A Dictionary of Islamic Terms and Brief Notes on Writing and Publishing about Islam

Contents Introduction—2 Arabic Transliteration—2 Urdu/Persian Transliteration—6 Titles and Homage for Prominent Persons—6 References—7 English Style—8 Abbreviations—8 Numbers—9 Layout—9 Compound Words—12

Dictionary—English—13 Dictionary—Arabic/Urdu to English—26

References—38

A work in progress 2 August 2011 Revision Send your comments and suggestions to [email protected].

Syed Sajid Ahmad 1 Which standard should we follow? We can choose any one and stick with it. But, our basic book, which 0. Introduction every one of us reads, is the Holy Qur’ān. Why not follow the system already used for the Holy Qur’ān? I With the advent of home computer, and looked at all the English translations published by the consequentially that of “home publishing,” there has Ahmadiyyah Community and found that they all been a marked increase in publication of books on follow mainly the same transliteration system. This Islam by amateurs. The tasks which were should make us feel better. We should just follow the accomplished by trained and experienced typesetters, system used in our translations of the Holy Qur’ān. kātibs, and proof readers are now in the hands of you and I who are trying to figure out how to do this and If we want to establish a different system than that that. This has given rise to non-uniformities especially then we will have to go back and redo the translations in transliteration. Mostly we do things by intuition of the Holy Qur’ān. and lose sight of the principles of putting books Whatever system is used, it still needs to be together developed painstakingly by professional clarified to the reader. As an example, oo is publishers thus causing mostly confusion and pronounced differently in cook, in cool, in sometimes chaos in conveying our ideas meticulously: cooperation, and in poor. That makes four different the idea is conveyed but not very precisely and ways to pronounce for supposedly one syllable. professionally. Additionally, most of these writers are Therefore, it is beneficent to the reader and the writer full-time workers and publishing is either a hobby or to use a more commonly known and used system of necessity imposed by need and therefore they do not transliteration for a particular language. have enough time to research each aspect of writing. Revelation Rationality Knowledge and Truth, I have put together some of the aspects of written by our Khalifatul-Masih IV, rahimahullah, compiling an article, a publication or even a book. I also follows this system. I have found this system to am confident that this treatise will help clarify many be more widely used in literature than any other. basic aspects of such chores and will produce well written and well laid out publications about Islām. The Royal Society system is the most common system used in the Jamā‘at, by other Muslims, and by the rest of the world. The rest of the systems have 1. Arabic Transliteration their peculiar problems and thus have not been able to attain popularity in common literature. To make All Arabic letters and sounds do not have their things simple for the new members and for the young exact equivalents in English. Therefore, it becomes generation, it would be prudent to stick with the necessary to transliterate Arabic words and system used in our translations of the Qur’ān and expressions into English. most of our literature than to go back and to change One way to transliterate is to use special characters all of them. to denote special Arabic sounds to distinguish them There is one difficulty with the RAS system. It uses from equivalent English sounds and to denote sounds some dots and dashes on letters. My opinion is that that do not exist in English. we use the dots and dashes when available otherwise There do exist some standards which are followed we use the same letters without additional dots and by a large majority of writers. Many writers do not dashes. Or, alternately, we can underline the consult the standards—or do not comprehend them particular letters. properly—and try to establish their own rules. The one way we can simplify our problem is that we select Special Symbols: a standard and follow it. If we do not follow a Where to find them/How to type them standard then we always will be inventing a new set of rules for any new book we write. We should also note In most word processing applications, many of that mostly we do not even include the rules in our these letters with dots and dashes can be accessed by books making things even more complicated for our choosing symbol option from insert or edit menu, or readers. from the toolbar, wherever available. You may have to

2 scroll down the table or you may have to choose a font When Writing Arabic in English, Watch for which carries the symbols you are looking for—such as the font MS Reference, which comes both in serif Qamari and Shamsi Letters and non-serif, or Times Roman Special G2— We can write Arabic in English as it is written in depending on your application. You can also use the Arabic or as it is spoken in Arabic. If we want to write in it as how it will be read (ﺍﻝ) –application Character Map which comes with a formation with al Microsoft Windows, and usually can be found in the then we need to know that when al- precedes a will be (ﻝ) Accessories folder under Programs in the Start menu. Qamarī letter, it will stay as it is and the l An additional source of these characters is the pronounced but when al- precedes a Shamsī letter, will be dropped and will be replaced by the (ﻝ) Thames font, which comes with the application al- the l Kātib. Shamsī letter. When typing -i- the application under the Half of the Arabic alphabet consists of Qamarī influence of auto-correct makes it -I-. Selecting I and letters: retyping it as i will tell the auto-correct function of the ء ﺏ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ ﻡ ﻩ ﻭ ﻱ software that you really mean to type i and that you are not typing i in place of I by mistake, and it will hamza (alif), bā, jīm, ḥā, khā, ‘ain, ghain, fā, qāf, keep it as i. You can also go into Options and change kāf, mīm, hā, yā. auto-correct settings so that i does not change to I The other half are Shamsī letters. automatically. ﺕ ﺙ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻝ ﻥ The computer typewriter has only one key to enter a beginning quote, an ending quote or an apostrophe. tā, thā, dāl, dhāl, rā, zā, sīn, shīn, ṣād, ḍād, ṭā, ẓā, When the curly quotes are turned off, an apostrophe lām, nūn. wāu. always appears as a neutral quote as ' which can be ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪ ḥā being a Qamarī Ḥarf (letter), al-Ḥamd ﺡ ,used as a single beginning quote, a single ending So ẓā being a Shamsī Ḥarf, al-Ẓuhr ﻅ quote or as an apostrophe; but when the curly quotes will stay as it is but will be read as aẓ-Ẓuhr. Also note that, to signify ﺍ ﻟ ﻈ ﻬ ﺮ are tuned on and they are operative in a document, an apostrophe at the beginning of a word automatically that aẓ-Ẓuhr contains two words al and Ẓuhr, we use a changes to a beginning single quote. At the end of a dash to separate them and we do not write it without word, it changes into a closing single quote. When an a dash as aẓẓuhr. (ﺍﻝ) -apostrophe' is typed within a word, it changes into an Some examples of Qamarī letters with al ending single quote. This scheme works fines if we before them are given in Table 1. want to enter curly beginning or ending single quotes (ﺍﻝ) -or if we want to type an apostrophe. Some examples of Shamsī letters with al before them are given in Table 2. Now consider our symbols for hamza and ‘ain. The symbol for hamza is an ending single quote and the Note that Baitul- is written rather than Bait-ul. symbol for an ‘ain is a beginning single quote, The reason is that some may read Bait-ul wrongly as therefore, the symbol for hamza works fine when it is Bait ul rather than correctly as Bai tul. Same goes for in a word it is at the end of a word, and it does not ‘Abdul-. If written ‘Abd-ul-, some may read it as ‘Abd when it is at the beginning of a word, and vice versa ul rather than ‘Ab dul. Writing this way should not be for the symbol for an ‘ain. This situation can be strange as we always write Anṣārullāh rather than remedied by either using Insert Symbols sequence or Anṣār-ullāh. Some yet write AnṣārUllāh or Anṣār- using character map to display symbols in the font we Ullāh or Anṣār Ullāh, which does not make sense. If are using and then choosing the right symbol for our they want to make sure that Allah is capitalized, then use or by tricking the software to our advantage in the they can always write Anṣār Allāh. Then again some following way: write Anṣāru Allāh, where u, in this form and style, is unnecessary. To type an ‘ain in the middle of a word like du‘a, type a space in place of the ‘ain and then type the ‘ain. Because of the space, it thinks that you are starting to Commonly Used Transliteration write a new word so it changes the apostrophe into a beginning quote which is the symbol for an ‘ain. Now System for Arabic Words and go back and erase the space you typed to trick the software. The symbol for the ‘ain will stay and won't Expressions change. Use the same method to overcome other A commonly used transliteration system for Arabic difficulties discussed above in typing hamza and ‘ain. words and expressions is the one adopted by the Choose the appropriate font for the desired Royal Asiatic Society. Here is a listing of a number of symbols. books using this system:

3 Table 1 Arabic As Written As Read Alternate Long Form

Bait al-Aḥad Baitul-Aḥad Baytul-Aḥad Baitul-Aḥad ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺪ

Abd al-Bāqī ‘Abdul-Bāqī ‘Abdul-Bāqy ‘Abdul-Baaqee‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﯽ

Abd al-Jalīl ‘Abdul-Jalīl ‘Abdul-Jalyl ‘Abdul-Jaleel‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻞ

Bait al-Ḥamīd Baitul-Ḥamīd Baytul-Ḥamyd Baitul-Ḥameed ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺪ

Abd al-Khāliq ‘Abdul-Khāliq ‘Abdul-Khāliq ‘Abdul-Khaaliq‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻖ

Abd al-Alīm ‘Abdul-‘Alīm ‘Abdul-‘Alym ‘Abdul-‘Aleem‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻢ

Abd al-Ghaffār ‘Abdul-Ghaffār ‘Abdul-Ghaffār ‘Abd al-Ghaffaar‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻔﺎﺭ

Bait al-Futūḥ Baitul-Futūḥ Baytul-Futūḥ Baitul-Futooḥ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﺡ

Abd al-Qādir ‘Abdul-Qādir ‘Abdul-Qādir ‘Abdul-Qaadir‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ Abū al-Kalām Abul-Kalām Abul-Kalām Abul-Kalaam ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﮑﻼﻡ Abd al-Mālik ‘Abdul-Mālik ‘Abdul-Mālik ‘Abdul-Maalik‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﮏ Abd al-Hādī ‘Abdul-Hādī ‘Abdul-Hādy ‘Abdul-Haadee‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩی Abd al-Wāḥid ‘Abdul-Wāḥid ‘Abdul-Wāḥid ‘Abdul-Waaḥid‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ Asḥāb al-Yamīn Asḥābul-Yamīn Asḥābul-Yamyn Asḥaabul-Yameen ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ

Table 2 Arabic As Written As Read Alternate Long Form

Abd al-Tawwāb ‘Abdut-Tawwāb ‘Abdut-Tawwāb ‘Abdut-Tawwaab‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺏ Najm al-Thāqib Najmuth-Thāqib Najmuth-Thāqib Najmuth-Thaaqib ﻧﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻗﺐ

Samī‘ al-Du‘ā Samī‘ud-Du‘ā Samy‘ud-Du‘ā Samee‘ud-Du‘aa ﺳﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎ

Bait al-Dhikr Baitudh-Dhikr Baytudh-Dhikr Baitudh-Dhikr ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﮐﺮ

Abd al-Raḥīm ‘Abdur-Raḥīm ‘Abdur-Raḥīm ‘Abdur-Raḥeem‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ Yaum al-Zīnah Yaumuz-Zīnah Yawmuz-Zynah Yaumuz-Zeenah ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨہ

Abd al-Samī ‘Abdus-Samī ‘Abdus-Samy ‘Abdus-Samee‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ

Abd al-Shakūr ‘Abdush-Shakūr ‘Abdush-Shakūr ‘Abdush-Shakoor‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﮑﻮﺭ

Abd al-Ṣamad ‘Abduṣ-Ṣamad ‘Abduṣ-Ṣamad ‘Abduṣ-Ṣamad‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺪ Ikrām al-Ḍaif Ikrāmuḍ-Ḍaif Ikrāmuḍ-Ḍayf Ikraamuḍ-Ḍaif ﺍﮐﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻒ Jabal al-Ṭāriq Jabaluṭ-Ṭāriq Jabaluṭ-Ṭāriq Jabaluṭ-Ṭaariq ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﻕ Abd al-Ẓāhir ‘Abduẓ-Ẓāhir ‘Abduẓ-Ẓāhir ‘Abduẓ-Ẓaahir‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ Abd al-Laṭīf ‘Abdul-Laṭīf ‘Abdul-Laṭyf ‘Abdul-Laṭeef‘ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ Bait al-Nūr Baitun-Nūr Baytun-Nūr Baitun-Noor ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ

