Rising Thai Household Debt: Assessing Risks and Policy Implications

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SP/01/2004 āļŠāļąāļĄāļĄāļ™āļēāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāđāļēāļ› 2547 BOT Symposium 2004 āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ: āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒ Rising Thai Household Debt: Assessing Risks and Policy Implications āļ™āļēāļĒāļĒāļĢāļĢāļĒāļ‡ āđ„āļ—āļĒāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļ āļ™āļēāļĒāđ€āļāļĩāļĒāļĢāļ•āļīāļžāļ‡āļĻ āļ­āļĢāļīāļĒāļ›āļĢāļąāļŠāļāļē āđāļĨāļ° āļ™.āļŠ. āļāļīāļ•āļīāļĄāļē āļŠāļđāđ€āļŠāļīāļ” āļŠāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļāļąāļ™āļĒāļēāļĒāļ™ 2547 āļšāļ—āļŠāļĢāļļāļ› āļ‚āļ­āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāđƒāļ™āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄ āļˆāđāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļ™āļēāļ„āļēāļĢāđāļŦāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđāļžāļĢāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™ āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ”āļŠāļĩāđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ™āļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒ āđƒāļŠāļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ§āļˆāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāđāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāđāļŦāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ§āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļ™āļēāļ„āļēāļĢāđāļŦāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļ˜āļ™āļēāļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāļ•āļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāļ–āļķāļ‡ āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļĄāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļ§āļē āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāļāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļŦāļēāļ•āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļĄāļŦāļ āļēāļ„ āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ”āļĩ āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāļĄāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļœāļđāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āļ•āđˆāđāļē āļĄāļĩ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ™āļ­āļĒ āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āļēāđƒāļˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļĄāļĄāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļžāļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļēāđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āļ™āļ­āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ āđ„āļ”āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡ āđƒāļŦāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ“āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŦāļ™āļąāļ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāļĄ āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āļĢāļēāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļēāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ“āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āļ”āļēāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļīāļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ”āļĩāđ€āļāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āļ™āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļœāļīāļ”āļ™āļąāļ”āļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļēāļ”āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩ 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āļ‚āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļšāļ„āļļāļ“āđ€āļ›āļ™āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļļāļ“āļĻāļļāļ āđ‚āļŠāļ„ āđ„āļŠāļĒāļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ—āļĩāļĄāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļĄāļŦāļ āļēāļ„ āļ—āļĩāļĄāļ”āļąāļŠāļ™āļĩāļŠāļĩāđ‰āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āđāļĨāļ° āļŠāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŦāļāđāļēāļĨāļąāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ”āļ§āļĒāļ”āļĩ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļœāļđāļŠāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđāļ āļ„āļļāļ“āļ˜āļīāļ”āļēāļĢāļąāļ•āļ™ āļŠāļēāļ—āļīāļžāļˆāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢ āļ„āļļāļ“āļāļĐāļĄāļē āđ€āļ‰āļĒāđƒāļˆāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļ§āļąāļŠ āļĻāļīāļ§āļēāļžāļēāļ™āļīāļŠ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļœāļīāļ”āļžāļĨāļēāļ”āđƒāļ”āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļŽāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļœāļđāđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™āļĒāļīāļ™āļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ™āļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđ„āļ§āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ” āļšāļ—āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒ āđƒāļ™āļŠāļ§āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒāđ„āļ”āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ•āļ§āļ­āļĒāļą āļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ•āļ­āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ—āļēāļ•āļąāļ§āļ™āļšāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļą āļ§āļ‡āļāļ­āļ™āļ§āļīāļāļĪāļ•āđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ™āļĄāļē āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĨāļēāļĒāļ„āļĨāļķāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ™āļāļĩāđ‰ āđ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ€āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļ—āļļāļ āļāļĨāļļāļĄāļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāļĄāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāđƒāļ™āļ—āļđ āļļāļāļ āļēāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļŠāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđ āļąāļšāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡ āđ„āļĄāđ€āļ„āļĒāļĄāļĩāļĄāļēāļāļ­āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđāļžāļĢāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļˆāļˆāļšāļļ āļąāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ§ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĄāļˆ āđāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™āļˆāļ°āļ•āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļ›āļāļŦāļēāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āđ„āļ›āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ° āđ€āļ›āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ°āļ—āļ­āļ™āđƒāļŦ āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ§āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢ āļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ­āļ™āļ—āļ· āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļēāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāļŠāļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠ āļˆāļēāļĒāđ„āļĄāđƒāļŦāļœāļąāļ™āļœāļ§āļ™āļˆāļ™āđ€āļāļīāļ™āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļēāļāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš āļĄāļŦāļ āļēāļ„ (Macro-prudential Indicators) āļ›āļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāļĄāļĩāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļ‡āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļ§āļēāļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒāļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡ āđ€āļāļīāļ™āđ„āļ› āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ§āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļĩāđāļ™āļ§āđ‚āļ™āļĄāđ€āļĨāļ§āļĨāļ‡ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āđāļĄāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļˆāļ° āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāļ āđāļ•āļŦāļēāļāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ›āļ™āļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāļ§āļ™āļ•āļ­āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āļĄāļ§āļĨāļĢāļ§āļĄāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ (GDP) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļ­āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āļŠāļļāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđāļĨāļ§ āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāđ„āļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āđƒāļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļĨāļļāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ§ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđāļĄāļ§āļēāļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļˆāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļđāļ‡ āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļœāļĨāļžāļ§āļ‡āļˆāļēāļ āļŠāļ§āļ‡āļ§āļīāļāļĪāļ•āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ”āļŠāļą āļ§āļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ§āļāđ‡āđ‚āļ™āļĄāļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļĨāđāļēāļ”āļąāļš āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ”āļĩ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ„āļ§āļĢāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ§āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ•āļ­āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āļˆāļ°āļ—āđāļēāđƒāļŦāļ„āļĢ āļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§ (sensitive) āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āļēāļ‡āđ† āļ­āļēāļ—āļī āļāļēāļĢ āļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ” āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļēāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļāļđ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ āļēāļ„ āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āļāļ§āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™ 5 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™ āđ„āļ”āđāļ āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļĄāļŦāļ āļēāļ„ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđ āļ§āļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒ āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āļ­āļšāļ„āđāļēāļ–āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļ 5 āļ‚āļ­ āđ„āļ”āđāļ (1) āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļ™āļ”āļķāđ‰ āļ§āļĒāļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ āđƒāļ” (2) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ„āļĢāđ€āļ›āļ™āļœāļđāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļāļ­āļĒāļđāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡ āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ (3) āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ„āļ·āļ­āļ™āļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ (4) āļ™āļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļļāļ›āđ‚āļ āļ„āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢ āđāļĨāļ° (5) āļœāļđāļ§āļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļĒāļī āļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļ™āđ„āļ”āļķāđ‰ āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—āļŦāļ™āļĩāđˆ āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĨāđ āļąāļ‡āļāļ­āļ•āļąāļ§āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļ™āļķāđ‰ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āļ­āļšāļ„āđāļēāļ–āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ§āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāđāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĨāļāļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļķ āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļˆāļļāļĨāļ āļēāļ„ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ§āļˆāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĨāļēāļŠāļļāļ” 3 āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļ āđ„āļ”āđāļ āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ§āļˆāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāđāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āđāļŦāļī āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī (āđ„āļ•āļĢāļĄāļēāļŠ 1 āļ› 2547) āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļĄ āļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ§āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļ™āļēāļ„āļēāļĢāđāļŦāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ (āļ˜āļ›āļ—.) 2 āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ (āļ› 2546) āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ„āļĢāļ§āđ€āļĢāļą āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļāļ­āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢ āļ­āļ­āļĄ (āļ› 2547) āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļ™āļžāļšāļ§āļē āđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ§āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“ āļŦāļ™ āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒāļĒāļąāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢ āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļĄāļ™āļēāļˆāļ°āļ™āđāļēāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāļ›āļāļŦāļēāđƒāļ™āļ§āļ‡āļāļ§āļēāļ‡ āđāļ•āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļšāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āļĢāļēāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™ āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ•āļ­āļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āļēāļ‡āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ•āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ” āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļāļĨāļļāļĄ āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļāđ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāđ„āļ”āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļˆāļēāļāļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļ™āļāļąāļ™ āđāļ•āļāđ‡āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āļ­āļĒāļđ āđ‚āļ”āļĒ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļāđ‡āļˆāļ°āļ•āļ­āļ‡āļĄ āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāļˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“ āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ• āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āļĢāļēāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļ™āļ™āļķāđ‰ āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļŠāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆ āļ­āļ™āđƒāļŦāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ–āđ‡ āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‚āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡ āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āļēāđƒāļˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢ āđ€āļ‚āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļ™āļ—āļī āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļ™āļī āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāļ§āļĒāļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ„āļ”āļ§āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ­āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļ· āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ—āđāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļāļđāļĒāļ·āļĄāđ„āļ” āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļ™āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļ­ āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļ­āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ”āļļ āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđāļšāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™ 6 āļŠāļ§āļ™ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (1) āļšāļ—āļ™āđāļē (2) āļāļēāļĢāļ™āđāļēāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠ āļ­āļ˜āļīāļšāļēāļĒāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļđāļĒāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ· āļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđ„āļ”āđāļ āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ§āļąāļāļˆāļąāļāļĢāļŠāļ§āļĩ āļ•āļī (Life-cycle Model) āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āļ–āļēāļ§āļĢ (Permanent Income Theory) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđƒāļŦāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ—āđāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āļēāđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāđ€āļšāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđƒāļ™āļŠāļ§āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļžāļšāļ§āļē āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āđˆāđāļē āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļ™āļ—āļī āļļāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļĨāļ§āļ™āđāļ•āļĄāļĩāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāđ„āļ”āļāļĨāļēāļ§āđ„āļ§ āđāļĄāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ™āļžāļšāļˆāļ°āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ§āļē āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ™āļœāļĨāļŠāļ·āļšāđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļˆāļ—āļī āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ•āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļˆāđƒāļ™āļ›āļī āļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļ•āļĩāđˆ āļ­āļ‡āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđƒāļ™āļĨāđāļēāļ”āļąāļšāļ–āļąāļ”āđ„āļ› (3) āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļĄ āļđāļĨāđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļ”āļšāļˆāļą āļļāļĨāļ āļēāļ„ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļŠāļ™ āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰ āļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ” āļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļž āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļāļđ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļ•āļ–āļą āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ āļđ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ (4) āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āļĢāļēāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĄāļŦāļ āļēāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļļāļĨāļ āļēāļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļšāļ§āļē āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĄāļŦāļ āļēāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļ§āđ€āļĢāļą āļ·āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļˆāļˆāļšāļļ āļąāļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāļĄāļĩāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ“āļšāļ‡āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒ āđƒāļ”āđ† āđƒāļ™āļŠāļ§āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āļŦāļĒāļīāļšāļĒāļāļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļ™āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ”āļēāļ™āļĢāļēāļ„āļē āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļĄāļ•āļī āļīāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđāļšāļšāļˆ āđāļēāļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļ”āļ”āļąāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ§āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļ˜āļ›āļ—. āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļœāļ™āļ§āļāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ§āđ€āļ‚ āļēāļāļšāļ‚āļą āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ§āļˆāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāđāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāđāļŦāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ• āļīāđāļĨāļ§ āđāļšāļšāļˆāđāļēāļĨāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĩāđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āļē āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļ”āļŦāļĒāļ· āļļāļ™āļžāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ„āļ§āļĢāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ”āļēāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆ āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ”āļĩ āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļĄāļ—āļļ āļĩāđˆāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āļĢāļēāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ•āļ­āļ› āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ (5) āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāļ™ āļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āļ­āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļ­āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļĄāļŦāļ āļēāļ„ āđƒāļ™āļŠāļ§āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āļ—āđāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ āļĄāļĩāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļ‚āļēāļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ™āļžāļšāļ§ āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļĩāđ„āļĄāđ€āļ—āļēāļāļąāļ™ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļ™āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ™āļąāļĒāļ•āļ­āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļĄāļŦāļ āļēāļ„āļˆāļēāļ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ āļēāļ„āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļĄāļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āļēāļĒ (6) āļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāđāļ™āļ§āđ‚āļ™āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āļ· āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļ™āļžāļšāļ§āļē āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ āļēāļ„ āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒāļˆāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļ™āļ­āļĒāļķāđ‰ āļēāļ‡āļ•āļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āđāļ•āđƒāļ™āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļĨāļ‡ āļˆāļēāļāļ‚āļ­āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ§āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ™āđāļēāļĄāļēāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ 3 āļ”āļēāļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđāļĢāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ”āļēāļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļē āļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļĢāļ„āđāļēāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ•āđˆāđāļēāļ•āļ­āđ€āļ™ āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ™āļēāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ™āđāļēāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāļ›āļāļŦāļē āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļ˜āļ™āļēāļ„āļēāļĢāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļˆāđāļēāļ•āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ­āļ™āļŠāļ· āļđāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ­āļ™āļˆāļ°āļĄāļ· āļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļĩāđˆ āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļ­āļĄāļē āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ”āļēāļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļ„āļ§āļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļāļī āđāļēāļāļąāļš āļ”āļđāđāļĨāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŦāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāđāļšāļšāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđƒāļŦāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļŠāļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ§āļ™āļšāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ­āļĒāļļ āļđāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļēāļāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļ”āļāļĄāđ€āļ—āļļ āļēāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄāļāļ™āļą āđāļĨāļ° āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āļēāļĒ āļ”āļēāļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™ āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļāļēāļĢāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āļ•āļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļ—āļļāļāļāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĒāļ§āļ‚āļĩāđˆ āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄ āļ·āļ­āļāļąāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļŠāļīāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđƒāļŦāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ–āļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļĩ āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļĢāđƒāļŦāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļāļą āđ„āļ”āđāļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđƒāļŦāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ āļąāļ™āđƒāļŠāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļ•āļą āļīāļĨāļđāļāļ„āļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļą āļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļ‡āđ† āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđāļžāļĢāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āļēāđƒāļˆāļ—āļēāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡ āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŠāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ āļēāļ„āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļ™āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡ 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