Synthesis of Short-Range Ordered Aluminosilicates at Ambient Conditions
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Evaluation of Humic Substances Used in Commercial Fertilizer Formulations
Final report FREP Project 07-0174 Evaluation of humic substances used in commercial fertilizer formulations T.K. Hartz Extension Specialist Department of Plant Sciences University of California 1 Shields Ave Davis, CA 95616 (530) 752-1738 [email protected] Executive summary: This project examined the effects of five commercial humic acid formulations on soil microbial activity, seed germination, early growth, nutrient uptake and crop productivity of lettuce and processing tomato. Humic acid solutions ranging from 250-750 PPM a.i. were used to imbibe coated lettuce seed; those seeds germinated at the same rate and frequency as seed imbibed with deionized water. In a greenhouse trial lettuce plants were grown from seed in pots of four field soils differing in phosphorus availability. The pots received pre-seeding banded application of humic acid alone, P fertilization (liquid 10-34- 0) alone, both humic acid and P fertilization, or neither treatment. In one of the four soils humic acid plus P increased lettuce growth above that of P fertilization alone. In the absence of P fertilization, no humic acid formulation increased lettuce growth in any soil. P fertilization increased plant P uptake in all soils, but humic acid did not increase P uptake in any soil. The effect of humic acid on soil microbial activity was evaluated in a laboratory assay using a low organic matter soil and a high organic matter soil (0.8 and 2.5% organic matter, respectively). The soils were wetted with tap water alone, P fertilizer solution, humic acid solution, or a solution containing both humic acid and P fertilizer. -
Hydrologic Soil Groups
AppendixExhibitAppendix A: Hydrologic AB Soil Synthetic Groups Hydrologic for theRainfall United SoilStates Distributions Groups and Rainfall Data Sources Soils are classified into hydrologic soil groups (HSG’s) Disturbed soil profiles to indicate the minimum rate of infiltration obtained for bareThe highest soil after peak prolonged discharges wetting. from Thesmall HSG watersheds’s, which arein the UnitedAs a result States of areurbanization, usually caused the soil by profileintense, may brief be rain- con- A,falls B, that C, and may D, occur are one as distinctelement eventsused in or determining as part of a longersiderably storm. These altered intense and the rainstorms listed group do not classification usually ex- may runofftended curve over anumbers large area (see and chapter intensities 2). For vary the greatly. conve- One commonno longer practice apply. inIn rainfall-runoffthese circumstances, analysis use is tothe develop follow- niencea synthetic of TR-55 rainfall users, distribution exhibit A-1 to uselists in the lieu HSG of actualclassifi- storming events. to determine This distribution HSG according includes to themaximum texture rainfall of the cationintensities of United for the States selected soils. design frequency arranged in a sequencenew surface that soil, is critical provided for thatproducing significant peak compaction runoff. has not occurred (Brakensiek and Rawls 1983). TheSynthetic infiltration raterainfall is the rate distributions at which water enters the soil at the soil surface. It is controlled by surface condi- HSG Soil textures tions.The length HSG ofalso the indicates most intense the transmission rainfall period rate contributing—the rate to the peak runoff rate is related to the time of concen- A Sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam attration which (T thec) for water the watershed.moves within In thea hydrograph soil. -
COONAWARRA \ Little Black Book Cover Image: Ben Macmahon @Macmahonimages COONAWARRA \
COONAWARRA \ Little Black Book Cover image: Ben Macmahon @macmahonimages COONAWARRA \ A small strip of land in the heart of the Limestone Coast in South Australia. Together our landscape, our people and our passion, work in harmony to create a signature wine region that delivers on a myriad of levels - producing wines that unmistakably speak of their place and reflect the character of their makers. It’s a place that gets under your skin, leaving an indelible mark, for those who choose it as home and for those who keep coming back. We invite you to Take the Time... Visit. Savour. Indulge. You’ll smell it, taste it and experience it for yourself. COONAWARRA \ Our Story Think Coonawarra, and thoughts of There are the ruddy cheeks of those who tend the vines; sumptuous reds spring to mind – from the the crimson sunsets that sweep across a vast horizon; and of course, there’s the fiery passion in the veins of our rich rust-coloured Terra Rossa soil for which vignerons and winemakers. Almost a million years ago, it’s internationally recognised, to the prized an ocean teeming with sea-life lapped at the feet of the red wines that have made it famous. ancient Kanawinka Escarpment. Then came an ice age, and the great melt that followed led to the creation of the chalky white bedrock which is the foundation of this unique region. But nature had not finished, for with her winds, rain and sand she blanketed the plain with a soil rich in iron, silica and nutrients, to become one of the most renowned terroir soils in the world. -