4 Translations of the Holy Qur’an by Maulawi Sher  is represented by  Ali.  is represented by v or  Short commentary by Ghulam Farid.  is represented by . Five volume commentary. The fata is represented by an a (pronounced like the u The system is as follows. in the English word bud) when short and by  (pronounced The  is represented by ’ , a sort of catch in the voice, like the a in the English word father) when long, by ai and by the i‘rāb, if applicable, as indicated below. (pronounced like the i in the English word say) when followed by a ya, and by au (pronounced resembling the ou The  is represented by a or the i‘rāb, as indicated in the English word sound) when followed by a waw. below. The kasrah is represented by an i (pronounced like the i  The is represented by b. in the English word bid) when short, by  (pronounced like The  is represented by t. the ee in the English word deep) when long. The amma is represented by a u (pronounced like the The  is represented by th, pronounced like th in the oo in the English word wood) when short, by  English word thing. (pronounced like the oo in the English word shoot) when The is represented by by j. long. The  is represented by  This system has many merits. One of them is that in Arabic writings, the letters which carry dots under The  is represented by kh pronounced like the them in this system, occur much less than the letters Scottish ch in loch. which do not. This characteristic of this system makes it much easier to implement.  is represented by  Ha and Ta   is represented by dh pronounced like the th in the English words that and with. Also, the use of h at the end of a word which ends is represented by  with round ha is not consistent: It is correct to eliminate h at the end of Chanda as it only signifies  is represented by  that there is a zabar on dal and does not play any other role. Chanda obviously is not an Arabic word. I The  is represented by  think we need to differentiate between Arabic and non-Arabic words when translating. Same is the  is represented by  matter with Salana. It also is not an Arabic word.   is represented by . On the other hand, the ha at the end of the Arabic The  is represented by  pronounced like the th in words plays a role. This h becomes t when connecting to the next term in a formation. This quality of ha is the English word this. important. As in Khalifatul-Masih. It is the ha at the   is represented by  end of the Khalifah that becomes ta and makes Khalifatul-Masih.  is represented by  So the list has h at the end of Ansarullah, ilallah, The  is represented by ‘, a strong gluttoral specific to and ima'illah but not at the end of Ahmadiyya, Lajna, Arabic. Halqa, Amma, Amila. All these are Arabic words. The  is represented by gh, a sound approached very Dash after al nearly in the r grasseye in French.   I additionally think that there needs to be a dash is represented by in Atfalul-Ahmadiyya, Khalifatul-Masih, Khuddamul-  is represented by  Ahmadiyya and Nasiratul-Ahmadiyya and other such combinations as Atfalul, Khlifatul, Khuddamul,  is represented by  Nasiratul are imbiguous unless joined with the next word. Some words we already combine and we do not   is represented by even need a dash such as Ansarullah, Ima'illah but in  is represented by  case of non-shamsi letters and even in the case of many shamsi letters we need to combine them with a  is represented by  dash.

5 is used in Persian at the end of one word to assign it Written vs. Spoken the ownership of the next word or expression. As an example, in Durr-i-Sameen, the zayr connecting the Arabs mostly transliterate Arabic words just as two words Durr and Samin is called an ezafi. While they are written in Arabic. They write Al-Raḥmān and the kasrah at the end of an Arabic word is not an Al-Rahīm and not arrahmān and arrahīm as they equivalent of the Persian ezafi. As an example, the know how to pronounce them. The same style has trailing i in Ibni (or the trailing e in Ibne) Majah is been adopted in the Aḥmadiyyah translations of the not an ezafi. Another example is māliki yaumiddīn. Holy Qur’ān. On the other hand, the non-Arabs who The I at the end of maliki is not an ezafi therefore do not know the rules of Arabic pronunciation, may there is no dash before it. need these expressions to be presented to them in the latter format in which they are pronounced to make it The purpose of an ezafi is quite different than the easy for them to read them correctly. Arabic kasrah or an ordinary zayr/zer which is used to signify the movement of a letter. To distinguish the If we do need to show how to pronounce such two kasrahs, it is appropriate to write them expressions then there is only one exception for which differently so that the reader can know whether an we need to define another symbol. That situation is   ordinary zayr (kasrah) is being used or an ezafi is the occurrence of or of with shadda after a being used. It is common to use –i– for ezafi, with tanween or a  with sukūn (that is, a sākin ). In this alternates of –i, .-e-, and -e, with the former being the case, the muffled sound of  when  or  with shadda most common and preferable.  follow the tanween or follow a sākin , can be In case of both words being Arabic, the represented by ñ. elimination of ezafi (-i-, special zer to meaning “of”) There are no capitals in Arabic, therefore, the use makes the expression Arabic friendly and still be of capitals in transliteration can pose quite a recognized in Persian too, such as Waqf-i-Jadid to challenge for the transliterator. One convenient Waqf Jadid, etc. resolution is not to use capitals in transliterations when the transliteration is not a part of the English text, as is done by many authors, and to follow the What about the Wau and the rules of English grammar (and use capitals where Paish/Paysh/Pesh? applicable) when Arabic words or expressions appear in the English text. If the last letter of a word has a damma or a paysh, it can be represented by an o or a u. On the other hand, if two words have a wau (for and) in between 2. Urdu/Persian Transliteration them in a Persian formation, then the formation should be -o– to signify the presence of the special The pronunciation of some Arabic letters is not the wau—representing and—in between the two words. same in Urdu and Persian as in Arabic. The Arabic Therefore it would be wrong to write assalam-o- letter  (– ād) is zad and the Arabic letter  (tha) is alaikum as there is no wau on between the two words, sa in Urdu. That is one of the reasons that many assalamu and alaikum. books originating in India, Pakistan and Iran use Hazrat while those in Arab countries or in the West use Hadrat (or Hadhrat). 3. Titles and Homage for A decision to mix the two transliterations in the Prominent Persons same article or book will depend on the target audience. Prophets: The Holy Qur’an has saluted Allah’s Fatḥ/zabar followed alif, wau or ye in Urdu can be beloved people in various ways. One of them is salam, treated same as in Arabic. and thus ‘alaihissalm (peace be on him). But in Urdu sometimes there may not be a Companions: radiyallahu ‘anhu (may Allah be diacritic on the consonant. In that case, alif is treated pleased with him). like in Arabic but wau will result in the addition of an Other godly persons: rahimahullāh (may God o and ye with lead to the addition of an e. bless him) Kasrah/zer followed by a small ye leads to ē. The titles and homage, in my opinion, should be added in a way as not to disrupt the flow of the idea being presented. Title or homage will negate the Ezafi purpose of the writing if the improper presence or absence dilutes the affect of the writing on the mind Ezafi  is a zayr/zer/zair (Arabic kasrah) which of the reader. If you read your write-up loudly, you 6 Letter R.A.S. [No {Alternates} Letter RAS [No symbols] {Alternates} symbols] fata a a e like in  ’ ’ Ahmed.  a a fata followed  a aa, aa by an alif  b b fata followed ai ai ai, ay  t t by a 

 th th s, th fata followed au au au, aw by a   j j kasrah i i e   h Kasrah  i ee, ee  kh kh kh followed by a    d amma u u o  dh dh z, dh amma  u oo, oo   r followed by a 

  z will notice that some places the homage will merge beautifully in the flow of the text but at some other   s times it will cause an unnecessary break in the flow of the text, will not enhance the idea being presented,   sh will not blend in the context, and will be a burden on   s the reader. Use these qualifiers to increase the impact of your writing and not to damage it. One such   d dh, z, dh example to think about is the repetitive us of certain expressions in certain chapters of the Holy Qur’ān   t beautifies the subject matter tremendously but the same expressions are conspicuously absent from most   z other chapters.  ‘ ‘ e, a Sahib is used only in a limited part of the world at  the end of names to replace Mr., etc. It also is not gh gh gh used in English. It is used in Urdu mostly. There is no need for it in English text but if it is quite necessary to   f add a salutation for respect then Revered or   q Respected can be added at the beginning of the name if Mr., etc., is not desirable.   k

  l 4. References

  m A reference tells us where the quote has been cited from or where the information has been taken from.   n You can simply give the name of the book or the author. You need to give more specific information   h when you start mentioning page numbers. You need to be specific about the edition, year of publishing   w v and place of publishing if you give a page number. When quoting from Bible, it is important to mention   y at least the specific translation, as an example, King Notes: Some times a fatḥa is written as an e as in James Version, as there are subtle differences Aḥmed in place of the usual a as in Ahmad (the amongst various translations. Sometimes even the second a for fatḥa on mīm). It is done to assure that references are not exactly same from one translation the a after m is not read long. to the other. There are many translations of the Holy

7 Qur’ān available worldwide. Please give the name of even before a capitalized expression. So, the House of the translator or the name of the publisher if the Commons, unless the sentence starts with ‘the.’ name of the translator is not available. 5.9 Do not add an s to make a plural of etiquette. “New Edition” does not make a good reference at 5.10 Do not remove s from tidings to make it all as every latest edition will be a new edition making singular. the last new edition as one of the old editions and may necessarily not render it an Old Edition. 5.11 A game of horseshoes. Often a reference needs to be found for a verse of 5.12 For time, American English prefers the Holy Qur’an. Compilations listing the references capitalization, of A.M. and P.M. but lower case is are available, usually called Mu’jams. There are two acceptable. kinds of Mu‘jams. One lists words by their roots and the other lists words alphabetically. For an ordinary 5.13 An honor, an hour person, who may have difficulty determining the root of a word to find it, the latter Mu‘jam which lists words alphabetically may be more useful and 6. Abbreviations practical. 6.1 Within a publication, style should be kept uniform. Choose a style for the present work and stick to it. You can change it for the next publication or for 5. English Style a different publication. 5.1 Many of the writers taking up Islamic topics to 6.2 There are three common choices for the use of write about come from countries where the British a period to signify an abbreviation: English is used in media and text-books. A lot of Islamic literature also originates from such authors or 1. Never use a period after an abbreviation (Br for these countries. When writing in the United States, Brother, Dr for Doctor, and USA). they do realize the differences between British English 2. Always use a period at the end of an abbreviation honour and the American English honor, but many a (Br. for Brother, Dr. for Doctor, and U.S.A.). times they neglect various other differences. Sometimes oriental works are translated and the 3. Use a period when the word has been abbreviated oriental language structure also is transferred into the by truncating the last portion of the word (Bro. English translation. There are numerous style For Brother and U.S.A.) and do not add a period references available which can be used as a guide to when the word has been abbreviated by dropping produce Islamic literature which is nearer to letters haphazardly (Dr for Doctor). American English. Chicago Manual of Style is one of Choose one of the above three choices and keep it such reputed references. uniform within the body of a work. Below are some common formations which need 6.2 In my opinion, use of the abbreviations like i.e. attention in this respect. and e.g. fit more in science books. It is more 5.2 Even though grammatically incorrect, yet the appropriate to use that is or as an example in general Americans use 23 March 1989, March 23, 1989 but prose and in religious writings. Also, if you do use not 23rd March 1989 or March 23rd, 1989. them, remember that they follow a comma and precede a comma. 5.3 A.D. precedes the year. Correct form is A.D. 600 and not 600 A.D. Same applies to A.H., but not to 6.4 Sometimes Arabic expressions are C.E. or B.C. abbreviated. Most common of them is pbuh, that is, peace be upon him. 5.4 There is a comma after that is, namely, i.e., e.g., etc. Many of the new converts and young readers do not even know the meaning of ‘alaihissalām and we 5.5 Ahmadis is the plural of Ahmadi. Ahmadies is put another step for them to learn by writing ah, as, plural of Ahmady. AS or AH. First they will have to find what AH means 5.6 And when in ‘America,’ as illustrated in this and then they will have to learn the meaning of sentence, include period and comma inside “both ‘alaihissalām. single and double quotes.” Islam is a simple religion and we should present it 5.7 American language is not that fussy about the in as simple a manner as possible, and should make it distinction between the use of will and shall, the easy for everyone to learn and understand Islam. In former should do ok in most circumstances. place of using aba or atba for ayyadahullahu (ta‘l) binasrihil-aziz, I would either use the original Arabic 5.8 ‘The’ within a sentence does not get capitalized expression in full or its translation, that is, may Allah

