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Māyā and Becoming: Deleuze and Vedānta on Attributes, Acosmism

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Māyā and Becoming: Deleuze and Vedānta on Attributes, Acosmism COMPARATIVE AND CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY https://doi.org/10.1080/17570638.2018.1488354 Māyā and Becoming: Deleuze and Vedānta on Attributes, Acosmism, and Parallelism in Spinoza Michael Hemmingsen Division of Humanities, College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences, University of Guam, Guam, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS This paper compares two readings of Baruch Spinoza – those of Deleuze; Vedānta; Spinoza; Gilles Deleuze and Rama Kanta Tripathi – with a particular focus māyā; becoming on three features of Spinoza’s philosophy: the relationship between substance and attribute; the problem of acosmism and unity; and the problem of the parallelism of attributes. Deleuze and Tripathi’s understanding of these three issues in Spinoza’s thought illustrates for us their own concerns with becoming over substance (in the non-Spinozistic sense) and māyā, respectively. This investigation provides not just two interesting and contradictory interpretations of Spinoza, but also gives us insight into Deleuze’s metaphysics and Tripathi’s Vedāntic philosophy. Interpreting historical thinkers often brings with it the concerns and preconceptions of those engaged in the reading. As such, in considering the views of later interpreters of a philosopher or philosophy, we can sometimes learn just as much about the views of those doing the interpreting as we can about the “correct” way of reading the original phi- losopher. A good example of this appears in contemporary readings of Baruch Spinoza. In this paper, I look at Spinoza through the eyes of Gilles Deleuze and Rama Kanta Tripathi. Their interpretations of Spinoza help to illuminate some of the concerns and presupposi- tions in their own thought and help us further understand their own philosophical pos- itions. In the first case, Deleuze’s reading of Spinoza provides insight into ideas – such as the concept of “expression”–that ultimately constitute his own metaphysics. For Tri- pathi, a scholar of Vedānta, we can gain a further appreciation of the concept of transcen- dence, and most particularly of the idea of māyā (cosmic nescience), which forms the cornerstone of Vedāntic thought. In this paper, I will compare these two readings of Spinoza, with a particular focus on three features of Spinoza’s philosophy: the relationship between substance and attribute; the problem of acosmism; and the problem of the parallelism of attributes. Deleuze and Tripathi’s understandings of these three issues in Spinoza’s thought illustrate for us their concerns with becoming and expression and māyā, respectively. CONTACT Michael Hemmingsen [email protected] © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group 2 M. HEMMINGSEN Attributes In Spinoza’s thought, there are three levels of reality: substance, attribute, and mode. Sub- stance is unified, but it is articulated in attributes, which are potentially infinite in number (though we are only aware of the attributes of Thought and Extension). These attributes are then further articulated as modes, or as the concrete things (physical or mental) that we encounter in the world. The first contrast between the Tripathi’sVedāntic reading and Deleuze’s reading of Spinoza concerns the relationship between the attributes and substance, and the nature of the attributes and substance themselves. That is, Tripathi and Deleuze disagree about exactly how we ought to describe substance’s articulation or expression as attributes. On the one hand, Deleuze puts forward a view based on his well-known idea of “expression,” and argues that substance is entirely immanent and not at all transcendent. On the other hand, Tripathi sees Spinozism as an “absolutism,” and suggests that sub- stance is both immanent and transcendent. We should therefore hold only substance as real, and we should treat attributes as ascriptions only. These conflicting views reflect very different overall concerns: the first wants to place emphasis on the idea of becoming, and the second on the transcendental nature of the absolute and on our ignorance in being unable to perceive it due to māyā. Deleuze In Deleuze’s view, substance expresses itself in the attributes, and it “remains involved in what expresses it, imprinted in what unfolds it, immanent in whatever manifests it: expression is in this respect an involvement” (1990a, 16). In other words, we cannot easily distinguish between what manifests and what is manifested. According to Deleuze, “expression in general involves and implicates what it expresses, while also expli- cating and evolving it” (1990a, 16). If substance expresses itself in attributes, then it is fully implicated in it. That is, there is no transcendence of substance: “what is expressed has no existence outside its expressions; each expression is, as it were, the existence of what is expressed” (Deleuze 1990a, 42). We might say, therefore, that attributes such as Thought and Extension are what constitute the nature of substance (Deleuze 1990a, 55); it is difficult to