint) fo urth session of the WMO Executive Council : English

WMO Bulletin 805 Lectures presented at the forty-fifth session of the Volume 42, No. 2: Russian WMO Executive Council : English or French Volume 42, NO. 3: Russian Volume 42, NO.4: French-Russian- Spanish Booklets Volume 43, No.1: English-French- Russian-Spanish 653 Climatic variations, drought and desertification (second Volume 43, No.2: English-French-Russian-Spanish edition): Spanish Volume 43, NO. 3: English-French Volume 43, NO. 4: English 796 Observing the world 's environment: weather, climate and water: French-Russian-Spanish Programme-supporting publications - 799 A decade against natural disasters: regular series English-French-Spanish World Weather Watch Reports 801 Water - A precious resource: English-French-Spanish 411 World Weather Watch, Global Observing System - Satellite sub-system: Information on meteorological and 809 WMO statement on the status of the global climate in other environmental sate llites (third edition): English 1993: English

59 r • ... r , ,~ WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT -1994 WMO ANNUAL REPORT 1994 - ~,..:;';'> .. :~:,~}~ ...:~_ )~ \' • ,{.. ~ -:- ,>. __; - " ',,," -, (<.r . !/.-~. '. .. -." ~ - ~ .\..• 1;

ACCAD AdvisOlY Committee on Climate Applications and Data IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ACMAD African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development lATA International Air Transport Association ACSYS Arctic Climate System Study ICAO International CMI Aviation Organization AES Atmospheric Environment Service (Canada) ICSU International CounCil of Scientific Unions AGRHYMET Agrometeorology and operational hydrology and their applications IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction ASDAR Aircraft -to-sateIlITe data relay IGADD Intergovernmental Authority against Drought and Desertification ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations IGM-WCP Intergovernmental Meeting on the World Climate Programme BAiPMoN Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network IGOSS Integrated Global Ocean Services System BERDI Balkan Environmental Research and Development Institute ILO International Labour Organization CAC Climate Analysis Center (NOAA) IMO International Maritime Organization CAEA Climate and atmospheric environment actMties IMO International Meteorological Organization (predecessor of WMO) CAeM Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology IMOP Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme CAgM Commission for Agricultural Meteorology INPE Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais CAiL Computer-assisted learning lOG Intergovernmental Oceanographic CommiSSion (UNESCO) CAS Commission for Atmospheric Sciences lODE International Oceanographic Data Exchange CBS Commission for Basic Systems IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (WMOIUNEP) CCI Commission for Climatology JCRF Joint Climate Research Fund (WCRP) CEPGL Economic CommunITy of the Great Lakes Countries JSC Joint Scientific Committee (WCRP) CeSIA Centro di Studio per l'Applicazione dell 'lnfonmatica in Agrico~ura JSTC Joint Scientific and Technical Committee (GCOS) CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons MOD Meteorological data distribution CHy Commission for Hydrology MED-POL Long-term Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme in the CILSS Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel Mediterranean (UNEP) CIMO Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation MOFFS Management Overview of Flood Forecasting Systems CLiCOM Climate computing MPERSS Marine Pollution Emergency Response Support System CLiMAT Report of monthly means and totals from a land station MTN Main Telecommunication Network CLNAR Climate variabilITy and predictability study NIS Newly Independent States CMM Commission for Marine Meteorology NMC National Meteorological Centre COSNA ComposITe Observing System for the North Atlantic NMHSs National Meteorological and Hydrological Services CPTEC Centro de Previsao do Tempo e Estudos Climaticos NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA) CSD Commission on Sustainable Development NWP Numerical weather prediction CSM Climate system monitoring PDF Project Development Facility (UNDP) DARE Data Rescue RA Regional association DCP Data-collection platform RB Regular budget DDB Distributed database RBSN Regional Basic Synoptic Network DRS DCP retransmission system RMTC Regional Meteorological Training Centre ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States RMTN Regional Meteorological Telecommunication Network ECE Economic CommissK>n for Europe RSMC Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts RTH Regional Telecommunication Hub ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States SADC Southern African Development Cocrdination Community EMEP Cocperative Programme for the Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long- SADIS SatellITe Distribution System range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (ECElWMOIUNEP) SATCC Southern African Transport and Communications Commission ENSO B Nino-Southern Oscillation SPARC Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate ESCAiP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific TCP Tropical Cyclone Programme ETRP Education and Training Programme TF Trust fund EUMETSAT European Organization for the Explortation of Meteorological SatellITes TOGA Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Programme FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations UN UnITed Nations FCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change UNCED UnITed Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Brazil, 1992) FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency UNDP UnITed Nations Development Programme GAW Global Atmosphere Watch UNEP United Nations Environment Programme GCOS Global Climate Observing System UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization GDPS Global Data-processing System UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund GEF Global Environment FacilITy VCP Voluntary Cocperation Programme GEMS Global Environmental MonIToring System (UNEP) VCP(ES) Voluntary Cocperation Programme (EqUipment and Services) GESAMP Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (IMOIFAO/ VCP(F) Voluntary Cocperation Programme (Fund) UNESCOIWMO/WHOAAEA/UN/UNEP) WAiFC World Area Forecast Centre GEWEX Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment WAiFS World Area Forecast System GIS Geographical lnfonmation System WCC World Council of Churches GMS Geostationary Meteorological Satellite WCP World Climate Programme G030S Global Ozone Observing System WCRP World Climate Research Programme GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental SatellITe WGNE Working Group on Numerical Experi mentation (CAS/JSC) GOOS Global Ocean Observing System WHO World Health Organization GOS Global Observing System WHYCOS World Hydrological Cycle Observing System GTS Global Telecommunication System WMC World Meteorological Centre HMSO Her Majesty's Stationery Office WMO World Meteorological Organization HOMS Hydrological Operational Multipurpose System WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment IACSD Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development WWW World Weather Watch