8 be his support. before the last decade. We are Ahmadi Muslims and that what we should say, and not AMs. Sometimes a reader will read the abbreviation as a word and cause confusion. As an example, a person Short cuts like don’y fit more in conversation than in reading AS as ass which definitely will confuse the the written word . They may be used in poetry to follow listener. Therefore, either we should spell the expression the rhytm and rhyme of the poetic work. out completely or we should translate it. But if we do want to give the abbreviation, we should include periods after each letter to read A.S. or a.s. rather than AS or as. 7. Numbers, Etc. Even just an a with a period following it would be better than an as, or simply an a if used as a superscript. Then 7.1 Writing 1st and 2nd with superscripts is ok in a list the reader will for sure know that it is an abbreviation of winners but should be avoided in textual portions and most probably will not read it as as or as ass. Same and should be written less preferably as 1st and 2nd, applies to other abbreviations. etc., and more preferably should be spelled out as first, second, etc. Another example is of ayyadahullahu ta‘ala binasrihil- aziz. Some people abbreviate it as atba. Now some people 7.2 Same way, small numbers should be spelled out do read it as one word, atba, rather than as in text. ayyadahullahu ta'ala binasrihil-aziz. One should note 7.3 A sentence should not start with numerals. here that ‘Atba was an enemy of Islam. Therefore, if we do want to abbreviate the expression, and do not want to take the trouble of spelling the expression than the right 8. Layout way would be to write it as a.t.b.a. It has been suggested that we should use aba as abbreviation in place of atba. 8.1 Use of proper font is crucial to the reading But personally I am of the opinion that if I have time to enjoyment. A strange font can be a distraction from the write these hundreds of words to express my personal subject matter and can also turn a reader off views then I should also be able to have enough time at completely. Why choose a font which makes USA look hand to spell out alaihissalam (or spell out peace be on like VSA while the computer revolution has made him) to pray for a God’s messenger which is more thousands of fonts made available to us readily. desired action compared to the elaborative advocacy of my personal views. 8.2 Try to put expressions and sentences in a single line in headings to make it easier for the reader. The use of the abbreviation ra has become confusing Heading, when spanning more than one line, should be as it is being used both for radiyallahu ‘anhu and split in some reasonable way, as an example, in a rahimahullah. Many readers will have difficulty to heading, the expression “the Promised Messiah” may distinguish and realize which one it is. Also, ra. RA or not be split between two lines. R.A. does not tell whether it ends with hu for a gentleman or with ha for a lady. 8.3 Paragraph is a good way to divide a subject in small ideas. It allows mind to grasp the total concept In Urdu books we see the use of a ra and a shortened easily step by step. duad on top of a name to indicate radiyallahu ‘anhu. Same way a shortened ‘ain is used for ‘alaihissalam and a 8.3.1 Paragraphs can be separated from each other shortened suad is used for sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam. by an indent at the beginning of each paragraph as has But the readers have learned from their childhood to been done here. This is the most commonly used read them as radiyallhu anhu and not as raz or rad, as method. alaihissalam and not as ain, and as sallallahu ‘alaihi wa 8.3.2 Paragraphs can also be separated by leaving a sallam and not as suad, while the non-Muslim and new- blank line between two paragraphs without an Muslim audience at large is far from grasping these indentation of the first line of the paragraph. This things especially when they are not even the method is a default from the documents processed abbreviations of English expressions. Additionally, these using a home PC because of the lack of immediate abbreviations when used in Urdu script are so small that availability of a style for indented paragraph. This they neither obstruct the fluent reading of the text nor method has the disadvantage that it is hard to know a force themselves to be read by the reader. new paragraph if it starts at the beginning of a page. To make things easier for people, we should use Another disadvantage comes from the insufficient width Ahmadiyya in place of AMC or AMJ as these of the blank line left between two paragraphs. If the abbreviations pose another level of identification to sort white space left between two paragraphs is too short, it out before people can understand who we are talikng produces confusion as to its presence. Usually less than about. Ahmadiyya is easy to relate to Ahmad (peace be half a line spacing will not register properly on the on him) and to his community than AMC or AMJ. Also, I reader’s mind. have never seen alif-jeem in our Urdu literature to 8.3.3 Another method is using a dropped cap at the represent us or AMC/AMJ in our English literature 9 beginning of a paragraph. Digital pictures are taken at different resolutions. When they are resized, the computer is 8.3.4 There is no need to combine a blank line with forced to neglect some pixels and keep some pixels. If an indentation. If you do want to give some it is inserted as 100% of the original then there is no separation between two paragraphs, which start with problem. Also, for large files (in Mbs) there is not the first line indented, use half line or less spacing. much problem. If the reduction is 50%, it will neglect Too much white space does not look good in prose, every other pixel. But when it is 87% or 42% or some though it may in poetry, newsletters, advertisements, reduction where computer cannot take out every so or special publications. often a pixel then the picture becomes strange looking 8.4.1 When using columns on the same page side and grainy, especially when the picture file size is by side, for a professional look, the lines should be on small (in low Kbs). Pictures to be used in publications the same level in both columns, attainable by should be in large file sizes so when reduced, there tweaking the space sizes, or the size of the picture a are enough pixels that when some are dropped the little bit if you are using one. picture still keeps its definition in tact. 8.4.2 Either the bottom of both columns should be When making the pdf file, you have a number of flush or the right side may be shorter of the two choices. You want to fit the options to the purpose of columns, not the left side. the pdf. For computer screen viewing, choose e-book or screen. Print option should be chosen for a 8.5 It makes easier for the reader if hyphenation printable pdf. If it is going to be sent for professional is turned off and no words are split between two lines. printing then Press option should be chosen. 8.6 Try to keep the whole article together and not You can also customize some of the options, such divide it and spread over various parts of the as the screen or print resolution. Various options will publication. It breaks the flow of continuous reading produce pdf files which may vary significantly in size. enjoyment. If you have a lot of pictures, and you want to produce 8.7 Sometimes a book, an article or a chapter a pdf to email then it may help you to reduce the size contains many topics or stories. If each story or each of the pdf if you choose e-book or screen options. topic consists of one paragraph only then it is easy for The e-book option has the resolution for screen a reader to know where to take a break if they do not display though the file is small in size. If you choose want to read the whole book, article or chapter in one Print option then make sure that the resolution is at sitting. But if the stories or topics a spread over more least 300, preferably 600 dpi, for professional than one paragraphs then the book, the article or the printing. chapter should be broken up into sections either through providing headings at appropriate places or Paper and publication size by inserting white spaces or by inserting some other separators such as numbers, alphabets, miniature Most common paper sizes are ANSI used in North pictures, bars, lines, etc. America and A sizes used in Europe and Japan. These 8.8 In paragraphs justified to the right margin, the sizes are listed in a table and are depicted graphically. last line of the paragraph does not need to be justified, It is important to choose a size for the publication leaving some blank space at the end of the paragraphs which fits its function and objective. depending upon the amount of text in the last line of the paragraph. Sometimes, as an example, when text Newspapers are published on large paper while is copied from internet, the last lines in paragraphs magazines are published on letter size. The size also are stretched out to fill the line, and stretch out the gives a character to the publication. The size of the few words on the last lines to fill the line to the right Readers Digest is a good example. margin, and does not look good aesthetically. This It is easy to keep and care for publications in book anamoly is caused by the line break which you get to letter (11 inches x 8.5 inches or so) size. Larger when you push shift and enter together. To fix it, sizes (larger than letter size) are difficult to handle press the enter key at the end of the line (that is, add a and carry. Smaller than book (smaller than 8.5 inches line break) and the delete the extra line. x 5.5 inches) size publications are good for coat pockets. Pictures The volume (thickness) and weight of a book are For including non-digitized original also important considerations. For large books, it photographs, color or black and white, make half would be prudent to use thinner paper to decrease tones or screen pictures before printing, Non-digitized their thickness and weight. It does not mean that the or non-screened pictures have continuous tones smaller books be made heaver by using unnecessarily which may not come out good, rather they usually do thick or heavy paper. not come out good at all. 10 9. Revising old translations, following changes: 1. American language style: American English has republishing previous works some spelling differences and some punctuation differences from the British English. The spellings When reprinting previously published work, it is and punctuation should be changed from British not acceptable to make any changes to the original English to American English. work. If it is a work of very prominent person then even the typos should be corrected with a note 2. Typos. indicating the change. Same rule applies to 3. Obvious grammatical or similar mistakes. We translations. If a translation needs revision then it should actually be writing a footnote for this kind of should be indicated clearly that it is a revised version. changes but so far we have not done so. The extent of revision should be explained in an introductory note. A written word is the property of the writer. After editing a submission, The edited submission should When republishing a book we make only the be sent to the writer to get their approval of the revisions before publishing. Usually they do not North American Paper Sizes object. We cannot and should not print a revised writing without the consent of the writer. Size in × in mm × mm I also remember that once I made a change in a Letter/ANSI A 8.5 × 11 216 × 279 sentence and the author came back and explained that my change damaged his argument. Thus I Legal 8.5 × 14 216 × 356 realized the criticality of editing and necessity of Junior Legal 8.0 × 5.0 203 × 127 approval by the writer. Ledger/Tabloid/ANSI B 17 × 11 432 × 279 It is not possible to have a revision approved by a deceased writer so we cannot change their writing but ANSI C 17 × 22 432 × 559 we can give a footnote except for typos and ANSI D 22 × 34 559 × 864 compliance with American English. In that case we should give a note in the introduction. ANSI E 34 × 44 864 × 1118 A while back Tafsir Saghir was reprinted. I noticed that the translation of at least one of the verses was in A Series paper Sizes (From Wiki)

11 a different font. I discovered that it had been changed. Then I saw on MTA that Revered Khlaifatul-Masih IV explained that he had authorized the change but had 9. Some Compound Words received a protest from Revered Mirza Ghulam 9.1 There is no need to use a dash between the two Ahmad, and he conceded that he was not authorized to make the change and that it is not acceptable to do words making the compound words listed (or not listed) so. This incident resulted in the publication of his own below. translation of the Holy Qur'an as was suggested to 9.2 Please check the dictionary if the your word him by Revered Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. processor does not agree as the word processor may not I do see that editors and publishers are taking the have all the words and all their combinations listed. liberty of making changes to the original writings. A afternoon clear policy should be promulgated by every publication. alongside hitchhike snowball anybody honeybee snowboard anyone horseshoe somebody anything horseshoes someone anywhere incoming something backside indoor sometimes backyard inside southeast baseball into southwest basketball keepsake spadework battlefield landmark spiderweb battleground lifetime stronghold beware lookout subcommittee billboard mailbox swimsuit battlefield manyfold suitcase bloodshed maybe thereby commonplace meatball throughout cooperation misunderstood townspeople cupcake newspaper turnaround deathbed nightfall upbringing downtrodden nobody upcoming everybody northeast update everyday northwest upside everyone ongoing viewpoint everything outburst volleyball everywhere outdistance whatever farewell outdo whatsoever fellowship outgoing whenever football outside whereas footstep outstand whoever forefather outstanding whosoever forehead peanut widespread foremost postgraduate within fountainhead prophethood without grandfather reinforce guideline reinterpret handheld safeguard headlong seashore heyday setback

