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Shrine of Remembrance St Kilda Road, Melbourne Conservation

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Shrine of Remembrance St Kilda Road, Melbourne Conservation Management Plan Shrine of Remembrance St Kilda Road, Melbourne Conservation Management Plan Prepared for the Shrine of Remembrance Trustees October 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and brief 1 1.2 Site Location and Description 1 1.2.1 Location 1 1.2.2 Description 1 1.3 Heritage Controls and Listings 1 1.3.1 Victorian Heritage Act 1995 1 1.3.2 Planning and Environment Act 1987 2 1.3.3 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) 3 1.3.4 Non-Statutory Listings 4 1.4 Methodology and Terminology 4 1.5 Archaeology 4 2.0 HISTORY 9 2.1 Planning for Victoria’s War Memorial: Choice of a Site 9 2.2 The War Memorial Design Competition 11 2.3 The Architects 11 2.4 The Winning Design 12 2.5 Fundraising 16 2.6 Construction of the Shrine 1928-34 17 2.7 Initial Landscaping Works 1928-1934 20 2.8 World War II Memorial Competition 26 2.9 Landscaping Developments 1951-2000 27 2.9.1 Hard Landscaping Features 27 2.9.2 Plantings 30 2.10 Building Alterations and Maintenance Works 1934-2000 31 2.10.1 Alterations 31 2.10.2 Maintenance Works 32 2.11 Developments Since 2001 33 2.11.1 Building Works 33 2.11.2 Landscaping Developments 34 2.12 A Commemorative Place 34 3.0 PHYSICAL ANAYLSIS 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Documentation 37 3.3 The Site 37 3.4 Individual Buildings and Elements 40 3.4.1 The Shrine (1929-34) 40 I 3.4.2 Visitor Centre (2003) 57 3.4.3 WWII Forecourt (1951-54) 60 3.4.4 Cenotaph (1955) 61 3.4.5 Eternal Flame (1954) 62 3.4.6 Flagpoles (1954) 63 3.4.7 The Gallipoli Memorial (1935, relocated 1967) and Gallipoli Memorial Garden (2009) 64 3.4.8 Purple Cross Horse Trough (1926, relocated 1986) 66 3.4.9 The Driver and Wipers (1937, relocated to Shrine Reserve in 1998) 67 3.4.10 Widow and Children (1998) 68 3.4.11 The Remembrance Garden (1985) 69 3.4.12 Lawn Memorials 70 3.4.13 Robertson Fountain (1934) 71 3.4.14 Cobbers Memorial 72 3.4.15 Light Pylons (1934) 73 3.4.16 Cast Iron Lamp Posts 74 3.4.17 Commemorative Seating 75 3.4.18 Tree Plaques 76 3.4.19 Modern Park Furniture 77 3.4.20 Lower Terrace and Surroundings 78 3.4.21 Northern Approach / Avenue of Remembrance 80 3.4.22 Southern Approach 83 3.4.23 Eastern Approach 85 3.4.24 Western Approach 87 3.4.25 Diagonal Pathways 88 3.4.26 St Kilda Road Frontage 90 3.4.27 Birdwood Avenue Frontage 91 3.4.28 Arboretum 92 3.4.29 Context and views 102 4.0 ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 105 4.1 Assessment Criteria and Methodology 105 4.2 Comparative Analysis 105 4.2.1 Sources of the Design for the Shrine of Remembrance 105 II LOVELL CHEN 4.2.2 Australian War Memorials and Comparable Public Architecture in the Interwar Period 114 4.3 Assessment of Significance 120 4.3.1 Aesthetic/Architectural Significance 120 4.3.2 Historical Significance 122 4.3.3 Scientific Value 123 4.3.4 Social and Spiritual Value 123 4.4 Statement of Significance 124 4.4.1 Conservation Management Plan 124 4.4.2 Heritage Victoria Statement of Significance 127 5.0 CONSERVATION POLICY 131 5.1 Purpose 131 5.2 Basis of Approach 131 5.3 Conservation Principles 132 5.4 Use and Public Access 133 5.5 Significant Fabric 134 5.5.1 Introduction 134 5.5.2 Key Elements, Areas and Characteristics 134 5.5.3 Monuments and Memorials 140 5.5.4 McRobertson Fountain 140 5.5.5 Other Landscape Features 141 5.6 Significant Objects 142 5.7 Setting and Curtilage 143 Discussion 143 5.8 Care of Significant Fabric 145 5.8.1 Repairs and Maintenance 145 5.8.2 Maintenance of Significant Landscape Features 145 5.9 Future Development 146 5.9.1 Site Development 146 5.9.2 Placement of Memorials 147 5.10 Interpretation 147 5.11 Statutory Issues 148 5.11.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 148 5.11.2 Heritage Act 1995 148 5.11.3 Planning and Environment Act 150 5.12 Client Requirements 150 5.13 Monitoring and Review 151 5.14 Ongoing Research and Documentation 151 LOVELL CHEN III BIBLIOGRAPHY 152 Primary sources 152 Secondary Sources 152 ENDNOTES 154 APPENDIX A HERITAGE LISTINGS APPENDIX B BURRA CHARTER IV LOVELL CHEN LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map showing the location of the Shrine Reserve (marked by black arrow). 5 Figure 2 Plan of the Shrine of Remembrance. 6 Figure 3 Plan showing the VHR extent of registration of the Shrine Reserve. 