60 The major scientific and technical programmes of WMO

WMO carries out its work through seven major scientific and technical programmes which have strong components in each Region.

The World Weather Watch Programme is the backbone of the overall programme ofWMO. It combines data­ processing centres, observing systems and telecommunication facilities - operated by Members - to make available meteorological and related geophysical information that is needed in order to provide efficient meteorological and hydrological services within the countries. It also includes a Tropical Cyclone Programme, in which more than 60 countries are involved, WMO satellite activities which help to ensure the provision of satellite data and products to meet Members' needs and an Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme to promote standardization and development of meteorological and related observations.

The World Climate Programme promotes the improvement of the understanding of climate processes through internationally coordinated research and the monitoring of climate variations or changes. It also promotes the application of climate information and services to assist in economic and social planning and development. The research component of the Programme is the joint responsibility of WMO, the International Council of Scientific Unions and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (lOC) of UNESCO. The Climate Impact Assessment and Response Strategies component is coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme.

The Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme promotes atmospheric research, in particular through the Global Atmosphere Watch, which integrates monitoring and research activities carried out under the Global Ozone Observing System and the Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network and serves as a system to detect changes in the composition ofthe atmosphere. The programme also includes weather-prediction research; a Tropical Meteorology Research Programme relating to studies of monsoons, tropical cyclones, rain­ producing tropical weather systems and droughts; and a programme on physics and chemistry of clouds and weather modification.

The Applications of Meteorology Programme comprises four vital areas of application of meteorological services and information: public weather services, agricultural meteorology, aeronautical meteorology and marine meteorology, and promotes the development of infrastructures and services which are required in those areas for the benefit of Member countries.

The Hydrology and Water Resources Programme is concerned with the assessment ofthe quantity and quality of water resources in order to meet the needs of society, to permit mitigation of water-related hazards, and to main­ tain or enhance the condition of the global environment. It includes standardization of all aspects of hydrological observations and the organized transfer of hydrological techniques and methods. The Programme is closely coordi­ nated with UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme.

The Education and Training Programme holds the key to future development by promoting all efforts in Member countries to ensure that the necessary body oftrained meteorologists, hydrologists, engineers and techni­ cians is available. It is closely interrelated with all other major scientific and technical Programmes.

The Technical Cooperation Programme comprises the mainstream of organized transfer of meteorological and hydrological knowledge and proven methodology among the Members ofthe Organization. Particular emphasis is laid upon the development of a wide range of services (related to weather prediction, climatology and hydrology); on the development and operation of key World Weather Watch infrastructures; and on supporting the Education and Training Programme ofWMO. The Programme is funded mainly by UNDP, by WMO's own Voluntary Cooperation Programme, trust funds and the WMO regular budget.