12

Dictionary

Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Masroor (1950-…), may Allah A strengthen him with His mighty support: Fifth successor (2003-…) to the Promised Messiah (peace Abān: Arabic name. Gave protection to Uthman in be on him). Mecca before Hudaibiyya. Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Nāṣir (1909-1982), Allah’s father, dad mercy be on him: Third successor (1965-1982) to : ﺍﺑﺎ abbā an order of saints, saints, devotees. Plural : ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻝ abdāl of badal or badīl. the Promised Messiah, peace be on him. ‘Abbās ibn ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib: Uncle of the Holy Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ṭāhir (1928-2003), Allah’s Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) mercy be on him: Fourth successor (1982-2003) to ‘Abdullāh: Servant of God. the Promised Messiah, peace be on him. A member of the Aḥmadiyyaﺍَ ٛﺣ َﻤ ِﺪ ی : Aḥmadī, Ahmadi ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﺐ Abdul-Muṭṭalib‘ ‘Abd-ur-Raḥmān: Servant of the Gracious God. Muslim Community founded by Ḥaḍrat Mirzā ‘Abdus Salām, Dr: The first Muslim from Pakistan to Ghulām Aḥmad (1835-1908), the Promised Messiah win the Nobel Prize in Theoretical Physics in 1979. and Imām Mahdī, may peace be upon him. see Aḥmadī : ﺍﺣﻤﺪی ﻣﺴﻠﻢ father of Aḥmadī Muslim :ﺍﺑﯽ abī : father of Aḥmadīs: Plural of Aḥmadīﺍﺑﻮabū see Aḥmadiyyat : ﺍﺣﻤﺪﻳہ The first successor to the Holy Aḥmadiyya : ﺍﺑﻮﺑﮑﺮ Abū Bakr see Aḥmadiyyat : ﺍﺣﻤﺪﻳہ Prophet, Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah Aḥmadiyyah Muslim sect believing Ḥaḍrat : ﺍﺣﻤﺪﻳﺖ be on him. Aḥmadiyyat A collection of ahadith. The Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad to be the Promised Messiah : ﺍﺑﻮ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ Abū Dāwūd author of this collection. (second coming) and the Mahdī awaited by .Umar bin Muslims, peace be on him‘ : ﺍﺑﻮ ﺟﻬﻞ (Abū Jahl (father of Ignorance Father of Aḥmadiyyat Kā Paighām (Massage of Aḥmadiyyat): A) ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﮑﻢ Hishām. Known as Abul-Ḥakam Wisdom) before Islam. A Meccan persecutor of booklet authored by Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Bashīr-ud-Dīn Muslims and an adversary of Islam. Maḥmūd Aḥmad, Khalīfatul-Masīḥ II, raḍiyallāhu Abul-Hakam: Abu Jahl ‘anhu. Verbal call, made loudly, to announce the a’immah: plural of imām : ﺍﺫﺍﻥ Adhān formal Islamic worship five times a day. Akbar Muḥayyuddīn Ibni ‘Arabī. See Ibni ‘Arabī. manners : ﺍﺧﻼﻕ akhlāq ేل superior manners : ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻓﺎﺿﻠہ Adl : justice, equity. akhlāq-i-fāḍila‘ ﺍﻋﻠﯽ A‘lā ﺍ ﻣ ﻴ ﺮ Admiral: From Arabic, amīr al-baḥr, amīr-ul-baḥr : peace be on herﻋﻠﻴﮩﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡCommander of the seas. Anglicized to ‘alaihassalām : ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ peace be on him : ﻋﻠﻴہ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡAdmiral. ‘alaihissalām ü afrūz Alaykum: alaikum. If we write Alaykum then we breaking the Islamic formal fast at sunset should also write Ahmady, etc. It is difficult in this : ﺍﻓﻄﺎﺭ afṭār eating to break Islamic formal fast. system of transliteration to identify where y or ya : ﺍﻓﻄﺎﺭی afṭārī ü Plural of ḥadīth. and w ar wau is hard or soft. Royal Asiatic Society :ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ aḥādīth .An Islamic sect system in this respect has an advantage : ﺍﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ Ahl al-Ḥadīth, Ahlul-Ḥadīth considering Hadith to be the the basis of faith. ‘Alam-i-In‘ami: Victory Flag. Flag won for superior Traditionists. performance. An Islamic Alborg: al-Burj: tower : ﺍﻫﻞ ﺍﻳﺴﻨۃ Ahl al-Sunnah, Ahlus-Sunnah sect considering Sunnah to be the basis of faith. Alcantara: al-Qantarah: bridge alchemy: from Arabic al-kīmiyā ﺍﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ Persian formation of : ِﺍﻫﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ Ahl-i-Ḥadīth Ahl al-Ḥadīth, Ahlul-Ḥadīth. Traditionalists. alcohol: from Arabic, al-kuḥūl Ahl al-Ray: rationalists Alcove: al-Qubbah: dome Persian formation of algebra: from Arabic, al-jabru wal-muqābilah : ﺍﻫﻞ ﺳﻨہ Ahl-i-Sunnah a person who has performed the : ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ öû÷ÚøûsÆC ÈåC Ahl al-Sunnah, Ahlus-Sunnah. al-Ḥājj, El-Ḥājj Aḥmad prescribed Islāmic pilgrimage to Mecca during its Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Bashīr-ud-Dīn Maḥmūd (1889- appointed days. Ḥājjī 1965): Second successor (1914-1965) to the Alhambra: al-Hamra, from Ahmar: red. pink. Scarlet. Promised Messiah, peace be on him. Purple. .All praise belongs to Allah : ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪ _ Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām (1835-1908), peace be Al-Ḥamdu Lillāh on him: The Promised Messiah. Claimed to be the Al-Ḥamdu Lillāhi Rabbil-‘Ālamīn. All praise belongs Second Advent of Jesus. to Allāh, Lord of the worlds.

13 The new moon. arsenal: from Arabic dār-uṣ-Ṣanā‘ah, industrial : ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ al-Hilāl a’immah: plural of Imām complex .Plural of ṣaḥābī : ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ algorithm: from al-Khuwarazmi Aṣḥāb the people ,.اﲱﺎب الﺻﻔﮧ. ibn Abī Ṭālib: The fourth successor to the Asḥāb al-Ṣuffah, Asḥābuṣ-Ṣuffah ﻋﻠﯽ Alī‘ Holy Prophet, Muhammad, his cousin and son-in- of the shelf, stone bench, platform. Late afternoon formal Islamic worship : ﻋﺼﺮ law. ‘Aṣr a (religious) scholar. As-Salāmu ‘Alaikum ×øÃüê÷Ç÷±øÔC÷Ç÷ûsÆ÷C: Peace be on you. (The : ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ālim or alim‘ Āliyah formation assalam-o or assalam-u is incorrect as .The one and only God : ﷲ Allāh there is no waw z after mīm w, hence the the bee. English magazine : ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ Al-Naḥl, An-Naḥl abbreviation AoA or A.O.A. or A-o-A is also published by Majlis Anṣārullāh USA. incorrect.) Al-Qā‘idah As-Salāmu ‘Alaikum Wa Raḥmatullāh Peace be with .deed, act, action you and blessings of Allāh : َﻋﻤﻞ amal‘ deeds, acts, actions : ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ a‘māl çÇÕD± assassin from Arabic ḥashīshīn. children. Plural of Ṭifl. Members of Majlis : ﺍﻁﻔﺎﻝ Āmilah : a committee of workers Aṭfāl‘ .So be it. Amen. Atfal-ul-Ahmadiyya : ٓﺍﻣﻴﻦ [Āmīn [Āmeen Amīn [Ameen] athar n÷T÷C : remains. Relics. Signs. Traces. footprints .Commander, Head. National head āthār mD÷TA : plural of athar : ﺍﻣﻴﺮ Amīr, Ameer of the Aḥmadiyyah Community. Amīrah Auliyā: plural of walī. Saints. See walī. .An Arabian tribe at the time of early Islam : ﺍﻭﺱ Aus Commander of Å÷ûÜC : ﺍﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ amīr al-baḥr, amīr-ul-baḥr the seas. Anglicized to Admiral. awwal : first  ‘Āmir āyah : a verse, sign ‘Āmirah āyāt : verses, signs ayyadahullāhu øÓCøä÷j÷ûé÷C : May Allah support him. May : ﺍﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ Amīrul-Mu’minīn, Ameerul-Mu’mineen The Commander of the Faithful. Khalīfah. Allah aid him. Amūr-i-‘Āmma: general matters, public relations, Ayyadahullāhu Ta‘ālā Bi-Naṣrihil-‘Azīz social services. püéùp÷²üÆCùäùnü¡÷ÚùLë|ÆD÷²÷PøÓCøä÷j÷ûé÷C : May Allah, the Exalted, support Anjuman Ishā‘at-i-Islām: Also known as the Lahori him with His Mighty help. Note: the Arabic Aḥmadis. The group of Aḥmadis who do not believe expression ayyadahullāh does not translate as in the prophethood of the Promised Messiah, and “strengthen his hands.” Somehow this translation do not pledge allegiance to the Aḥmadiyya Khilāfat. has become commonplace though it is incorrect. Anbiyā: plural of nabī. Prophets. The form ayyad is not related to hand (yad [iiè] in Ānsah ièC Plural of nasir. Helpers. Medinites Arabic) rather it is derived from the root aid [ ] in : ﺍﻧﺼﺎﺭ ansar, anṣār who helped and supported the Holy Prophet Arabic meaning to aid, to support, to strengthen, to Muhammad, sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam, and the succor, in English. So it should translate, may Allah Muslim immigrants from Mecca. Members of support him, aid him, strengthen him, succor him, Majlis Ansarullah. Anṣār is already a plural so it etc. Words related to this root occur in the Holy will be wrong to add an s to it (anṣārs) to make its Qur’ān nine times in verses 2:88, 2:254, 3:14, 5:111, plural. 8:27, 8:63, 9:40, and 57:23, and 61:15, and their j÷é .( ) Helpers of Allāh. See translation is not related to hand : ﺍﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﷲ Anṣārullāh, Anṣār Allāh Majlis Anṣārullāh. The form Ansar Ullah is Aid and yad are two seprate roots. The confusion incorrect as the damma is on ra and not on the alif occurs because aid also is plural of yad, therefore, in the middle. The correct forms are Ansar Allah or mixing them up can easily occur. Ansarullah. Aid means (noun) strength and (verb) strengthen. contract, such as in marriage Al-Mawrid (2001 edition) has given the following : ﻋﻘﺪ aqd‘ ,Custom of shaving the head of a meaning of ayyada: to spport, back (up), stand by : ﻋﻘﻴﻘہ Aqīqah‘ newborn on the seventh day. Silver or gold equal to stand up for, advocate, champion,, uphold, be in the weight of the hair is given to the poor as charity. favor of, go for, to confirm, affirm, sustain, An animal for a girl and two animals in case of a corroborate, second, to endorse, santion, approve, boy are slaughtered as sacrifice. Prayer (Du‘ā) is approbate, countenance, consent to, agree to, offered for the long life and protection of the child. concur in, accede to, subscribe to. ‘Aql: human reason And it has the following meaning of aid: force, .cutting off power, might, strength : ﻋﻘﻮﻕ aqūq‘ disobedience to parents, Hans Wehr (1971) and Wortabet et al. (1954) have : ﻋﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ aqūqul-vālidain‘ not paying their due respect, or not treating them given similar meanings. Vocabulary of the Holy with tenderness of heart and neglecting to look Qur'an (Abdullah Abbas Nadwi, 1983) also has after them. listed same meaning as cited above. 14 A Jewish tribe in Medina :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻗﻴﻨﻘﺎﻉ ) ‘Dictionary of the Holy Qur'an (Malik Ghulam Farid, Banū Qainuqā 2006) gives the same meanining of ayyada as above. during early Islam. A Jewish tribe in Medina :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻗﺮﻳﻈہ ) The Mu'jam al-Mufahras, index to the Holy Qur'an Banū Quraiẓah has given the following forms under the alif-ya-dal. during early Islam. In front of each occurrence are the translations Barmakī, Faḍl: Son of Yahya Barmaki. A minister in from Sher Ali. None of them adds hands to the court of Hārūn al-Rashīd. strenthen. Barmakī, Yahya: A minister in the court of Hārūn al- Verse Form Sher Ali translation Rashīd. 5:111 ayya(d)ttuka strengthened thee Benediction: A relic given or received as a blessing. 8:63 ayyadaka strengthened thee Brahman: Hindu priest. Member of Hindu elite class. 8:27 ayyadakum strengthened you Bhang ÌÛåF : hemp, cannabis 61:15 ayyadna We gave power Bilāl 2:88 ayyadnahu strengthened him bin ÛL : son of 2:254 ayyadnahu strengthened him bintRÚL: daughter of 9:40 ayyadahu strengthened him biryānī  : Spiced rice dish including meat and/or 58:23 ayyadahum whom He has strengthened 3:14 yu’ayyidu strengthens with His aid vegetables. 38:18 al-aid hands bismillāh-irrahmān-irrahīm or Bismillāhir-Rahmānir 51:48 aid hands -Rahīm, or Bismillāh-ir-Rhmān-ir-Rahīm, or Bi ism The Ghulam Farid translation has the same Allāh al-Rahmān al-Rahīm or B’ism Allah al-  approach. Rahman al-Rahim : In the name of Therefore, ayyadahullahu bi-nasrihil-aziz should be Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. translated as may Allah strengthen him with His bn: see bin mighty support. Br., Bro.: Brother (in Islam, in Ahmadiyyat). .Brahman: Hindu priest. Member of Hindu elite class ﺍﻳﻮﺏ Ayyūb a tribal which took place in Arabia before : ﺑﻌﺎث A‘ẓam ü×÷®ü±÷C : greatest, the great Bu‘āth Azn ØC÷k÷C : See Adhn. Islam.  Bukhārī: : The most reliable source of the sayings of the Holy Prophet Muḥammad, peace and B blessings of Allāh be on him. A steed Muhammad rode in one of his : ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻕ Bahishtī Maqbarah ä÷n÷Mü¿÷ÕëùQüwùæ÷L : heavenly graveyard. al-Burāq Graveyard established by the Promised Messiah visions. (peace be on him). Bai‘at, Bay‘ah R÷²üê÷L : pledge of initiation, covenant of C association. Entering the pledge of allegiance with calif: see khalifah the Aḥmadiyya khilāfat. pledging of allegiance caliph: see khalifah bait  : house Chanda: Monetary contribution, donation. (The bait  : couplet (poetry) ha at the end is to indicate a fath on dal, and is not  Bait al-Zafar (Bait-uz-Zafar): House of pronounced, so should not be explicitly written in victory, triumph the transliteration of the word.) bait bāzī èoDL  : Contest in memorization of poetic chanda ijtima   : contribution towards compositions. Initiating team or person recites a ijtima‘ expenses poetic verse, the opposing team has to recite a verse charas uùpùZ : hemp extract, cannabis resin, marijuana, with the starting letter same as the ending letter of pot the challenging team. Chishtiyah Bait-ud-Du‘ā, Bait al-Du‘ā D÷±øûjÆCøRüê÷L : A room in his ጾى Kisra : &و Chosroes house designated by the Promised Messiah, ‘alaihis- salām, just for praying. coffee: qahwah ጡ : 10,000,000وڑ Baitullah   : house of God Crore Bait-uz-Zafar, Bait al-Zafar : House of victory, triumph ÈêïCnrCëÚL D Banī Isrā’īl : Children of Israel. ḍa‘īf  : weak An Arab tribe in early dā‘ī ilallāh   : caller towards Allah : ﺑﻨﻮ ﻋﺒﺪ ِ◌ ﻣﻨﺎﻑ Banū ‘Abd Manāf Islam. dā‘īn ilallāh (da‘iyin ilallah)   : plural of dā‘ī .A tribe from early Islam : ﺑﻨﻮ َﺿ َﻤﺮﻩ Banū Ḍamrah A Jewish tribe in Medina during ilallāh : ﺑﻨﻮ ﻧﻀﻴﺮ Banū Naḍīr  early Islam. Dajjāl : Antichrist. Imposter, deceiver, crook. ḍammah  : a pronunciation sign equivalent to the (ﻧﺠﺎﺭ) Banū Najjār 15 sound of o or u in English. E A tribe from early Islam. Eid: See ‘Īd : ﺑﻨﻮ َﺿ َﻤﺮﻩ Banū Ḍamrah abode of war El-Ḥājj, al-Ḥājj WD÷cüÆ÷C : a person who has performed the : ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ Dār al-Ḥarb, dārul-ḥarb .harm, injury : ﺿﺮﺭ ḍarar mD÷Lüm÷i prescribed Islāmic pilgrimage to Mecca during its Darbār : court appointed days. Ḥājjī dars  : A reading. A teaching. elixir: al-iksīr dars-ul-Ḥadīth   : A reading from the emir: see Amīr saying of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, sallallahu etiquette: “etiquettes” is incorrect. alaihi wa sallam, accompanied by its explanation.   dars-ul-Qur’ān : A reading from the Holy F Qur’ān accompanied by its explanation. Faḍl üÈü¥÷º : favor, grace, kindness Fajr  : The dawn-to-sunrise Islamic formal : درود (?Darūd, Darood [Urdū] (Durūd in Persian blessings, benediction, salutation. worship. essential interests Faqīh çüêù¿÷º : jurisprudent. jurist : ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ḍaruriyyāt   dār-us-sal m : Abode of peace. Fard ayn: personal obligation darveshān: plural of darvesh: In Ahmadi Muslims, Fard kifai: collective obligation who stayed in Qadian, under precarious conditions, Farḍ Kifāyah: collective duty to safeguard the sacred places, at the partition of Farīd-ud-Dīn Mas‘ūd Ganj Shakar: A Muslim saint (d. the subcontinent of India in 1947. 1265). Da‘wah: call to religion Fatḥa Óuûp_ : a pronunciation sign on a letter indicating  da‘wat ilallāh: : calling towards God a sound similar to that added byyg a in English. Dawūd ﺩﺍﻭﺩ :David David (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) and wife of : ﺩﺍﻭﺩ Dawūd dhikr  (also zikr): remembrance his cousin Ḥaḍrat ‘Alī (may Allah be pleased with dhikr-i-ilāhī  : (a Persian/Urdu formation) both). remembrance of God. Fatwā è|ÝQ÷º : a jurisprudic edict. judicial decision and dhimmīs (protected subjects). While Zakāt was learned opinion. juristic opinion. verdict collected from believers, non-believers paid jizyah; Fatāwā èÜDQ÷º : plural of fatwa in return their lives, properties, honor and freedom fidyah, fidya çéjº : ransom of religious practice were safeguarded by the Fiqh çü¿ùº : jurisprudence. legislative rulings. Islāmic government. firdaus qüÜ÷iünùº : paradise ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠہ -specified alms to be given at the ‘Id al : ﻓِ ْﻄ َﺮﺍﻧَﻪ Dhū al-Ḥajjah, Dhul-Ḥajjah َ : A month in Fiṭrāna Islamic lunar calendar. Also Dhū al-Ḥijjah, Dhul- Fitr al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyyah by Ḥaḍrat Shaikh Akbar ﺫﻭ ِﺍﻟﺤﺠہ Ḥijjah (A month in Muḥayyuddīn Ibni ‘Arabī (A.H. 560 to A.H. 638 : ﺫﻭ ِﺍﻟﺤﺠہ Dhū al-Ḥijjah, Dhul-Ḥijjah Islamic lunar calendar. Also Dhu al-Ḥajjah, Dhul- G . ﺫﻭ َﺍﻟﺤﺠہ Ḥajjah Dhul-Qa‘dah: A month in Al-Ghāshiyah: Overwhelming Calamity , ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘَﻌﺪﻩ Dhū al-Qa‘dah Islamic lunar calendar. Also Dhū al-Qi‘dah, Dhul- Ghazawāt: See Ghazwah plural: Ghazawāt: Expedition led by :( ﻏﺰﻭﻩ ) Ghazwah ۔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘِﻌﺪﻩ Qi‘dah A month in the Holy Prophet himself, whether there was : ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘِﻌﺪﻩ Dhū al-Qi‘dah, Dhul-Qi‘dah .Dhū al-Qa‘dah, fighting or no fighting ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘَﻌﺪﻩ Islamic lunar calendar. Also Gibraltar (Jabal-uṭ-Ṭāriq): The mountain of an Arab Dhul-Qa‘dah. general Tāriq bin Ziyād. Dīn: Religion, Faith