Soil Fertility Research in Sugarcane in 2007
SOIL FERTILITY RESEARCH IN SUGARCANE IN 2007 Brenda S. Tubaña, Chuck Kennedy, Allen Arceneaux and Jasper Teboh School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences In Cooperation with Sugar Research Station Summary Two experiments were conducted in 2007 to test the effect of different N rates on the yield and yield components of current sugarcane varieties. Spring application of N at rates of 0, 40, 80 and 120 lbs N ac -1 to LCP85-384, HoCP96-540 and L99-226 had no effect on plantcane yield. However, 40 and 80 lbs N ac -1 resulted in significantly higher sugar yield when compared with 120 lbs N ac -1 application rate. Stubble cane yield of LCP85-384, Ho95-988, and L97-128 showed response to spring N fertilization. Linear-plateau models estimated N rates that ranged from 42 to 80 lbs N ac -1 for optimum cane and sugar yield of these varieties. Two trials were also conducted to determine the effect of fertilizer adjuvant. Applications of Trimat, PGR and foliar NPK in addition with normal fertilization did not result in significant increases in the first- stubble cane and sugar yield of Ho95-988 and L97-128. Similarly, application of Helena Chemical products on top on standard practices did not result in significant increases in second- stubble cane and sugar yield of L97-128. Objectives This research was designed to provide information on soil fertility in an effort to help cane growers produce maximum economic yields and increase profitability in sugarcane production. This annual progress report is presented to provide the latest available data on certain practices and not as a final recommendation for growers to use all of these practices. -
THE HYDROUS COMPONENT of SILLIMANITE 8R3
American Mineralogist, Volume 74, pages812-817, 1989 The hydrous componentof sillimanite ANroN Brn-LNo* Gnoncn R. RossvreN Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, California 91125, U.S.A. Eow.q.nnS. Gnnw Department of Geological Sciences,University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.A. Ansrnlcr Polarized infrared spectra of a suite of sillimanite samplesfrom high-grade regionally metamorphosedrocks and associatedquartz veins and pegmatites(upper-amphibolite to pyroxene granulite facies), from xenoliths in basaltic rocks, and from alluvial deposits indicate that hydroxyl is the dominant hydrous speciesbound in sillimanite. Absorption bands at 3556, 3329, 3300, and 3248 cm-L are characteristic of many of the samples. Heating experiments indicate that only above 700'C is weight loss primarily due to loss 'C. of structurally bound OH. Complete dehydration required heating to 1400 The max- imum content of bound OH in the sillimanites was 0.02 wto/oHrO equivalent. The inten- sities of the OH features generally decreasewith increasing temperatures estimated for metamorphism, consistentwith the expectationthat water activities decreasewith increas- ing temperature. However, notable exceptionsto this trend suggestthat secondaryhydra- tion at the unit-cell scaleis also a viable explanation for OH incorporation in sillimanite. INrnooucrrol,l ExpnnrvrnNTAl DETAILS Trace amounts of water have been reported in a num- The sillimanites listed in Table I originate from high- ber of nominally anhydrous minerals, including the grade regionally metamorphosed rocks and associated AlrSiO, polymorphs. Sillimanite analysesindicate up to quartz veins and pegmatites, from xenoliths in basaltic 0.72wto/oHrO (Aramakiand Roy, 1963;Deer etal., 1982', rocks, and from alluvial deposits (Rossmanet al., 1982 Beranet al., I 983). -
Soil Survey of Sequoia National Forest, California (1996) Part II of II
622 Dome-Chaix outcrop association, 30 to 50 percent slopes. Illlil This map unit is on mountainsides and ridges. Slope is 30 to 50 percent. The native plant communities are Yellow Pine Forest and Mixed Conifer Forest. Elevation is 5,000 to 8,040 feet. The average annual precipitation is about 24 to 51 inches. This unit is 35 percent Dome sandy loam, 30 percent Chaix sandy loam, and 20 percent Rock outcrop. Dome Chaix Rock outcrop 40 to 60 in 20 to 40 in Moderate to low Low t 5 to 6 in 3 to 4 in | 2 in 2 in I Moderately rapid Moderately rapid B B Well drained Well drained or somewhat excessively drained Rapid Rapid Moderate Moderate 0.20 0.24 ^ SM SM Intermediate Intermediate 2ep 3eP 85 to 164 50 to 84 Suitable Suitable Regeneration difficulty—d and f Summer Summer Plant competition, steep slopes II II Included in this unit are small areas of Chawanakee soils and Junipero family soils. Included areas make up about 15 percent of the total acreage. The Dome soil is deep and formed in residuum derived from granitic rock. Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil is pale brown sandy loam about 21 inches thick. The subsoil is very pale brown sandy loam about 22 inches thick over highly weathered granitic rock. In some areas the surface layer is coarse sandy loam. The Chaix soil is moderately deep and formed in residuum derived from granitic rock. Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loam about 7 inches thick. -