see substance as anything beyond its expressions as attribute, and it is therefore the essence of substance itself that is expressed in the attributes (Wasser 2007, 4). The same process occurs in the relationship between attribute and mode: a mode is an expression of an attribute, as an attribute is an expression of substance. As with the step from substance to attribute, attributes are fully implicated in the modes, and cannot be understood as separate from them (Deleuze 1990a, 14). Miguel De Beistegui describes this as follows: The first [step] is qualitative expression through which substance renders itself determinate in certain (infinite) forms. The second is quantitative expression, through which these forms express themselves in turn through the production of particular modes. Expression com- prises both determination and differentiation. (2010, 37) Through the notion of “expression,” which “involves and implicates what it expresses,” Deleuze can maintain that substance, attribute, and mode are all of equal status: there COMPARATIVE AND CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY 3 is no reason to privilege one or the other as more important, as they are inseparable. Accordingly, substance is not “transcendent”; it does not exist over and above its qualitat- ive expression as attributes (or, ultimately, its quantitative expression as modes). We can see, then, the central role that becoming plays in this interpretation: as attributes are the expressions of substance in which substance is fully implicated, substance only finds exist- ence in this expression. Tripathi Tripathi’sVedāntic interpretation of Spinoza argues, contrary to Deleuze’s view, that we should privilege one level – substance – over the others. Understood as fully-implicated expression, as Deleuze does, we cannot possibly say that substance is more important than attribute, as substance only exists through its expression as attribute. Conversely, we cannot say that attributes are more important than substance, as attributes are they expression of substance, and are nothing but this. For Tripathi, however, we must approach our understanding of the attributes with a fixed notion of substance as “unique and absolutely indeterminate, pure, Being” (1957, 118). Tripathi views Spinoza, therefore, as an absolutist philosopher (1957, 68), one who proposes a system of philosophy in which “the reality of the absolute is affirmed and that of the relative is denied” (1957, 69). For substance to be unique and pure, it must have some kind of transcendence from attribute and mode, even if it is also in some sense immanent in them as well. Tripathi does not deny, therefore, that substance is immanent, but he also insists that we emphasize the transcendence of substance as much as we note the immanence of substance in attributes (1957, 69). According to Tripathi: The transcendence of God does not mean that He is external to the world or separate from it; He is all-pervasive. [In Spinoza’s philosophy] God transcends the world in the same sense in which space transcends the objects in it, and also pervades the universe in the same sense in which space pervades objects. The notions of immanence and transcendence are not exclu- sive of each other; as indeterminate and unrelated substance is transcendent, but as the ground of everything, it is immanent. (1957, 95) The world-affirming expressions of Spinoza should not be taken literally, he claims. Typi- cally, Spinoza is interpreted as pantheistic or monistic rather than absolutist (Tripathi 1957, 96). So, on the one hand: God is the immanent and not the transeunt cause of things, because there is nothing outside Him. He is not only the efficient, effecting cause of the existence of things, but also of their essence. He is both the material and the efficient cause. All that is possible is actual, because there is nothing to prevent God from creating. Nothing is contingent; “things could not have been produced in any other manner or order than that in which they were produced.” (Tri- pathi 1957, 93) However, on the other hand, Tripathi sees Spinoza, in emphasizing substance, as regard- ing the empirical world as the “world of opinion and imagination,” and substance as being ultimately indeterminate (1957, 70). For instance, Spinoza asserts that “we can form no general idea of [God’s] essence” (Spinoza 1928, Letter L). God/substance “pervades the universe and is yet beyond it; substance cannot be said to be outside the universe, and yet being absolutely indeterminate it is also not identical with it” (Tripathi 1957, 71). 4 M. HEMMINGSEN Hence, we should recognize, too, that while substance is immanent in the world, it also transcends it at the same time through its absolute infinity and indeterminacy. As such, we should consider substance as both immanent and transcendent. Deleuze argues that substance “only finds its existence in each of the attributes which express it” (Wasser 2007, 5), and he is therefore utterly opposed to the idea of transcen- dence in Spinoza’s philosophy. He focuses entirely on immanence: he holds that “what is expressed has no existence outside its expressions; each expression is the existence of what is expressed” (Deleuze 1990a, 42).
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