friend. This term has been commonly used : دوDost nj H by the Promised Messiah (peace be on him) and his Ḥadāyatullāhs: Persons guided by Allah. successors for the members of the Ahmadiyya Ḥadees: see Ḥadith Community since its inception. Ḥadhrat: See Hadrat Dowie, Dr. John Alexander (1847-1907): Challenged Ḥadīth Vüéùj÷b : Saying of the Holy Prophet Muḥammad, to a prayer duel by the Promised Messiah, peace be on him. ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam. a verified account of a du‘ā D÷±øi : prayer, supplication statement or action of the Prophet Muhammad. Plural Aḥādīth. second : ﺩﻭﻡ duvvam Ḥadīth Ḍa‘īf ¼üêù²÷¤ Vüéùj÷b : The ḥadīth with an unreliable narrator, either in respect of memory or intelligence

16 or integrity, so much so that even if one of the Ḥakīm ü×üêùÃ÷b : wise person, physician narrators is unreliable, in spite of the rest of them Ḥalāl wa Ḥarām: lawful and unlawful being reliable, the ḥadīth will be treated as weak Ḥalāl: lawful (ḍa‘īf). Ḥaqq Allāh: “pure right of God” Ḥadīth Fi‘lī ëùÇü²ùº Vüéùj÷b : Does not quote any word or Ḥarām: forbidden, unlawful statement of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings Hārūn al-Rashīd (763-809): A Muslim king, ruled of Allāh be on him) but narrates some act of his. 786-809. Ḥadīth Marfū‘ °üÝøºün÷Õ Vüéùj÷b : Traces a statement direct to Hazri Nigrani the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be Hazoor: see ū on him) without any break in the chain of reporters. Ḥasan Ḥaḍrat: son of Ḥaḍrat ‘Alī (may Allah be Ḥadīth Mauḍu‘ °üÝø¤üÝ÷Õ Vüéùj÷b : A ḥadīth which is proved pleased with both) to have been invented by a lying narrator. Ḥanīf, Ḥaneef Ḥadīth Mauqūf ¹üÝø¾üÝ÷Õ Vüéùj÷b : Cannot be traced to the Ḥaq: Truth azrat: See Harat Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be on KDYb him) but stops short and does not proceed beyond a Ḥijāb : Modesty. Niqāb. Veil. Parda. Outerwear particular reporter. But the nature of the ḥadīth and for Muslim ladies. the tenor and tone of the testimony should warrant Ḥikmah çÖÃb : wisdom, foresight the conclusion that the Holy Prophet (Peace and Ḥikmat RÖÃb : wisdom, foresight, practice of medicine .The new moon : ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ blessings of Allāh be on him) must have been heard al-Hilāl .Covenant/Alliance of Faḍls :(ﺤﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻮﻝ) making the statement. Ḥilful-Fuḍūl Ḥadīth Munqaṭi‘ ³ù©÷¿üÚøÕ Vüéùj÷b : All narrators of this A part of the names of most of the signatories was .(ﻔﻀﻞ) ḥadīth are reliable in point of (a) memory, (b) Faḍl intelligence and (c) integrity. Hisba: commanding good and forbidding evil Ḥadīth Muttaṣil Èù¡÷ûQøÕ Vüéùj÷b : The reporters of this Ḥishām  : A book of early Islamic history ḥadīth are known and mentioned and are known mentioned by the name of its author. and placed in a serial order and none of them is Horseshoes, game of. found missing or left un-identified. Ḥudaibiyah Ḥadīth Qaulī ëùÆüÝ÷¾ Vüéùj÷b : Quotes the words of the Holy Ḥudhaifah Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be on him) as Ḥudud: prescribed punishments His Honor, His : ﺣﻀﻮﺭ [actually uttered by him. Ḥuḍūr [Ḥudhūr, Ḥuzūr Ḥadīth Qudsī ëùrüjø¾ Vüéùj÷b : The Holy Prophet (peace Holiness, Your Honor, Your Holiness. In Urdu, it is and blessings of Allāh be on him) ascribes a word or spelled Ḥaḍūr [Ḥaḍoor, Ḥadhūr, Ḥadhoor, Ḥazūr, act to God the Excellent, saying that God had Ḥazoor]. commanded him thus. Such a statement is other ḥuffāẓ: Plural of Ḥāfiẓ. Those who commit the entire than the Qur’ānic revelation. Qur’ān to memory Ḥadīth Taqrīrī èùnüéùnü¿÷P Vüéùj÷b : Relates neither a statement Ḥukm: ruling, ruling with binding force nor an act of the Holy Prophet (peace of Allāh be on Ḥuqūq-ul-‘ibād: man’s obligations toward others him and His blessings). Instead it records what a Ḥuqūqullāh: obligations toward God particular person did or said in the presence of the Ḥusain Ḥaḍrat: son of Ḥaḍrat ‘Alī (may Allah be Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be on pleased with both) him) and that he did not forbid him to do or say it. Ḥuzūr: see Ḥuḍūr Ḥaḍrat O÷nü¥÷b [Hadhrat, Hazrat]: His Holiness Ḥāfiẓ ü®ùºD÷b : A person who has memorized the Arabic I text of the Holy Qur’ān. ‘Ibādat: devotional matters .Ibāḥah: permissibility َﺣ َﻔﺼہ Ḥafṣah Haiku: A special form of Japanese poetry ibn, ibni:  , bin, bn  : son of. ْ ْ The Black Stone. Ibn ‘Abbas. Ibni ‘Abbas : ﺍَﻟ َﺤ َﺠ ُﺮﺍﻻَ ْﺳ َﻮﺩ Al-Ḥajar-ul-Aswad Hajiyyat: complementary interests Ibni ‘Arabī: Ḥaḍrat Shaikh Akbar Muḥayyuddīn Ibni Z÷b Ḥajj : Formal pilgrimage to Mecca during ‘Arabī (A.H. 560 to A.H. 638). Famous work al- appointed time of the year. Futūḥāt al-Makkiyyah. Ḥājjī (Arabic, Persian), Ḥājī (Urdu) ëùXD÷b : see al-Ḥājj. ‘Īd  : Muslim religious celebration, festival. Eid. A person who has performed Ḥajj, the prescribed ‘Īd-ul-Fiṭr, ‘Īd al-Fiṭr: Celebration at the end of pilgrimage to Mecca during its appointed days. Ramaḍān. The last hajj of the Holy : َﺣ ﱠﺠﺔُ ْﺍﻟﻮ َﺩ ﺍ ﻉ ‘Ḥajjatul-Widā .Īd mubarak   : Felicitation of ‘Īd‘ ِ Prophet, Muhammad, sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam. ˈ Ijtihād: rational deduction concerning a legal issue. Ḥakam : arbitrator, arbiter. umpire, referee intellectual exertion, speculative legal reasoning,