Chemical Interactions of Aluminum with Aqueous Silica at 25°C
Chemical Interactions of Aluminum with Aqueous Silica at 25°C GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1827-E Chemical Interactions of Aluminum with Aqueous Silica at 25°C By J. D. HEM, C. E. ROBERSON, C. J. LIND, and W. L. POLZER CHEMISTRY OF ALUMINUM IN NATURAL WATER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1827-E An evaluation of the chemical properties of colloidal clay like material formed by mixing solutions of aluminum and silica UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1973 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 72-600332 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 70 cents Stock Number 2401-00229 CONTENTS Page Abstract----_--_--__-______-______________________________________ El Scope and purpose,---__------__-__________________________________ 1 Previous work.-___________________________________________________ 2 Theoretical considerations,_________________________________________ 5 Preparation of aluminum hydroxide polymer._________________________ 8 Introduction of silica_ _____________________________________________ 9 Composition of aged solutions_______________________________________ 10 Tests for equilibrium_______________________________________________ 12 Effect of dissolved-silica activity..___________________________________ 16 Reactions in alkaline solutions.__ ___________________________________ 16 Stability fields and alu minum solubility -
Kaolin and Commercial Fcc Catalysts in the Cracking of Loads of Polypropylene Under Refinary Conditions
Brazilian Journal of Chemical ISSN 0104-6632 Printed in Brazil Engineering www.abeq.org.br/bjche Vol. 30, No. 04, pp. 825 - 834, October - December, 2013 KAOLIN AND COMMERCIAL FCC CATALYSTS IN THE CRACKING OF LOADS OF POLYPROPYLENE UNDER REFINARY CONDITIONS A. M. Ribeiro, H. F. Machado Júnior and D. A. Costa* Departamento de Engenharia Química/IT/UFRRJ, Phone: + (55) (021) 37873742, BR-465, Km 07, CEP: 23890-000, Seropédica - RJ, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] (Submitted: April 19, 2012 ; Revised: July 30, 2012 ; Accepted: August 13, 2012) Abstract - The efficiency of Commercial FCC catalysts (low, medium and high activities) was evaluated by the catalytic cracking process of combined feeds of polypropylene (PP) and vaseline, using a microactivity test unit (M.A.T.) for the production of fuel fractions (gasoline, diesel and residue). The PP/vaseline loads, at 2.0% and 4.0% wt, were processed under refinery conditions (load/catalyst ratio and temperature of process). For the PP/vaseline load (4.0% wt), the production of the gasoline fraction was favored by all catalysts, while the diesel fraction was favored by PP/vaseline load (2.0% wt), showing a preferential contact of the zeolite external surface with the end of the polymer chains for the occurrence of the catalytic cracking. All the loads produced a bigger quantity of the gaseous products in the presence of highly active commercial FCC catalyst. The improvement in the activity of the commercial FCC catalyst decreased the production of the liquid fractions and increased the quantity of the solid fractions, independent of the concentration of the loads. -
What We Know About Subduction Zones from the Metamorphic Rock Record
What we know about subduction zones from the metamorphic rock record Sarah Penniston-Dorland University of Maryland Subduction zones are complex We can learn a lot about processes occurring within active subduction zones by analysis of metamorphic rocks exhumed from ancient subduction zones Accreonary prism • Rocks are exhumed from a wide range of different parts of subduction zones. • Exhumed rocks from fossil subduction zones tell us about materials, conditions and processes within subduction zones • They provide complementary information to observations from active subduction systems Tatsumi, 2005 The subduction interface is more complex than we usually draw Mélange (Bebout, and Penniston-Dorland, 2015) Information from exhumed metamorphic rocks 1. Thermal structure The minerals in exhumed rocks of the subducted slab provide information about the thermal structure of subduction zones. 2. Fluids Metamorphism generates fluids. Fossil subduction zones preserve records of fluid-related processes. 3. Rheology and deformation Rocks from fossil subduction zones record deformation histories and provide information about the nature of the interface and the physical properties of rocks at the interface. 4. Geochemical cycling Metamorphism of the subducting slab plays a key role in the cycling of various elements through subduction zones. Thermal structure Equilibrium Thermodynamics provides the basis for estimating P-T conditions using mineral assemblages and compositions Systems act to minimize Gibbs Free Energy (chemical potential energy) Metamorphic facies and tectonic environment SubduconSubducon zone metamorphism zone metamorphism Regional metamorphism during collision Mid-ocean ridge metamorphism Contact metamorphism around plutons Determining P-T conditions from metamorphic rocks Assumption of chemical equilibrium Classic thermobarometry Based on equilibrium reactions for minerals in rocks, uses the compositions of those minerals and their thermodynamic properties e.g. -
Sillimanite Group
This document is part of a larger publication and is subject to the disclaimers and copyright of the full version from which it was extracted. Information on purchasing the book, and details of other industrial minerals, as well as updates and copyright and other legal information can be found at: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/minerals/geological/industrial-mineral-opportunities SILLIMANITE GROUP Potential and Outlook 350 000 tonnes (Table 37) (Potter 2005). South Africa has aluminosilicate ore reserves of 51 Mt and The sillimanite group includes the metamorphic is the largest producer, with annual production of minerals sillimanite, kyanite and andalusite. Minimal about 165 000 tonnes. Australian production, mainly exploration for sillimanite group minerals has been from deposits in Western Australia, in 2004 was undertaken in New South Wales in recent years. almost 1300 tonnes. The Broken Hill and Euriowie Blocks (part of the Delamerian Orogen, Figure 1), in particular, are Table 37. World sillimanite group considered to have potential for large disseminated production 2004 deposits of all three major sillimanite group minerals. Sillimanite group minerals are widespread in this area Production Country Mineral of high-grade metamorphic rocks (Figure 26). Detailed (tonnes) geological and metallogenic mapping of the Broken Andalusite Hill Block and Euriowie Blocks (Barnes 1988; Burton South Africa 165 000 1994, 2000) and data produced in the Discovery 2000 Sillimanite and Exploration NSW programs (Buckley et al. 2002) provide an essential basis for exploration. Historically, USA Kyanite 90 000 individual small pods of high-grade mineralisation France Andalusite 65 000 were worked on a small scale in the Broken Hill region. -
TEM Investigation of Lewiston, Idaho, Fibrolite: Microstructure and Grain
American Mineralogist, Volume 84, pages 152±159, 1999 TEM investigation of Lewiston, Idaho, ®brolite: Microstructure and grain boundary energetics R. LEE PENN,1,* JILLIAN F. BANFIELD,2 AND DERRILL M. KERRICK3 1Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, U.S.A. 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, U.S.A. 3Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A. ABSTRACT High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that a sample of ®ne-grained Lewiston, Idaho, ®brolite is predominantly ®brolite with trace amounts of poorly crystalline layer silicates. The ®brolite consists of aggregates of acicular grains where the c axis of each grain is parallel to the elongation direction. Widths of 195 grains were measured: The average is 0.41 mm, the mode is 0.29 mm, and the range is 0.05±1.57 mm. No stacking faults or other extended defects were observed in any of the grains. Grain boundary energies were calculated using the symmetrical dislocation tilt wall theory (SDTW) and measurements of misorientation between the c axes of neighboring ®brolite crystals. The angles of misorientation range from 18 to 118, yielding grain boundary en- ergies ranging from 310 to 967 ergs/cm2, respectively, with an average energy of 610 ergs/ cm2. Modeling the ®brolite grains as in®nitely long cylinders and using the experimentally measured average grain diameter, an average molar grain boundary energy of 320 J/mol was calculated. This excess grain boundary energy could correspond to a shift of as much as 1140 8C in the andalusite-sillimanite boundary and 130 8C in the kyanite-sillimanite boundary. -
Kyanite and Related Materials
KYANITE AND RELATED MATERIALS By Michael J. Potter Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by John G. Durand, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Ronald L. Hatch, lead international data coordinator. Kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite are anhydrous Production aluminosilicate minerals with the same chemical formula (Al2SiO5) but different crystal structures and physical Kyanite Mining Corp. operated two open pit mines in properties. When calcined at high temperatures (in the 1,400o C Buckingham County, VA, and beneficiated the ore into to 1,500o C range for kyanite and andalusite and 1,550o C to marketable kyanite. Some of the kyanite was calcined for 1,625o C for sillimanite), these minerals are converted to mullite conversion into mullite. Company data are proprietary, but (Al6SiO13) and silica (SiO2) (Harben, 1999). Mullite is a Dickson (2000) has estimated U.S. output to be about 90,000 refractory material. During calcination, 1 metric ton (t) of t/yr valued at approximately $13.4 million (before any material aluminosilicate concentrate yields about 0.88 t of mullite. was converted to mullite), using a value of $149 per metric ton, Synthetic mullite is made by heating mixtures of bauxite and the lowest value listed in table 1. High-temperature sintered kaolin or alumina and silica at about 1,550o C to 2,000o C synthetic mullite, made from calcined bauxitic kaolin and (Roskill Information Services Ltd., 1990). known as one of the company’s Mulcoa products, was In 2000, the United States, at an estimated 90,000 t, produced by C-E Minerals, Inc., near Americus, GA.