7 Figure 4 Combined map showing the Heritage Overlays that apply in the Melbourne and Port Phillip Planning Schemes. 8 Figure 5 Nineteenth century plan of the western side of the Domain Gardens prior to the acquisition of the Shrine site. 10 Figure 6 1902 view of ‘The Grange’, the mansion which formerly occupied the southern part of the Shrine site. 11 Figure 7 Sculptor Paul Montford produced a model of Hudson and Wardrop’s original competition entry design. The shallower roof form and granite walls to the lower terrace can be seen. 13 Figure 8 Drawing of the north elevation. The porticos on the north and south elevations were modelled on the Parthenon in Athens. 13 Figure 9 Isometric drawing of Hudson and Wardrop’s design showing the crypt (basement) level with the main Sanctuary above. 15 Figure 10 Hudson and Wardrop’s design featured an inner Sanctuary. 16 Figure 11 This 1928 aerial view of the Shrine site shows the earthworks under way for construction Stage 1. 18 Figure 12 View of the quarry site at Tynong, reopened to provide granite for the Shrine. 18 Figure 13 View of the west elevation of the Shrine during construction. 19 Figure 14 An estimated 300,000 people attended the opening ceremony on 11 November, 1934, an impressive turnout for a city with a population of around 1 million. 20 Figure 15 This 1929 landscaping plan published in the Herald did not proceed as shown, though the powerful north and south axes were retained. 21 Figure 16 1934 aerial view of the completed Shrine and surrounds. 23 Figure 17 View looking across the south-west corner of the Reserve. 25 Figure 18 Wartime aerial view of the Shrine and surrounds showing the air raid shelter trenches on the north side of the Shrine Reserve (marked by arrow). 26 Figure 19 Milston’s winning competition entry for the forecourt included a granite retaining wall along the east and west sides. 27 Figure 20 c.1950s view of the newly completed forecourt showing its relationship to the Shrine. 28 LOVELL CHEN V Figure 21 Ernest Milston’s design for the WWII forecourt contained three flagpoles on the east side and a stone cenotaph and eternal flame on the west side. 28 Figure 22 The iconic statue of Simpson and his donkey (the Gallipoli Memorial) was relocated onto the Shrine Reserve in 1967. 30 Figure 23 View of the northern and western elevations of the Shrine in 2001. 32 Figure 24 View of the north-east entrance (Entrance Courtyard) to the Visitor Centre designed by Ashton Raggatt McDougall. 35 Figure 25 Directional signage to the Visitor Centre fixed to the steps located beneath the northern portion of the lower terrace. 36 Figure 26 View of a juvenile Bhutan cypress which forms part of a circle around the perimeter pathway. 36 Figure 27 Plan of the Shrine Reserve showing the location of the various hard landscaping elements. Note that the hatched green line marks the boundary of the Shrine Reserve site. 38 Figure 28 Plan of the Shrine Reserve showing the location of the various soft landscaping elements and the Aboretum (Areas A―G, marked in blue). 39 Figure 29 Plan showing the location of the Shrine of Remembrance building (marked by red circle). 40 Figure 30 View across the southern portion of the lower terrace looking south from the portico. 40 Figure 31 View of the southern portion of the upper terrace (looking southwest). 41 Figure 32 View of an inscribed granite disk. 41 Figure 33 View looking north across the western side of the upper terrace. 41 Figure 34 View of the principal north elevation taken from across the WWII Forecourt. 42 Figure 35 View of the principal south elevation taken from the lower terrace. 42 Figure 36 View of the carved sculptural frieze known as ‘Call to Arms’. 42 Figure 37 View of one of the doorway openings. 43 Figure 38 View of the ceiling to the main portico of the north facing elevation. 43 Figure 39 View of the west elevation. 44 Figure 40 View of the east elevation 44 Figure 41 View of the statue ‘Patriotism’. 45 Figure 42 View of the statue ‘Sacrifice’. 45 Figure 43 View of the statue ‘Justice’. 46 Figure 44 View of the statue ‘Peace and Goodwill’. 46 Figure 45 Roof plan showing the upper gallery. 47 VI LOVELL CHEN Figure 46 View of the northern and western slopes of the pyramidal main roof of the Shrine. 47 Figure 47 View of the roof to the southern entrance portico. 47 Figure 48 Basement Plan showing principal spaces.
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