17 “striving,” juristic reasoning, personal reasoning. Jāmi‘a Ahmadiyya  : Ahmadiyya University, Ijtimā‘, Ijtemā  : Rally. training missionaries from members who have Ijtimā‘āt  : plural of Ijtima. devoted their lives for the service of Islam. Ijmā‘: Consensus. general consensus. Jannah  ‘Illah: effective cause jannatul-firdaus, Jannah al-Firdaus : Ilm al-akhlaq: morality paradise, heaven. ÓC÷ÁC÷p÷X Ilm al-kalam: dogmatic theology jazākallāh : may Allah reward you (one male). imām ÔD÷ÕùC : leader, chief, guide jazākallāh ÓCùÁC÷p÷X : may Allah reward you (one female). Imām-uṣ-Ṣalāt: A person who leads the formal jazākumullāh ÓCø×øÂC÷p÷X : may Allah reward you (plural, Islamic worship. male or female or both). Also used to address a Īmān ØD÷ÖüéùC : faith, belief single person to show respect. Innā Lillāhi Wa Innā Ilaihi Rāji‘ūn: From Allāh have Jihād iD÷æùX : strife we come and to Allāh shall we return. (2[Al- jizyah: While Zakāt was collected from believers, non- Baqarah]:157. believers paid jizyah; in return, their lives, In Shā’ Allāh, in shā’allāh ÓC÷ôD÷vüØùC : God willing. Note properties, honor and freedom of religious practice that there is a hamza at the end of inshā’ and the were safeguarded by the Islāmic government. fatḥ is on the hamza of Inshā’ and not on the alif of Jum‘ah, Jumu‘ah, Jum‘a, Jumu‘a ç÷²üÖøX , ç÷²øÖøX : Friday. Allāh, therefore, in shā’allāh or inshā’allāh as (Friday Prayer Services) pronounced and In Shā’ Allāh otherwise. Jumu‘atul-Widā‘ Inqilāb-i-Haqīqī (The Real Revolution): A lecture by Junaid Baghdādī: Famous Muslim Mystic. Lived A.D. Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Bashīr-ud-Dīn Maḥmūd Aḥmad, the 830-910. Muṣliḥ Mau‘ūd. Juz Ɣ : A thirtieth part of the Holy Qur’an. Para. Part. ا९ن Insān : human being, human, man, person inter se: among themselves Iqāmah ç÷ÕD÷¾ùC : Call to line up for congregational formal prayers. K Iqāmat: see Iqāmah Kaaba  : See Ka‘ba. signs on letters indicating how to Ka‘aba  : See Ka‘ba : ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺏ I‘rāb pronounce them Ka‘ba (sukūn on ‘ain)  : a cube. House of God in ôD÷wù± ‘Ishā : Late night formal Islamic worship. Mecca. Also Ka‘aba (fatha on ‘ain) and Kaaba. Ishā‘at üR÷±D÷vùC : publication Kafa’a: equality Islām ÔÌürùC : submission. Name of the religion Kaffarat: expiations introduced by Muḥammad, may peace and Kāfirīn: unbelievers blessings of Allah be on him, in A.D. 610. Kalima, Kalimah, Kalima Tayyaba, Kalimah Shahādah Pronouncement that there is : ﮐﻠﻤہ۔ ﮐﻠﻤہ ﻁﻴﺒہ۔ ﮐﻠﻤہ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﻩ Isra istighfār ümD÷»ü·ùQürùC : seeking forgiveness from Allah none worthy of worship except Allah and Istihsan: juristic preference Mohammad is His messenger. Īthār: Selflessness. Social Services. kalif: see khalifah kaliph: see khalifah izālah : abolition, amends, compensation, ᓥل discharge, nullification, removal, revocation, Kanāl : Eighth of an acre. withdrawal Kashti (Persian): boat. kashti rani (kashti ran) and kashti bani (kashti ban) are Persian formulations. Kashti-i-Nuh (Persian formulation), note that there J is a hamza on ya with kasrah or zair. Also, see Ja‘far kishti. Jahannam jāhilīn: ignorant Kauthar: A fountain in paradise. َﺧ ِﺪ َﻳﺠ ہ meeting. assembly. convention. Khadījah : ﺟﻠﺴہ Jalsa Jalsa (Jalsah) Salāna ç÷ÙËD÷rç÷süÇ÷X : Annual Convention Khādim ÔùiD÷f : servant, attendant. A member of Majlis Jamā‘at, Jamā‘ah R÷±D÷Ö÷X : Community, Organization. Khuddāmul-Aḥmmadiyyah. community of believers. Khālid, Khaalid Jamā‘at Aḥmadiyyah: The Aḥmadiyyah Community. khalif: see khalifah Khalīfah, khalīfa ç÷»üêùÇ÷f : Vicegerent. Successor. Also Jamāl: beauty jāmi‘ ³ùÕD÷X : comprehensive, inclusive, universal, calif, caliph, kalif, kaliph, khalif. Khalīfatul-Masīḥ, Khalīfat-ul-Masīḥ düêùs÷ÖüÆCøö÷»üêùÇ÷f : generic, general, mosque, compiler, author, writer, typesetter Successor to Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad of Qadian (1835-1908), the Promised Messiah, may 18 peace be upon him. Latīf, Lateef. Khalilullah: friend of God. Khāmis: Fifth M Khārijī (Kharijite)  : external, outsider, foreign, Madīnah. Or, and from, Madinatun-Nabi, town of the seceder. Prophet. Yathrib before the arrival of Prophet ÛûêùMû÷ÚüÆC ÷×÷PD÷f Khātaman-Nabiyyīn : Seal of the prophets. Muhammad there. Best of the prophets. Muḥammad, peace and Madrasah, madrasa  : School blessings of Allah be on him. Maghrib Kùnü·÷Õ : West. Sunset. Islamic formal worship Khatm-i-Nubuwwat O÷ûÝøM÷Ù ×üQ÷f : Completion or finality after sunset.   of prophethood.Khil fat : Succession Mahdī èùjüæ÷Õ : Rightly guided. A tribe during the time of early Islam. Maḥmūd, Maḥmood : ﺧﺰﺭﺝ Khazraj ö÷ºÌùf Khilāfat, Khilāfah : succession, caliphate Mahr nüæ÷Õ dowry ç÷ûéùj÷Öüb÷CùR÷ºÌùf Khilāfat-i-Aḥmadiyya : Aḥmadiyyah Majlis  : plural of Majlis Khilāfat. Majlis  : Society, organization. Khuddām ÔC÷ûjøf : Plural of khādim. Servants, Majlis Anṣārullāh ÓCømD÷¡üÙ÷CtùÇüY÷Õ (Literal meaning: attendants. Member of Majlis Khuddāmul- Organization of Helpers of God): The organization Aḥmmadiyyah. of all Ahmadī men over 40 years of age. Khuddāmul-Aḥmmadiyya ç÷ûéùj÷Öüb÷CüÆCøÔC÷ûjøf : see Majlis Majlis Aṭfāl-ul-Aḥmadiyya (society of Aḥmadī The organization of all : ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺪﻳہ (Khuddāmul-Aḥmmadiyyah children  Khul‘ : divorce initiated by wife. Aḥmadī boys between 7 and 14. Khulafā D÷»÷Çøf : Plural of khalīfah. Majlis-i-Mushāwarat: Advisory council. Consultative Khulafā’-ur-Rāshidūn: Righteous Successors Committee. Khutbah, khutba ç÷Mü©øf : Address, (Friday) sermon. Majlis Khuddāmul-Aḥmmadiyya ç÷ûéùj÷Öüb÷CüÆCøÔC÷ûjøftùÇüY÷Õ : kishti (Urdu): boat. kishti chalana (Urdu formulation). (Organization of Servants of Ahmadiyyat): The Kishti Nuh (Urdu formulation), note that there is no zair organization of all Ahmadi men from 16 to 40 years (or hamza) on ya. Also, see kashti. of age.  ,ጾ Malfūẓāt : sayings of the Promised Messiahى Chosroes : &و Kisra Koran: see Qur’an ‘alaihissalām.  Kufw Ýü»ø : parity, compatibility Makkah : See Mecca or bin Hidm. manārah: minaret ,(ﮐﻠﺜﻮﻡ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻝﻩﺩﻡ) Kulthūm Bin Al-Hidm Manāratul-Masīḥ: Minaret of the Messiah in Qadian, India. L Mandala, a kind of a picture used to maintain lac: see lakh concentration during meditation. maqām: status (muqām: place) ᶞ : A sweet common in the Indianو laddu Marham-i-‘Īsā, the ointment of Jesus, used on his subcontinent. injuries caused by crucifixion. Lahore section of Aḥmadiyya Jamā‘at: See Anjuman Maryam  : Mary. Ishā‘at-i-Islām. mā shā’allāh  : What God has willed! Well done! Lahori: A present or past resident of Lahore. Minority ǔ راہ faction of Ahmadis differing with the main body with Mash‘al-i-Rāh respect to the status of Hadrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Masīh  : Messiah ‘alaihissalam. Masīḥ-i-Mau‘ūd, Masīh Mau‘ood iÝø±üÝ÷Õùdüêùs÷Õ : The la ilaha illallah: there is none worthy of worship except Promised Messiah (Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad, Allah. ‘alaihis-salām) Lā Ilāha Illallāhu, Muḥammad-ur-Rasūlullāh,’ [There masjid jùYüs÷Õ : mosque is no God but Allāh and Muḥammad is His .Mosque in Jerusalem : ( ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ٰ ﺍﻗﺼﯽ ) Messenger]. Masjid Aqsa Mosque of the Prophet. The : ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﻧﺒﻮی lailatulqadr  : night of destiny. A special night Masjid Nabawi mosque built by Muhammad in Madinah, Arabia, during the month of Ramadan falling on its odd dates of after his migration there. its last ten days. example, instance, illustration, case. Also : َﻣﺜَﻞ D Mathal .Committee of bondmaids of see Mithl : ;>&* ا┞ٗ اLajnah Imā’illāh ⅐ Allah. Organization of Ahmadi Muslim ladies above Mauḍu‘  : fabricated 15 years of age. Maulānā D÷ÙC÷ÆüÝ÷Õ : our master, our lord, our chief. Title of lākh äÆÓ : 100,000. lac. respect for Muslim religious scholars. Revered

19 person. Muḥayyud-Dīn. Actually the word is Muḥyiy, which Maulawī èùÝ÷ÆüÝ÷Õ : Muslim priest, Muslim divine. means one “who gives new life,” but to join with Al- maulaviyyat: dry theologianism Dīn the sukūn of “ḥā” should be moved preferably with kasrah (zer), but here it is moved with Fatḥa Maund ӧ : A measure of about 40 kilograms. (Zabar) to follow the ḍammah (pesh) of Mīm for (brotherhood easyness of pronunciation. (Ḥāfiẓ Muẓaffar Aḥmad : ﻣﻮﺍﺧﺎﺕ mawakhāt .A city in Arabia where Abraham Muḥayyuddīn Ibni ‘Arabī. See Ibni ‘Arabī : ﻣﮑہ Mecca, Makkah and Ishmael (may peace be upon both) built a Muḥṣan (masculine) Ø÷¡ücøÕ : Married. Guarded and structure over old ruins in inhabitant desert, protected as if in a well-secured and protected according to Islamic tradition. Muḥammad, may castle. peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, was Muḥṣanah (feminine) ç÷Ú÷¡ücøÕ : Married. Chaste. born in and grew up in Mecca. Birthplace of Virtuous. Modest. Decent. Guarded and protected Islam. Muslims from all over the world go to as if they in a well-secured and protected castle. Makkah every year for pilgrimage. Muhtasib: market controller and blessings of Allah be on him, grew up in Mecca. Mu‘īn-ud-Dīn Chishtī: A Muslim saint (d. 1236) mi‘rāj WC÷pü²ùÕ : Place or route of ascent. Ascent, ladder, mujaddid: rejuvenator, religious reformer stairs. Muḥammad’s (peace and blessings of Allah mujāhid  : struggler, fighter, warrior be on him) ascent, spiritual journey. The acme of mujāhidīn, mujahideen  : plural of mujahid. spiritual exaltation. Mujtabā: Chosen. Elect. Mirzā Bashīr-ud-Dīn Maḥmūd Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat: See Mujtahid: one qualified to exercise independent Muṣliḥ Mau‘ūd. reasoning, jurist. Mirzā Sultān Aḥmad: A son of the Promised Messiah, Mujtahidun: qualified scholars. peace be on him, from his first wife. Mulaqat: Meeting. It is incorrect to write mulaqa'at as mithā’ī ᄅ♂ : sweets there is no hamza or ain in mulaqat so it is not .similar, like, analogous, equal. Also see correct to have an apostrophe between the two As : ِﻣﺜﻞ Mithl Mathal. It should be written as Mulaqat. Even in Mulaqaat, MTA: See Muslim Television Aḥmadiyya the first alif is represented by one a and a is written mū·si·yāñ, moosian: plural of mūsī twice for the second alif. This is injustice to the poor Mu’adhdhin  : caller. Person who calls Adhān. alif that first time it gets a once and in the second Mu‘allim  : teacher tutor, local missionary in instance it gets the a twice. If we do want to give a twice for alif then it should be written Mulaaqaat Ahmadiyya community. which becomes too much. So Mulaqat should be Mu‘amalat: civil transactions fine. Mu‘āwin: Helper َّ Mubahala  : Prayer duel. řʉ ُ Mullā: Muslim clergy, teacher. Commonly spelled as Muballigh  : bearer of news, notifier, informer, Mullah with an h at the end probably to indicate a messenger. A missionary in Ahmadiyya community. long a. hypocrite : ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻖ Mubarak  : blessed munāfiq hypocrites : ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ munāfiqīn Mubarik  : one who blesses Munāẓarah  : debate, discussion Muftī  : jurist muqām: place. (maqām: status) Muftī Muḥammad Ṣādiq (1872-1957): A companion of  the Promised Messiah, peace be on him, who was Murabbī : Trainer. Teacher. the first Ahmadiyya missionary to the US (1921- mursal: envoy, sent 192). He founded the Muslim Sunrise in the US in mursalīn: pl. of mursal 1921. Mushāhida-o-mu‘ā’ina: observation and recall JMRk Muḥaddath: recipient of word of God Mushāwarat: mutual consultationث üSùûj÷cøÕ Mushrikīn: idolators, polytheists. practicing Shirk. Muḥaddith : compiler-scholars or editors of mūṣī, moosee, musee, moosi  : one who has ḥadīth ÛüêùTùûj÷cøÕ willed. Muḥaddiththin : plural of Muḥaddith muslah, musla ç÷ÇüsøÕ : mutilation of the dead enemy by .immigrant cutting off their noses and other limbs : ﻣﮩﺎﺟﺮ Muhājir Muhājirīn: immigrants j÷ûÖ÷cøÕ Muṣliḥ Mau‘ūd, Muṣliḥ-i-Mau‘ūd, Musleh Mau‘ood: Muḥammad : Praiseworthy, commendable, iÝø±üÝ÷ÕùdùÇü¡øÕ (The Promised Reformer): Ḥaḍrat Mirzā laudable. Holy Prophet and founder of Islām (571- Bashīr-ud-Dīn Maḥmūd Aḥmad (1889-1965), 632), peace and blessings of Allāh be on him. Khalīfatul-Masīḥ II, raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu, who fulfilled Rû÷êùÖ÷PD÷f èùjû÷Ö÷cøÕ Muḥammadī Khātamiyyat : Excellence of the prophesy of the Promised Messiah, peace be on the prophethood of Muḥammad (peace and him, about the advent of a Reformer. blessings of Allāh be on him).

20 Muslim  : A follower of the religion of Islam. A book of Ḥadīth, second in the six most authentic O compilations. OM: (Hindu word for Unity, All, or God). Muslim Television Aḥmadiyya (MTA): 24/7 satellite Osman: See Uthman television broadcast from London available on Othman: See Uthman www.alislam.org as well. Ottoman: From Arabic Uthmān Muṣṭafā ë|»÷©ü¡øÕ : chosen, selected, preferred, favorite. The Holy Prophet Muḥammad (peace and blessings of Allah be on him). P .Ρ : messagingم رal-Musta‘ṣim peghām rasānī ౻Ō Mut‘ah: temporary marriage or “gift of consolation” Panda: A Hindu priest. given to a divorced woman Pandit, pundit: Scholar. Teacher. Hindu priest. .A person relied upon by others : ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ Mu‘tamad .A thirtieth part of the Holy Qur’an. Juz : ˱رہ Mutawatir: first kind of hadith, word for word Para transmission of what the Prophet said. Part. ,parda ã÷küp÷J : Ḥijāb, niqāb, modesty, purdah, veil ( ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﺐ) Abdul-Muṭṭalib‘ curtain, screen or concealing garment used by N some Hindus and Muslims to hide women from the gaze of men or strangers. Nabi  : a prophet Pardah: see parda .A Jewish tribe in Medina per se: by itself, in itself, intrinsically :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻧﻀﻴﺮ ) Banū Naḍīr during early Islam. The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islām: A lecture supererogatory worship : ﻧﻔﻞ Nafl Naḥl  : Bee written by Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad of Qadian. Nā’ib NùïD÷Ù : Assistant. representative (of the imam, Promised Messiah (Second Coming): Ḥaḍrat Mirzā [Shiite use]). Ghulām Aḥmad (1835-1908). See Masih-i-Mau‘ud. Najāshī: Negus of Abyssinia prophethood does not need a dash between prophet .and hood (ﻧﺠﺎﺭ) Banū Najjār .Ṣalāt. Prescribed formal Islamic worship : ﻧﻤﺎﺯ Namāz ƥĺ Naqshbandiyah Punjabi : Language and people of the Punjab na‘ra’-i-takbīr: Call to raise the slogan of the greatness south of Kashmir in India. of God, responded by Allāhu Akbar, God is Great. Purdah: see parda Nāsir  : helper. A member of Majlis Ansarullah. Nāsirat  : helpers (feminine). A member of Q Majlis Nasirat-ul-Ahmadiyya, association of young Qaa D÷¥÷¾ : judgment, injunction. system of Ahmadi girls. arbitration. ajudication. .plural of Nafl Qadar m÷j÷¾ : fate, destiny, lot, predestination : ﻧﻮﺍﻓﻞ Nawafil judge : ﻗﺎﺿﯽ Supervisor. Observer. Qadi : ﻧﺎﻅﺮ Nāẓir Nāzim  : administrator, manager Qādiān ØD÷éùiD÷¾ : A town in northwest India where Nāzimīn  : plural of nazim Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad, the Promised Nasa’ī  : Collection of ahadith compiled by Nasa’ī Messiah and Mahdī, ‘alaihis-salām, lived. Naṣīḥah: sincere advice Qadiani ëÙDéiD¾ : Related to Qadian. Also used by anti- Nazm:  poem Ahmadiyya forces to denote items related to the Na‘ūdhu Billāh: God forbid Promised Messiah (peace be on him) or Nikāḥ aD÷ÃùÙ : marriage, marriage announcement Ahmadiyya. Qadiyaniyyat: Related to Qadian. Used by anti- Niqāb: Parda. ijāb. Modesty. Veil. Outerwear for Aḥmadiyya forces to denote the ideas related to the Muslim ladies. Promised Messiah (peace be on him) or Niṣāb KD÷¡ùÙ : Minimum for zakāt levy, course, syllabus, Aḥmadiyya. Aḥmadiyyat. curriculum qā’id jùïD÷¾ : leader. National departmental office holder .Supervisory organization : ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ Niẓārat of Majlis Anṣārullāh Nizam  : system A Jewish tribe in Medina :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻗﻴﻨﻘﺎﻉ ) ‘Banū Qainuqā Nizāmuddīn Auliyā A Muslim saint who lived in India during early Islam. A.D. 1238-1328. Qaisar ᇮ : Caesar. emperor. Nūr-ud-Dīn, Ḥaḍrat Al-Ḥājj Maulānā (May Allāh be qalb NüÇ÷¾ : Turning, reversal, transformation. Essence. please with him): First successor (1908-1914)to the The central point of an organism, heart, mind. Promised Messiah, peace be on him) qamīḍ, kamīz, kameez  : upper garment.

21 ”contentment Sadd al-dhara‘i: “blocking the means : ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺖ Qanā‘at qarḍah ç÷¤üp÷¾ : debt. Ṣadaqah  : alms qarḍah ḥasanah ç÷Ú÷s÷b ç÷¤üp÷¾ : debt of honor, debt Ṣādiq, Ṣaadiq without interest. Ṣadr  : President. Qāti‘: definitive. Ṣafar: An Islamic month. direction to face, for Muslims, when Safīh: foolish :( ﻗﺒﻠہ ) Qiblah they worship. Ṣaḥābah, Ṣaḥāba  : Companions (of the Holy Qiyāmah: Resurrection Prophet Muḥammad, peace and blessings of Allah Qiyas: (legal reasoning by) analogy. analogical be on him, and of the Promised Messiah, reasoning ‘alaihissalām). Qiyas ma al-fariq: analogy with a difference Ṣaḥābī: companion Qubā. A town near Medina (Madīnah) in Arabia. sahar : early dawn, time before daybreak Qudsiyyah Ṣāḥib NùbD÷z : Companion, fellow, friend, owner, .A Jewish tribe in Medina originator. Mr., a gentleman :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻗﺮﻳﻈہ ) Banū Quraiẓah during early Islam.  Ø|Cünø¾ Ṣāḥibah : Companion, fellow, friend, owner, Qur’ān, Quran, Koran : recitation, a book most originator. Mrs., Ms. Miss, a lady. .ƾॗ Son of a respected person زادہ :read. The Holy Book revealed to Muḥammad, Ṣāḥibzādah ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam, in Arabic over 23 years. Respected gentleman. -ud-Dīn Bakhtyār Kākī: A saint (d. AD 1235) ƾॗ زادى Quwwat-i-Qudsiyya: Spiritual Power Ṣāḥibzādah: Daughter of a respected person. Respected lady. ṣaḥīḥ düêùc÷z : correct R Ṣaḥīḥain Ûüê÷cüêùc÷z : The two most authentic works of Rabb: sustainer. nourisher Ḥadīth, Bukhārī and Muslim. Rabwah ä÷ÝüL÷m : A town established by the Aḥmadiyya sahur: last (light) meal before daybreak during community as their headquarters in Pakistan. The Ramadan town is located in District Jhang in Punjab next to ä÷jüY÷r River Chenāb. Sajdah : prostration raḍiyallāhu ‘anhā:    : May Allah be pleased Salām: Greeting of peace. with her. Salāms: Plural of Salām. õÝ|Ç÷z raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu: øçüÚ÷± øÓC ÷ëù¤÷m : May Allah be pleased Ṣalāt : Formal Prayer offered according to a with him. prescribed procedure. Thus, Ṣalātut-Tahajjud, raḍiyallāhu ‘anhum    : May Allah be Ṣalātul-Fajr, Ṣalātuż-Żuhr, Ṣalātul-‘Asr, Ṣalātul- Maghrib, Ṣalātul-‘Ishā. pleased with them. ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam ×û÷Ç÷r ÷Ü ùçüê÷Ç÷± øÓC ë÷ûÇ÷z : peace and raḥimahullāh ÓCøç÷Öùb÷m : May Allah have mercy on him blessings of Allah be on him. raḥmah, raḥmat: mercy. (God’s) mercy Ṣan‘ā: A city in Yemen. raka‘āt OD÷²÷Â÷m : Plural of rak‘at Sānī: see Thānī ç÷²üÂ÷m rak‘at, rak ‘ah : A section of the prescribed Saracen: From Arabic sharqiyīn Prayer. Plural: raka‘āt Sarangi: Fiddle. Violin. Ramaḍān (Ramadhān, Ramazān, Ramzān) ØD÷¥÷Õ÷m : Sarāyā: See Sariyyah. plural: Sarāyā: Expedition led by a ,( َﺳ ِﺮیﻩ ) Islamic lunar month ascribed for prescribed Sariyyah fasting. person appointed by the Prophet. Rasūl, Rasool  : messenger, prophet, (pl. rusul) Ṣaum ÔüÝ÷z : fasting, fast Rasul-i-Akram   : Holy Prophet Muhammad, Sayed al-Ma‘soomeen: Chief of the Innocent. Most sallallahu alaihi wa sallam Innocent. Rā’y: personal opinion Sayyid: master, lord, chief, head, leader. Mr. Ribā: usury. disguised usury. interest. gentleman, a descendant of the Holy Prophet roza  : fast Muahammad, peace and blessings of Allah be on him. Sovereign, independent. Rūḥānī Khazā’in: Spiritial treasures. Collection of the Sayyidinā: Our master. There is a kasra on dal in writings of the Promised Messiah, peace be on him. sayyidina. Rukhṣatī ëùQ÷¡üføm : Sending bride to husband’s house. Shafā‘at R÷±D÷»÷v : intercession. Rupee: South Asian currency Shahīd  : Martyr; also, witness rusul: messengers, prophets, (pl. of rasūl)  shalwār : lower garment with separate covers for each leg. S Ṣābirīn: persons patiently persevering

22 Sharadh: Festival. Food given to their priests by Ta‘ālā  : The Most High, The Exalted Hindus for the dead. Ta‘awwudh: There is shadda on wau in ta‘awwudh or Sharī‘ah ç÷²üéùn÷v : (Islamic) jurisprudence, divine law, ta‘awwuz. ëù²ùLD÷P ³üM÷P code, law. Tab‘a Tābi‘ī : the generation following the Sharī‘at R÷²üéùn÷v : see Sharī‘ah. tabi‘i generation ëù²ùLD÷P Shī‘ah: A Muslim sect ascribing succession after Tābi‘ī : Follower. First generation following the Muḥammad (peace and blessings of Allāh be on Companions (Ṣaḥabah). him) to ‘Alī (may Allāh be pleased with him). Tābi‘īn Ûüêù²ùLD÷P : Plural of Tābi‘ī. Shi‘b  : mountain pass, gap tablīgh ¸üêùÇüM÷P : preaching, propagation Shiblī: A Muslim mystic. Died A.D. 945. Tablīgh Risālat Tabshīr Shirk Áünùv : Association of aught as partner in person Tadhkirah: Reminder. Memento. Collection of the and attributes to God. dreams, visions and revelations of the Promised .section Messiah, peace be on him : ﺷﻌﺒہ Shu‘bah, Sho‘ba  Shūrā : advisory council. consulation. Tafsir: interpretation proper Tafsir bil mathur: valid precedent ﺻﺤﺖ Ṣiḥḥat sihr nücùr : illusion, magic, witchcraft, sorcery, spell, Tafsir bil ray: personal opinion charm tahajjud  : Predawn Islamic worship offered after Sijjīn: a register of a prison sleeping during the night. Ɩ :One of the thirty parts of the Holy Qur’ān. Taḥmīdرہ Sipara Tahrik-i-Jadid, Tahrik Jadid, Tahreek Jadeed, ˱رہ ؓ new scheme. A : ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ in Arabic. Tahreek-i-Jadeed ﺟ ﺰ sī : thrity. pāra : part] Juz] character, scheme among Ahmadi Muslims started by their : ﺳﻴﺮﺕ، ﺳﻴﺮﺓ Sīrah, Sirat, Seerat, Seerah biography, way of life, conduct second successor to arrange for propagation in countries other than the subcontinent of India. Ta : ﺳﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﯽ Sirah al-Nabi, Siratun-Nabi, Seeratunnabi Character of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace has fath (Zabar) on it so it weould be incorrect to and blessings of Allah be on him follow t by an e as in Tehrik. .third Taḥsiniyyat: desirabilities : ﺳﻮﻡ Sivvum Siyasah: public policy tidings: tiding is incorrect Siyasah shari‘ah: sharia-oriented public policy tā’ī: Wife of father’s elder brother. Sofa: From Arabic ṣuffah A thatched platform erected in a corner of tajnīd  : census : ﺻﻔہ Suffah the courtyard of the mosque of the Prophet in Taklif: duty. Medina for the homeless immigrants. Ṭālib Ṣūfī: A follower of Sufism. Ṭālibān Sufism: Being a Ṣūfī. A simple life of righteousness Ta‘lil: rational analysis and service to the cause of man and God. ta‘līm  : education Suhrawardī Ta‘līmul-Islām (Ta‘līm al-Islām): Education of Islam suhur: plural of sahar Talisman: From Arabic ṭilasm Sunnah çû÷Úør : practice of the Holy Prophet Talqīn-i-‘Amal: exhortation to act Muḥammad, ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam. normative Tanakh: Jewish Bible teaching of the prophet. Taqlid: precedent. .righteousness : ﺗﻘﻮی Sunnah mu’assisah: “Founding Sunna” Taqwā sunnah prayer: Non-obligatory portion of formal taravīḥ : An alternative to tahajjud offered after Islāmic worship offered following the example of ‘Isha in congregation during Ramadan. the Holy Prophet, Muḥammad, peace and blessings tarbiyat, tarbiyah R÷êùLün÷P : training of Allāh on him. tarikh, tareekh, tārīkh: history Sunnī: Traditionists. A sect of Islam. Tasbīḥ Sūrah ä÷müÝør : A chapter of the Holy Qur’ān. There are tashahhud: There is shadda on ha in tashahhud. ç÷LüÝ÷P 114 Sūrahs (chapters)—of various lengths—in the taubah, tauba : repentance Holy Qur’ān. Tauhīd, Tawhid: monotheism. Unity of God. ÈøûÂ÷Ý÷P Suraqa : The Meccan riding a horse who followed tawakkul : reliance, dependence, trust, the Holy Prophet Muhammad, sallallahu alaihi wa confidence. sallam, after he left Mecca, to claim the bounty on Tawātur: recurrent and continuous testimony. his head. Ta’wil: allegorical interpretation. ×øûÖ÷ê÷P Tayammum : To wash with clean sand or earth where water is unavailable. Dry ablutions. T 23 Ta‘zir: deterrent Wahhābī: Muslim sect founded by Muḥammad bin Thānī ëùÙD÷T : second in sequence ‘Abdul-Wahhāb in the eighteenth century. reward Wahy: divine revelation : ﺛﻭﺍﺏ Thawāb tilāwat O÷ÜÌùP : recitation. Wajib: obligatory. Tilāwatul-Qur’ān Ø|Cünø¿üÆC O÷ÜÌùP : recitation from the Holy Wakil: representative ëùÆ÷Ü Qur’an. walīy, walī : guardian, caretaker, custodian, Tirmidhī  : Tirmidhi’s collection of ahadith. friend, companion, saint, master, chief, owner, tonga: cart driven by horses ruler, leader, superior Toḥfa-i-Qaisariyyah waqf: dedication. devotion. endowment. Waqf-i-Ārḍī: Temporary Devotion Tughlaq Dynasty: A succession of rulers in India Waqf-i-Jadīd, Waqf Jadīd, Waqf-i-Jadeed, Waqf during A.D. 1321-1398. Jadeed jüéùj÷Xù¼ü¾÷Ü : New Devotion. A scheme among Al-Turuq al-Hukmiyyah: Methods of Judgment the Ahmadiyya community to arrange for the Tzar, Czar: Emperor. King of Russian empire. educational and medical support of the people of the less endowed countries of the world. New Devotion. Ahmadi Muslim : ﻭﻗﻒ ﻧﻮ Waqf-i-Nau U children dedicated to Islam during their childhood. ‘Ubaidullah Nau is a Persian word and the zer on fe of waqf is a Uḥud  : Place where the second battle with special zer which is called ezafi. So it should be Meccans took place. written as Waqfi-i-Nau (or Waqf-e-Nau) to indicate ‘Ukāz that it is an ezafi and not an ordinary zer. ‘ulamā D÷Ö÷Çø± : (religious) scholars. religious scholars. Wāqif: devotee Plural of ‘ālim, a (religious) scholar. {ulema}. Wāqifīn-i-Nau, Waqifeen-i-Nau: Children pledged by ‘Ulama is already a plural so it will be wrong to add parents for devotion to the Ahmadiyya cause. an s to it (‘ulamas) to make its plural. Waqif-i-zindagi: An Ahmadi Muslim who has devoted ‘ulema: see ‘ulamā his life for the service of Islam. will : ﻭﺻﻴﺖ Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb: The second successor to the waṣiyyat‘ ÔC÷Ç÷ûsÆC÷Ü Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be on was-salām (wassalām) : and (greetings of) him) peace. Ummah, Ummat ö÷ûÕøC : nation, people. Muslim Wuḍū ôÝø¤øÜ : Ablution. Prescribed washing before community. Islamic worship. Umm Hani, Ummi Hani. Not Umm-i-Hani. Not Umm -e-Hani Y .general Yathrib: Present day Medina or Madinah in Arabia : ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ umūmī‘ Umūr or Umoor (not amur or amur) Came to be known as Madīnat-un-Nabī (City of ‘Uqubat: : crimes and penalties ÜøiøümøC the Prophet) after the Holy Prophet Muḥammad Urdū : National language of Pakistan, also spoken (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) migrated in some areas of India and adjoining regions there from Mecca. comprising mostly of Arabic, Persian and Hindī Yaum al-Ākhir: the Last Day words and expressions. Yaum al-Ba‘th: Day of Resurrection ‘Urf: social custom Yaum al-Dīn: the Day of Judgment Usman: See Uthmān Yaum al-Faṣl: the Day of Decision Uthmān (Osman, Usman, Othman): Third successor Yaum al-Ḥisāb: the Day of Reckoning. to the Holy Prophet Muhammad, sallallahu alaihi Yaum al-Qiyāmah: Day of Resurrection wa sallam. yuzakki: one who purifies.

V Z Zubūr: Book of Psalms Vedas: Ancient Hindu texts. Victory, triumph : ﻅﻔﺮ Zafar vis-à-vis (pronounced as veezavee): in regard to, in Ẓafrulla Khān, Sir Muḥammad Ẓafarullāh Khān relation to. ØD÷fÓCøn»÷¬j÷ûÖ÷cøÕ : (February 6, 1893 - September 1, 1985). Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln’s Inn, 1914. W Member, Punjab Legislative Council, 1926-1935. ,and peace be on you Member, Governor-General’s Executive Council : ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﮑﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ wa ‘alaikumus-salam (plural). India, 1935-1941. Judge, Supreme Court of India, .a village to the southwest of Medina 1941-1947. Foreign Minister, Pakistan, 1947-1954 : ّﻭﺩﺍﻥ Waddān from early Islam Judge, International Court of Justice, 1954-1961

24 (Vice President, 1958-1961). Permanent Representative, Pakistan at United Nations, 1961- 1964. President, General Assembly of United Nations, 1962-1963. Judge, International Court of Justice, 1964-1973 (President, 1970-1973). Zaid bin Thābit: a close companion of the Prophet who presented the Holy Qur’ān in a complete Book form, to Ḥaḍrat Abū Bakr. za‘īm ×üêù±÷o : leader, chief, head, boss, strongman. Head of a local chapter of Majlis Anṣārullāh. Zakāt, Zakah õÝ|Â÷o : Prescribed alms. legal alms. ẓālimīn: evildoers Zanni: speculative zero: ṣifr (Arabic) Zia-ul-Haq: Military dictator who ruled Pakistan 1977 -1988. Died in a military plane crash. Zikr: see dhikr zikr-i-ilāhī: see dhikr-i-ilāhī Zoroaster: Ancient Persian prophet and poet. Ẓuhr nüæø¬ : Afternoon Prayer. Zulfikar ‘Alī Bhutto: Ruled Pakistan 1971-1977. Hanged in 1979 at the age of 52.

25

Dictionary

(the Promised Messiah, peace be on him ﺍ a’immah: plural of imām Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ṭāhir (1928-2003), Allah’s mD÷TA āthār: plural of athar. mercy be on him: Fourth successor (1982-2003) to ÛüêùÕA Āmīn [Āmeen]: So be it. Amen. the Promised Messiah, peace be on him). Aḥmadī, Ahmadi: A member of the Aḥmadiyya اَ Jِ 7ٛی Ānsah  āyāt: verses, signs Muslim Community founded by Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad (1835-1908), the Promised Messiah  āyah: a verse, sign and Imām Mahdī, may peace be upon him. Ibāḥah: permissibility. ×ùÇüsøÕ èùj÷Öüb÷C Aḥmadī Muslim: see Aḥmadī üÅC÷jüL÷C abdāl: an order of saints, saints, devotees. Plural ö÷ûéùj÷Öüb÷C of badal or badīl. Aