6 X 10.Three Lines .P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85415-3 - The Great War and Medieval Memory: War, Remembrance and Medievalism in Britain and Germany, 1914-1940 Stefan Goebel Index More information

Index

Adenauer, Konrad: 36, 46–7 Ashton-in-Makerfield war memorial: 123 Aerial warfare: 223–9 Assmann, Jan and Aleida: 15–16 air raids: 176, 212, 227–8 Atrocities: 184, 189, 209 Blitz in the Second World War: 298 cultural atrocities: 179 Agincourt, battle of: 45, 247, 252 francs-tireurs: 179, 211 Akers-Douglas, Mrs: 57 Lusitania, sinking of: 82 Albert, Prince Consort: 79, 272 poison gas: 221 Albrecht I the Bear: 178 Audoin-Rouzeau, Ste´phane: 230 Alfred, King: 56, 222 Auxerre, St Germain: 48 All Saints: 251 Avalon: 268 All Souls: 251–4, 270 Avonmouth war memorial: 199 Allenby, Edmund, Viscount: 114–17, 121, Aylesbury war memorial: 219 131, 144 Allenstein Baker, Herbert: 1, 88, 233 Castle, war memorial at: 127, 142 [& Fig. 16] plebiscite memorial: 140 Bagdons, Friedrich: 66, 202, 215 Allied Control Council: 293 [& Figs. 9, 39] Almondbury war memorial: 182 Baldini, Giacomo: 272 Alsace-Lorraine: 146–7, 175, Ball, Albert: 227 183, 208, 225 Bathford war memorial: 91 Angels of Mons: 247–9 Battle of Britain memorial: 292 Apocalyptic images: 84–5, 246 Battlefield tourism: 124, 142, 181, see also Ragnaro¨k: 85, 284 Pilgrimages world fire: 85 Bayerischer Kriegerbund: 262 Arendt, Hannah: 295–6 Bayes, Gilbert: 124 [& Fig. 28] Arkwright, John: 197 Bayreuth festival theatre: 284 ‘O Valiant Hearts’: 221, 268 Beaconsfield war memorial: 234 Arminius: see Hermann the German Becker, Annette: 230 Armistice Day: 9, 32–5, 198, 251 Bedford Arneburg, Reich memorial at: 267 School war memorial: 222 Art Deco: 129 war memorial: 150–1 [& Fig. 32] Arthurian legend: 190–4, 224, 268–74 Beeching, Henry C.: 51 King Arthur: 34, 56, 79, 119, 192, 228, Begbie, Harold: 247 247, 292 Behn, Fritz: 98 Sir Galahad: 28, 79, 192, 222 [& Fig. 41] Bensheim, Reich memorial at: 178 Holy Grail: 28, 32, 81 Benson, A. C.: 55 Sir Lancelot: 79 Benson, E. W.: 52, 55 Sir Tristram: 79 Berka, Bad, Reich memorial at: 147 and Wales: 192–4 Berlin Arthurian revival in art: 79, 231 Army Railwaymen memorial: 167 Arts and Crafts movement: 13, 56, 59, 182 Doctors, commemoration of fallen: 284 Aschersleben, Reich memorial at: 178 International Building Exhibition: 297

346

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85415-3 - The Great War and Medieval Memory: War, Remembrance and Medievalism in Britain and Germany, 1914-1940 Stefan Goebel Index More information

Index 347

Iron Hindenburg: 132, 213, 228, Brocken, Reich memorial at Mount: 264 [& Fig. 44] Brooke, Rupert: 121 Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church: 113, Bruce, Robert the: 114 297 [& Fig. 26] Brunswick war landmark: 143 Neue Wache: 148 Buerbaum, Josef: 48 [& Fig. 6] Queen Augusta Guards Grenadier Bund Deutscher Heimatschutz: 184 Regiment No. 4 memorial: 260–2 Bu¨low, Bernhard von: 210 [& Fig. 54] Bu¨ndische Jugend: 205 University war commemorations: 64, Bu¨rgerling, Franz: 107 [& Fig. 23] 86, 284 Burton-upon-Trent war memorial: 62 Bernd, Adolf: xiii [& Fig. 59] Bushaway, Bob: 4 Bernhard II (Lippe): 142–3 Busti, Agostino: 272 Bernhard, Lucian: 156 Byrhtnoth: 152 [& Fig. 33] Bessel, Richard: 294 Bestelmeyer, German: 148 Calder, Alexander: 297 Beumelburg, Werner: 203 Cambridge war memorials: 55 Biblical references: 127 King’s College: 51–2, 300 Daniel: 96 Leys School: 65, 249 [& Fig. 51] Ecclesiasticus: 29 Magdalene College: 55 Ephesians: 83 Our Lady and the English Martyrs: 88 Isaiah: 102, 117, 258 St Mary the Less: 237, 251–2 John: 259, 276 [& Fig. 47] Revelation: 93 Cambridge Camden Society: 235 Bingerbru¨ck, Bismarck National Memorial Cannadine, David: 2, 32 at: 148, 171, 217 Capital Cities at War:10 Bismarck, Otto Prince von: 146, 266 Cardiff, statues of great Welshmen at: 192 National Memorial: 148–9, 171, 217 Castles: 100–4, 168–73, 227 memorials: 54, 64, 78, 106 [& Fig. 23] [& Figs. 37–8] Bitola Totenburg: 102, 280 [& Figs. 20–1] Cavell, Edith: 197 Black Prince: 190, 199 Celtic crosses: 69, 237 Bleeker, Bernhard: 262 [& Fig. 55] Cenotaph: 22, 63, 65 Blomﬁeld, Sir Reginald: 29, 88 [& Fig. 16] Central Council for Care of Churches: 50 Blu¨cher, Gebhard Leberecht Prince: 203 Centre Party (Zentrum): 36, 129, 144, Bodies, soldiers’: see Sleeping dead 215, 276 Boer war: see War memorials Charlemagne: 104, 108, 265 Boelcke, Oswald: 225–6 Chartier, Roger: 14 Bo¨hm, Dominikus: 74 Chatteris war memorial: 57, 196 Borkum, remembrance ceremony at: 110 Chatto & Windus publishers: 187 Bouillon, Godfrey de: 122 Chester, King’s School war memorial: 268 Bourchier, Basil: 120 Chesterton, G. K.: 18, 234 Bourke, Joanna: 269 Chichester: 239 Boxer rising: 209 Children: 39, 99, 131, 132, 196, 211, 219, memorial: 97 220, 227, see also School war Bracknell war memorial: 152 memorials Brampton war memorial: 115 [& Fig. 27] Chivalry: 230 Brantzky, Franz: 171 in British commemorations: 188–202, Bremen 268, 289–90 Roland statue: 66, 104–6 and killing: 198, 199, 200, 231; and war landmark: 54, 104–6, 161 Christianity: 199–200, 249, 272; and [& Fig. 22] civil society: 188; and gender: 195–6, war memorial chapel: 42–3, 175, 258–60 197; and irony: 194; and sports: [& Fig. 53] 219–23; in the nineteenth-century: Brentano, Clemens: 278 189, 190, 192, 198 Britten, Benjamin: 301 in German commemorations: 188, 189, British Legion: 20, 34–5, 158, 217, 283 203, 208–9, 294

348 Index

Chivalry (cont.) Davis, W.: 70 and aerial warfare: 223–9 Deimling, Berthold von: 264 Unritterlichkeit (‘un-chivalry’): 189, Demographic history: 8 207, 209 Deutscher Ostmarkenverein: 136 Christian forms and symbols: 53, 232–54 Dick, William Reid: 270 [& Fig. 56] and Germanicism: 74, 78, 97 Dolmar, Reich memorial at Mount: 63 angels: 246–9 Donnershaugk, Reich memorial at crosses: 69, 233–42 [& Fig. 46] Mount: 78 cruciﬁx: 182, 192, 234–7, 241 Dorrenbach, Franz: xiii [& Fig. 54] [& Fig. 47] Dortmund Eleanor crosses: 123, 239 [& Fig. 48] nude knight: 64 Pieta`: 270 heroes’ grove: 77 [& Fig. 14–15] see also Saints Hohensyburg war memorial: 177 Church of England: 21, 44, 51–2, 65, 83, [& Fig. 39] 248, 251 war landmark: 106, 202 Anglo-Catholics: 51, 83, 234–7, Weddigen memorials: 212 251–2, 289 Dorsten war memorial: 48, 104, 106 Church of Scotland: 248, 251 [& Fig. 6] Churchill, Winston: 175–6, 292 Du¨lken war memorial: 48 Clarence, Albert Victor, Duke of: 269, 272 Du¨rer, Albrecht: 64 Clark, Kenneth: 298 Du¨sseldorf: 278 Classicism: see Medievalism Benrath war memorial: 74 Clemen, Paul: 183 Kaiserswerth war memorial: 177 Clemenceau, Georges: 119 Schlageter memorial: 102 Clemons, Mr: 40 sports club war memorial: 255 Clifton College war memorial: 207 Dyce, William: 79 Colchester war memorial: 62, 101, 195 Colmar, Isenheim altar at: 183 East Friesland: 48, 69, 108–11, 241 Cologne Friesian liberty: 110, 289 [& Fig. 25] Cathedral: 36, 46–7, 148, 182 Eberhard, F. H.: xiii [& Figs. 49–50] war landmark: 53 Ebert, Friedrich: 22 Comparative history: 6–10, 25, 288, 291 Ebhardt, Bodo: 175 Comper, Ninian: 115, 235 [& Fig. 46] Ecclesiologists: 235 Constantiople, Hagia Sophia Basilica: 120 Edinburgh Castle: see Scottish National Cornwall: 192 War Memorial Coventry Cathedral: 297–301 [& Fig. 60] Edward the Confessor: 45, 56 Cross of Nails: 300 Edward I: 239 Cracow, Jagiełło memorial at: 135, 141 Edward VII: 269 Cross of Nails: 300 Edwardstone war memorial: 237 Cross of Sacriﬁce: 87–8, 124, 233 Egbert: 282 [& Fig. 16] Ehrenbreitstein Castle, Reich memorial at: Croydon street shrine: 233 147, 170–1, 218 Crusading images: 86–91, 100, 150, Eiermann, Egon: 297 289, 300–1 Eisenbolz, Reich memorial at: 277 Crusader’s sword: 44, 86–8, 124, 233 Eksteins, Modris: 11, 85, 110, 287, 291 Order of Crusaders: 87 El Alamein Totenburg: 295 Palestine campaign: 115–19 Eleanor of Castile: 123, 239 [& Fig. 48] see also Teutonic Order Eliot, T. S.: 10, 298 Cultural memory: see Memory Ely: 300 Curzon, George Nathaniel, Lord: 32 Cathedral, war memorial chapel at: 30, 49, 152 Dada: 215 St Mary’s church war memorial: 153 Danzig war memorial: 241 [& Fig. 33] Davidson, Randall Thomas: 251 Empire Field of Remembrance: 35 Davis, Louis: 182 Encirclement, fears of: 98–9

Index 349

Essen war landmark: 106 Nibelungen: 36, 79, 149, 209, 276 Ethelfreda: 55 Ragnaro¨k: 85, 284 Eton College: 223 Rhinegold: 276–9 war memorials: 56, 90 Siegfried: 79, 148, 164, 212, 262, 274–5, Exhibitions of commemorative art: 32, 57, 279 [& Fig. 58] 62, 255, 257, 271–2, 297 Valhalla: 44, 122, 279–84 Expressionism: 11, 66, 128, 241 Valkyrie: 279, 280 [& Fig. 59] world ﬁre: 85 Fatima: 248 Wotan (Odin): 79, 96, 213 Fehr, H. C.: 62, 190, 195–6 [& Fig. 40] Germanic forms and symbols: 168 Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols: 52 Findling (boulders): 73, 262 Five Sisters Window: 176 Heldenhain (heroes’ grove): 75, 81, 147, Flex, Walter: 96 170, 218 Flower, Clifford: 223 Hu¨nengrab (giant’s grave): 72 Forster, E. M.: 118 [& Fig. 13] Foucault, Michel: 17 stone circle: 69–72, 142 [& Fig. 12] Fountains Abbey: 298 Geroldseck Castle, Austro-German war France memorial at: 267 war memorials: 7–8, 234, 291 Gies, Ludwig: 241 Soldat inconnu:34,44 Gilbert, Alfred: 272 Frampton, Sir George: 200, 270 Gill, Eric: 60 [& Fig. 8] [& Fig. 42] Girouard, Mark: 190 Frankfurt am Main war memorial: 172 Gladstone, William: 269 [& Fig. 38] Glendower, Owen: 114, 192 Frederick I Barbarossa: 162, 174, 178, Gloucester 262–7, 268 Cathedral: 300 Frederick II (Hohenstaufen): 128 war memorial: 35 Frederick the Great: 203 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: 156 Frederick William, the Great Elector: 184 Goslar, Reich memorial at: 148 Free Corps memorial: 102 Gothic revival: 59, 235, 239, 272, 300 Friedrich, Caspar David: 174 Gott strafe England (May God punish Fritzsche, Peter: 229 England) dictum: 146 Front generation: 167 Go¨ttingen University, war Fussell, Paul: 10, 12, 196, 287 commemorations at: 86, 283 Go¨tz von Berlichingen: 156, 158 Gallant Swabian (Wackerer Schwabe): Graef, Botho: 66 161–2 [& Fig. 34] Graevenitz, Fritz von: 98 Gallipoli Grafenwerth, Reich memorial at: 277 campaign: 120–1, 124, 154 Graudenz war landmark: 132 [& Fig. 31] war cemetery: 88 Graves, Robert: 84 Gambetta, Leon: 44 Great Exhibition of 1851: 87 Gaunt, John of: 63–4 Greenock war memorial: 151 Gelnhausen, imperial palace at: 174 Gregory, Adrian: 9–10 Gentlemanly ideal: 189–90 Grenfell, Julian: 223 George V: 86–7 Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm: 267 Gerard of Bryn, Sir Thomas: 252 Gru¨newald, Matthias: 183 German National People’s Party (DNVP): Grunwald memorials, Polish: 135, 141 46, 129 Guidarelli, Guidarello: 272 Germanic saga and mythology: 36 Balder: 79 Hadlow war memorial: 88 Dietrich: 79 Hagen Donar (Thor): 104, 213 Museum Folkwang: 279 Folkwang: 279–80 war landmark: 53, 66, 85, 98, 215 Go¨tterda¨mmerung: 262 [& Figs. 9–10] Hagen: 79 Hague Conventions: 180

350 Index

Hahn, Hermann: 148 Hohensyburg Castle, war memorial at: 177 Haidmu¨hle, Reich memorial at: 274 [& Fig. 39] Haig, Douglas, Earl: 131, 207 Ho¨lderlin, Friedrich: 256 Halberstadt Holocaust memorials: 12 war landmark: 159 Holy war: 83–6, 154, 289 war memorial: 30 Jihad: 119–20, 124 Halbwachs, Maurice: 15–16, 42 Holzmeister, Clemens: 102 Hammerstein, Reich memorial at: Hood, Robin: 113, 114 147, 277 Horses, memorials to: 194 Hamburg, Bismarck memorial at: 64, 106 Hosaeus, Hermann: 41, 78, 108–10, 113, Hampton Court Palace: 44 166, 242 [& Figs. 24, 26] Hanover (city): Hundred Years War: 39 book of remembrance at Linden near: 32 Huns: 182, 184, 209–10, 215–16, 228 sports stadium: 217 Hu¨ppauf, Bernd: 165, 204 Roland-style memorial: 106 Hutchinson, G. P.: xiii [& Fig. 51] Hanseatic League: 111, 211 Hynes, Samuel: 11, 12, 28, 198, 287 Harrow war memorial: 182 Haut-Kœnigsbourg Castle: 146, 175, 225 Iconophobia, Protestant: 47, 108, 234, Havelberg war landmark: 56, 132 241, 243, 249 Haverkamp, Wilhelm: 242 Ideas of 1914: 145–6, 147 Hawker, Lanoe: 226 Immelmann, Max: 225 Hay, Ian: 283 Imperial War Graves Commission: 21, Heidelberg Castle: 180 24–5, 29, 88, 233 [& Figs. 16, 28] Heimat, defence of the: 100–1, 138, 173, Imperial War Museum: 25, 118 179, 184 Iron and steel: 157–68, 178, 218, 228–9 Heine, Heinrich: 278 iron ﬁst: 156, 223 Heldenhain: see Germanic forms and knights in armour: 159–62, 196, symbols 289–90 Henry I (Germany): 149 steel-helmeted man: 164–8, 178, 229 Henry III: 271 [& Fig. 24] Henry V: 45 storm of steel: 165–7, 187 Henry VI: 56 Iron Cross: 74, 215, 242, 256 Henry VII: 292 Iron-nail war landmarks [& Figs. 9, 19, 22, Henry VIII: 47, 56 23, 24, 31, 34, 44] Henry the Lion: 143, 263 and the Hindenburg cult: 132 Henry the Navigator: 88 mobilisation of children at: 99 Hereford war memorial: 239 nailing ritual: 52–4, 213–15 Hereward the Wake: 152 symbolism of the iron: 159–64, Hermann the German: 79 167, 202 Hermuth, Johann: 173 [& Fig. 37] see also under city names Hindenburg, Paul von Beneckendorff und Isenheim altar: 183 von: 78, 114, 208, 217, 227 Donation: 131 Jagiełło, Władysław II: 135, 141, 184 grave in Marburg: 293 Jagger, Charles Sargeant: 150, 274 iron-nail war landmarks depicting: 56, [& Fig. 32] 132, 213–15, 228 [& Figs. 31, 44] Janssen, Ulfert: 96 [& Fig. 19] shrine at Marienburg: 185 Jersey, war memorial at Victoria College: and Tannenberg: 38, 72, 129, 130–3, 192 [& Fig. 41] 139 [& Fig. 30] Jerusalem war cemetery: 124, see also Hitler, Adolf: 36, 130, 266, 282 Palestine campaign Hoetger, Bernhard: 107 Jesus Christ: 199, 258 Hoffmann, Josef: 148, 172 Joan of Arc: 182 Hohenstaufen, Reich memorial at Jones, David: 60 Mount: 264 Jungdeutscher Orden: 147 Hohenstein: see Tannenberg Ju¨nger, Ernst: 167, 186

Index 351

Copse 125: 187 Leipzig, Vo¨lkerschlacht memorial at: 85, Storm of Steel: 165, 187–8, 216 168 [& Fig. 35] Jungingen, Ulrich von: 114, 136, 138 Lewis, Cecil: 224 Lewis, Wyndham: 165 Kaelble, Hartmut: 8 Liberalism in war commemoration: Kaiserslautern, school war memorial at: 91–3, 115 280 [& Fig. 59] Lichtwark, Alfred: 148 Kaiserswerth war memorial: 177–8 Lippstadt war memorial: 142 Kaunas, Vytautas memorial at: 141 Living-space ideology (Lebensraum): 134–5, Keble, John: 235 137, 138, 144, 154 Kelheim, Hall of Liberation at: 282 Lloyd George, David: 22, 84, 86, 119, 156, Kemmerich, Josef: 283 157, 192, 226 Kempe, C. E.: 59, 115 [& Fig. 27] Locarno conference: 140, 260 Kennington, Eric: 118 [& Fig. 57] Lohf, Bernhard: 177 Keynes, John Maynard: 298 Lommel, Friedrich: xiii [& Fig. 53] King, Alex: 5 London Kingthrope war memorial: 192 Empire cavalry war memorial: 62 Kipling, Rudyard: 29, 247 Pearl Assurance war memorial: 200 Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig: 66, 215 [& Fig. 42] [& Fig. 10] Royal artillery memorial: 150, 274 Kitchener of Khartoum, Horatio Herbert, St Paul’s Cathedral: 45, 270, 292 Earl: 45, 269–70 [& Fig. 56] memorial chapel: 45, 270 [& Fig. 56] see also Westminster Abbey Kirkcudbright, peace celebrations at: 219 Lorch, Reich memorial at: 147, 277 Klapheck, Richard: 277 Lorelei, Reich memorial at the: 278 Klenze, Leo von: 282 Lorimer, Robert: 101 [& Fig. 36] Kleve war memorial: 257 Losinga, Herbert de: 51 Klinger, Max: 148 Lost generation, myth of the: 55, 205–7 Kloppenheim war memorial: 170 Louis IX: 91, 122, 123, 252 [& Fig. 17] Kollwitz, Ka¨the: 255 Louis XIV: 180 Koselleck, Reinhart: 3–4, 20 Louvain: 179–80 Kreis, Wilhelm: 54 [& Fig. 6] Luckhardt, Wassili: 297 Kriegervereine: see Veterans Ludendorff, Erich: 128, 129, 131–2, 136, Kru¨ger, Walter and Johannes: 72, 130, 141, 211, 227 143 [& Figs. 3, 4, 12, 30] Lu¨dinghausen war memorial: 242 Kyffha¨user, Mount: 217, 262, 265–7 Ludwig I (Bavaria): 282 Kyffha¨userbund: 19, 54, 147, 164, 265–7 Ludwig II (Bavaria): 283 Ludwig III (Germany): 149 Lange, Willy: 75, 170 [& Fig. 14] Lu¨beck war memorial: 241 Langemarck legend: 203–7, 217 Lutyens, Sir Edwin: 63, 272 [& Fig. 43] Lynn, Escott: 227 Laqueur, Thomas: 32, 80 Lawrence, T. E.: 118–19, 131, 132, 133, Machen, Arthur: 247–9 145, 272 [& Fig. 57] Mackensen, August von: 129 Lederer, Hugo: 64, 106 [& Fig. 23] Magdeburg, school war memorial at: 55 Ledwidge, Francis: 223 Magna Carta: 91 Leeds Mainz Cathedral, Reich memorial at: 46 Black Prince memorial: 190 Manchester war memorials: 272, 282 war memorial: 35, 62, 195, 272 Mannheim [& Fig. 40] war graves exhibition: 255 [& Fig. 52] Walhalla: 282 war landmark: 108 Leer war memorial: 69–72, 111, 241 Marburg, Hindenburg’s grave at: 293 [& Fig. 12] Marienburg Le Goff, Jacques: 182 Castle: 135, 185 Leicester war memorial: 63–4 plebiscite memorial: 140

352 Index

Marienburg (cont.) Munich war memorials: 69, 137 Alte Pinakothek: 183 Marschall, Georg: 214 [& Fig. 44] Degenerate Art exhibition: 257 Marx, Wilhelm: 129, 276 Hall of Fame: 282 Masculinity: 158 royal residence: 79 new man: 165, 229 University memorial service: 284 Masefield, John: 120, 196, 210 war memorial: 262–4 [& Fig. 55] Matare´, Ewald: 256–7 Muthesius, Hermann: 148 Materialschlacht: see War experience Myers, C. S.: 159 Mazzotti, Albert: 206 [& Fig. 43] Medici Society: 32 Names and naming in war Medievalism commemoration: 29–36 and classicism: 14, 63–6, 205, 243, 282 Namslau war memorial: 144 and Germanicism: 66 Napoleonic wars: 20, 66, 203, in Great War commemorations: 13–14, 278, 282 29, 39, 286, 287–8 National Inventory of War Memorials: 25 in the nineteenth century: 13 National Socialism: 4, 7, 11 and the Second World War: 291–2 and the Kyffhaüser memorial: 266 Memory and local war memorials: 26, communicative: 15–16, 288 256, 280–2 cultural: 15–16, 42, 43, 80, party memorials: 177, 255, 256 179, 288, 291 and Tannenberg: 36–8, 72, 130, 134–5, existential: 16, 42, 43, 80, 288, 291 137 [& Fig. 4, 30] and remembrance: 14–18 and Totenburgen: 102, 280–2 Menin Gate: 29–30 Nationalverband deutscher Offiziere: 266 Mercat crosses: 237 Naval blockade of Germany: 211 Meredith-Williams, Alice: 249 [& Fig. 18] Nazareth Totenburg: 102, 125, 208 Militarism in Britain: 186, 188, 202 [& Fig. 29] Military Service Act: 197 Neidenburg Castle, Tannenberg memorial Milner-White, Eric: 51 at: 184 Mobbs, Edgar: 219 [& Fig. 45] Nelson, Horatio, Viscount: 45 Modernism/modernity: 10, 186, 194, 204, Nervousness, age of: 160 287, 300 Neumu¨nster war memorial: 76 medieval modernism: 60 Newbolt, Sir Henry: 220, 230 modern memory: 10, 12, 287 New York Mongolians: 216 Joan of Arc memorial: 182 Mons, battle of: 247 World’s Fair (1939): 141 Montague, C. E.: 194, 198, 227 Newspapers and periodicals: 261 Monte, Castel del: 128, 295 Architectural Review: 170, 213, 282 Montfort, Simon de: 63 Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger: 181 Morgarten, battle of: 204 Berliner Tageblatt: 36, 79, 128, 180, 264 Morris, William: 50, 56, 59, 60 Daily Chronicle: 188, 269, 283 Mosse, George L: 4, 7–8, 10, 64, 286, 291 Daily Express: 283 Mottram, R. H.: 216 Daily Herald:44 Mourning in war commemoration: 2–3, 5, Daily Sketch: 115 8–9, 230, 260, 286–7 Daily Telegraph: 44, 87, 272 Mu¨ller, Hans-Harald: 187 Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung: 208, 211 Mu¨ller, J.: xiii [& Fig. 58] Deutsche Tageszeitung: 228 Mu¨nster Evening News: 247 Albachten war memorial: 242–3 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: 297 Ketteler memorial: 97 Ko¨lnische Volkszeitung: 215, 279 Liebfrauen-U¨ berwasser war Ko¨lnische Zeitung: 278 memorial: 82–3 Manchester Guardian: 44, 176 town hall memorial: 202 Punch: 115, 117, 118, 219 war landmark: 99 Scotsman:86

Index 353

The Times: 124, 128, 141, 171, Philipps, Colwyn E. A.: 223 176, 179, 298 Pilgrimages: 124, 181, 266, see also The Times Educational Supplement: 253 Battleﬁeld tourism Vorwa¨rts: 224 Plauen, Heinrich von: 185 Vossische Zeitung: 278 Plebiscite memorials in West and East Zeit: 209, 294 Prussia: 140 Nibelungen: see Germanic saga and Plumer, Herbert, Viscount: 115 mythology Poelzig, Hans: 217 Nicholson, Sir Charles: 48 Poppy Appeal: 35, 131 Niederwald National Memorial: 148 Popular culture: 12 Nonconformists: 65, 84, 123, 249, Pound, Ezra: 10 251, 300 Poster art: see War posters Nonnenwerth, Reich memorial at: 278–9 Prestatyn war memorial: 239 Norden war memorial: 48, 108, 166 Preservation of historic monuments: [& Fig. 24] 47–51, 170, 176, 183 Norderney war memorial: 241 Prost, Antoine: 8, 10, 229 Norman invasion: 152–4 Northampton Raglan Castle: 298 Eleanor cross near: 239 Rathenau, Walther: 148 Mobbs memorial: 219, 221 [& Fig. 45] Ravenna, knight’s tomb at: xiii [& Fig. 52] war memorial chapel: 122 Redgrave war memorial: 195 Norwich Redslob, Edwin: see Reich art custodian Baptist war commemoration: 123 Reformation: 51, 55, 237, 249, 251 Cathedral, war memorial chapel at: 31, Regensburg, Walhalla near: 111, 282 47, 49–51, 80, 117, 118 [& Fig. 1] Rheydt war landmark: 106 [& Fig. 23] dean’s war propaganda: 93 Reich archive: 183, 203 Nottingham Castle, Albert Ball memorial Reich Art Custodian (Reichskunstwart): 21, at: 227 23, 35, 46, 108, 209, 282 Nude warriors: 64, 104, 205 Reich memorial: 22, 26, 36, 62 Arneburg: 267 Ober Ost: 136–7, 184 Aschersleben: 178 Occupation of Germany: 3, 148–50, Bensheim: 178 209, 215 Cathedral cities: 46 Oddington war memorial: 91 [& Fig. 17] Haidmu¨hle: 274 Odenberg, Mount: 265 Rhineland: 147–50, 170, 218, 276 Osborne, E. B.: 220 Silesia: 144 Osnabru¨ck war memorial: 212 Tannenberg: 129–30 Osthaus, Karl Ernst: 66, 160, 215, 279 Reich myth: 262–8 Otto the Great: 149 Third Reich: 280 Otto I (Bavaria): 263 Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold: 19, 100, Owen, Wilfred: 10, 65, 228, 301 129, 147, 264 Oxford Movement: 235 Reichsbund ju¨discher Frontsoldaten: 147 Oxford war memorials: 55 Reigate and Redhill war memorial: 217 All Souls College: 252, 253–4 Reinerz, Bad, war memorial: 132 Christ Church: 47 Remarque, Erich Maria: 28, 164 Dragon School: 69 Remscheid heroes’ grove: 218 Keble College: 235 [& Fig. 46] Renoir, Jean: 225 Restoration of historic monuments: see Paciﬁsm: 8, 19, 36, 102, 264, 300 Preservation of historic monuments Paisley war memorial: 91 Revanchism: 3, 209, 260, 284, 290 Palestine campaign: 86, 88, 114–20, 122–6 Rheine, school war memorial at: 205 Palmer, Herbert: 223 [& Fig. 43] Parliament, Houses of: 79 Rheingo¨nheim war memorial: 257 Photography: 147, 183 Rhine, River and Rhineland: 63 Phillips, Sir Claude: 272 historic struggle for: 147–50, 175

354 Index

Rhine, River and Rhineland (cont.) St Michael in Britain: 93–8, 221, 222, liberation festivities: 209 249, 270 [& Fig. 18] Rhinegold: 276–9 St Michael in Germany: 79, 208, 212, unknown soldier: 36 242–6 [& Fig. 19, 50] Rheims Cathedral: 180–2 St Oswald: 56 Richard I, Cœur de Lion: 87, 88–91, 114, St Reinoldus: 202 115, 122, 123 [& Fig. 27] see also Joan of Arc Richthofen, Manfred Baron von: St Albans Abbey war memorial: 121, 239 223, 225–6 St Helens war memorial chapel: 123, Rievaulx Abbey: 176 152, 252–3 Rinteln war landmark: 215 St Privat battleﬁeld memorials: 208 Rochdale war memorial: 272 St Quentin Cathedral: 182–3 Rocks: 170–2 Saladin, Sultan: 118 Roland: 120 Sassoon, Siegfried: 10, 28, 29 statues: 66, 98, 104–10, 132, 143 Scharnhorst, Gerhard: 266 [& Fig. 22] Schaudt, Emil: 106 Roman Catholics Schiller, Friedrich von: 85 British: 88, 123, 233, 235, 252 Schlageter, Albert Leo: 102 German: 82–3, 241, 242, 279 Schmitthenner, Paul: 246 Rommel, Erwin: 294 Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius: 79 Royal Academy of Arts: 39, 41, 50, Schott, Walter: 264 58, 271 Schro¨der, Admiral von: 266 Royal Fine Arts Commission: 50 Schubert, H.: 105 [& Fig. 22] Royston, war memorial of: 39 [& Fig. 5] Schumacher, Fritz: 42, 148 Ru¨bsam, Jupp: 278 Schumann, Dirk: 294 Ru¨desheim, Niederwald National Scott, Sir Giles Gilbert: 239, 300 Memorial near: 148 [& Fig. 48] Ru¨stringen, Friesian memorial at: 110 Scott, Sir Walter: 189, 269, 288 [& Fig. 25] Ivanhoe:87 Rugby School war memorial: 56 Scott Holland, Henry: 84, 199 Ruhr, memorial house at: 279 Scottish Baronial architecture: 101 Ruins: 173–85 Scottish National War Memorial historic ruins at home: 175–8 [& Figs. 18, 36] cultural treasures at the front: 178–85 architecture: 59, 101, 171 Second World War: 174, 296–301 Christian icons: 93, 237, 249 Ypres: 176, 182 Valhalla motif: 283 Rushdie, Salman: 6 Seeger, Karl von: 93–6, 274 Ruskin, John: 13, 60 Second World War: 12–13, 174, 291–301 Sebald, W. G.: 295 Saints: 242–52 Sedan: 228 St Alban: 222 Day: 161, 217 St Edmund: 56, 152 Seiler, Paul: 174 [& Fig. 38] St George in British cemeteries: 124 Seldte, Franz: 100 [& Fig. 28] Sempach, battle of: 204 St George in England: 56–7, 62, 65, Senden war memorial: 242 88–91, 122, 179, 190, 195–6, 210, Senf, H.: 174 [& Fig. 38] 221, 222, 235, 247–9, 252, 270, 292 Shell-shock: 159–60, 165 [& Figs. 7, 17, 40, 42, 51] Sherman, Daniel J.: 15, 24 St George in Wales: 194 School war memorials: St George in Germany 64, 79, 125, 132, British public schools: 55–6, 65, 207, 202, 242, 243 [& Fig. 49] 222–3, 289 St Hubert: 221 German secondary schools: 55, 64, 205, St Louis: 91, 122, 123, 252 280, 289 St Martin: 222, 235, 242, 251 see also under school names

Index 355

Siegfried: see Germanic saga and mythology Lithuanian commemorations of: 141 Sixt von Arnim, Friedrich: 261 memorial: 36–8, 59, 72, 128–30, 141–2, Sledemere war memorial: 123, 239 184, 217, 293 [& Fig. 3–4] Sleeping Beauty (Dornro¨schen): 267 in nineteenth-century commemorative Sleeping dead: 254–74 [& Figs. 39, 53–57] politics: 135–6 Social Democratic Party (SPD): 79 and Palestine: 144–5 charity versus commemoration: 241 Polish commemorations of: chivalric language: 224 135–6, 141 iron-nail war landmarks: 161, 168 Tawney, R. H.: 253–4 Tannenberg commemorations: 129, Tennant, E. Wyndham: 223 139, 293 Tennyson, Alfred Lord: 268 see also Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold Teutonic Order: 127, 293 Society for the Protection of Ancient castles: 128, 142, 184 Buildings (SPAB): 50 Knights: 72 [& Fig. 31] Soldiers’ conduct: 179, 187–230 see also Tannenberg see also Atrocities Tintern Abbey: 298 Soltau heroes’ grove: 75 Tischler, Robert: 293 Sombart, Werner: 145, 158, 218 Tobruk Totenburg: 294 Somme offensive: 45, 164, 167 Toc H movement: 90 Special path (Sonderweg), German: 7–8, Todmorden war memorial: 152 110, 145, 291 Totenburgen (fortresses of the dead): Spence, Basil: 300 [& Fig. 60] 38, 101–2, 125, 280 Spiritualism: 51, 248 [& Figs. 20–1] Sports: 216–23, 255 after the Second World War: 294 Mobbs memorial match: 219 Tractarians: 235 Muscular Christians: 222 Triqueti, Henry de: 272 ‘To play the game’ trope: 219–23 Trittau war memorial: 73 [& Fig. 13] Stab in the back legend (Dolchstoß): Trumpington war memorial: 60 212, 275 [& Fig. 8] Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten: 19, Truro Cathedral: 52 100, 147, 165, 217 Tu¨bingen University, war students’ branch: 204 commemoration at: 54 Steel helmet: 164–5 Turner, Alfred: 192, 219 [& Fig. 41, 45] Stonehaven war memorial: 69 Stonehenge: 69 Uhland, Ludwig: 161 Sto¨rtebecker, Klaus: 111 Ulm Minster Streets, John William: 223 unknown soldier: 46 Street-shrine movement: 83, 233 war memorial: 93–8, 246 [& Fig. 19] Strnad, Oskar: 172 Universities Stuck, Franz von: 148 Berlin: 64, 86, 284 Stuttgart Cambridge: 51–2, 55, 300 war landmark: 53, 161–2 [& Fig. 34] Go¨ttingen: 86, 283–4 Weltkriegsbu¨cherei war memorial: 255 Munich: 284 Southampton war memorials: 194, 272 Oxford: 47, 55, 69, 235, 252, 253–4 Swabian trick (Schwabenstreich): 161–2 [& Fig. 46] Swaffham Prior war memorial: 212 Tu¨bingen: 54 Sykes, C. W.: 226 Vienna: 274 [& Fig. 58] Sykes, Sir Mark: 123, 239 Unknown soldier: 9, 34 Sykes, Sir Tatton: 239 German projects: 36, 38, 129, 130 [& Fig. 3] Tacitus: 77 Unknown Warrior in London: 22, 32–5, Tannenberg: 127–45, 184, 289 38, 43–6, 65, 86–7, 91, 114, 268–9, alternative narratives of: 142–5 283 [& Fig. 2] battle of 1410: 127–8, 140, 185 Unruh, Fritz von: 36

356 Index

Untersberg, Mount: 265 German: 38, 61, 77, 102, 207–8, 255, Uzdowo, Grunwald memorial at: 141 293–5, see also Totenburgen War charities: 52, 131 Valhalla: see Germanic saga and War experience mythology British representations of: 159, Vandalism: 184, 241, 278, 295 172, 188 Vaterla¨ndische Bauhu¨tte: 41 German Kriegserlebnis: 20, 129, 157–86, Vereinigte Vaterla¨ndische Verba¨nde 187, 202, 207, 218, 290 Deutschlands: 129, 135 Materialschlacht (battle of mate´riel): 29, Verdun, battle of: 164, 204 157, 158, 164, 186, 289 Versailles Treaty: 99, 139, 140, 144, 170, War graves: see War cemeteries 179, 207, 218, 260 War landmarks: see Iron-nail war Veterans: 19–21, 217, 219 landmarks disabled: 147, 158, 240 War memorials: 23–6 front-line ﬁghter ideal: 158–9, 167, 187 archival records: 24 and memorials: 73, 130, 147–8, 265–7 advice centres in Germany: 21, 41–2, 48, local Kriegervereine (warriors’ societies): 73–4, 75, 108, 240, 242 19, 165, 242, 262 Boer war memorials: 21, 41, 59, 122 national associations: 19, 100, 165, 167, books of remembrance: 30 [& Fig. 1] 209, 264, see also British Legion committees: 18 Victoria, Queen: 79, 269 exhibitions as: 47, 54, 129, 279 Victoria and Albert Museum: 57–9, 268, functionalist interpretation: 3, 271–2 260, 286–7 Victory and defeat: 8, 158, 290 Mahnmal after 1945: 296 Langemarck: 203 monuments aux morts:8,234 military defeats: 217, 260, 274, 284 recumbent ﬁgures: 255–64 Tannenberg: 128 [& Figs. 39, 53–57] Vienna: 172 Scottish peculiarities: 69, 237 cemetery memorial: 102 sports grounds: 217–18 University war memorial: 274 [& Fig. 58] stained-glass windows: 57–9, 202, 226 war landmark: 52–3 [& Figs. 17, 27, 33] Viersen war memorials: 3 utilitarian schemes: 47, 234, Vikings: 150–2 238, 239–41 Villingen war landmark: 52 wars of 1864, 1866, 1870-1: 41, 66, Violence: 11, 198–9, 200, 229–30 207, 242 Virgil: 260 War neuroses: see Shell-shock Vo¨lkerschlacht memorial: 85, 168–70 War posters: 24, 81, 154, 156, 164, [& Fig. 35] 197, 219 Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgra¨berfu¨rsorge: War propaganda: 12, 24 22, 24, 60, 77, 101, 125, 126, 208, 284 British: 81–2, 93, 120, 196, 209 [& Fig. 20, 21, 29] German: 53, 81–2, 97, 98, 156, 157, after 1945: 293–5, 296 181, 182, 184 Volkstrauertag: 251 see also Iron-nail war landmarks; war Vollmarstein war memorial: 178 posters Volunteers: 20, 197, 203, 205, 207 Wareham, T. E. Lawrence’s gravestone at: Vytautas the Great: 141 118 [& Fig. 57] Warr, Charles L.: 248 Wach, Karl: 277 Wars of Liberation: see Napoleonic wars Wagner, Richard: 262, 283–4, 288 Warwick School war memorial: 56 Walhalla: 111, 282 Watt, George Frederick: 231 Wallace, William: 114 Wayside Cross Society: 235–7 Warburg, Aby: 15–16 Weaver, Lawrence: 41 War cemeteries: 21–2, 24–5 Webb, Sir Aston: 270 British: 29, 88, 124 Weddigen, Otto: 211

Index 357

Weingarten war memorial: 243 Williams, H. C. N.: 298 [& Fig. 49–50] Wilson, Sir Henry: 43 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of: 45 Wilson, Woodrow: 180 Werkbund, Deutscher: 42, 59, 255 Winchester Cathedral, war Werner, Johannes: 225, 226 memorial at: 221 Western Front: 32, 145–54, 157, 164, Windsor Castle: 272 165, 172 Winkelmann, Johann Joachim: 64 Westhorpe war memorial: 237 Winkelried, Arnold: 111–13 [& Fig. 26] Westminster Abbey Winkler, Heinrich August: 7 Battle of Britain memorial window: 292 Winnington-Ingram, Arthur: 83 German perceptions of: 46 Winter, Jay: 2–3, 8, 194, 286 Henry III’s memorial: 271 Wisbech war memorial: 69, 82 [& Fig. 11] Queen’s Westminster Riﬂes Wolff, Theodor: 128, 180 memorial: 122 Women, memorial to: 176 Unknown Warrior: 22, 33–5, 43–6, 86–7, Worchester Grammar School war 91, 268, 283 [& Fig. 2] memorial: 222 Warriors’ Chapel: 114 Wordsworth, William: 220 Wetter war landmark: 146 Workman, Leslie: 14 Wetzel, Heinz: 96 [& Fig. 19] ‘World of enemies’ trope: 98–9, 146 Wheeler-Bennett, John: 213 Wiesbaden, war memorial near: 170 York Minster, women’s memorial Wigan war memorial: 239 [& Fig. 48] at: 176 Wilhelm I: 265 Yoxford war memorial: 152 Wilhelm II: Ypres: 176, 203, 221 and the Boxer rising: 97, 209–10 Cathedral: 182 at Haut-Kœnigsbourg: 146 at Jerusalem: 115–18 Zeitler, Josef: 163 [& Fig. 34] in July 1914: 81 Zentralverband deutscher mailed ﬁst speech: 156 Kriegsbescha¨digter und at Marienburg: 135 Kriegshinterbliebener: 147 and war memorials: 168, 208, Zeppelin: 176, 212–13, 228 261, 264 Zobten, Reich memorial at Mount: 144 William the Conqueror: 152, 154 Zwickau, school war memorial: 64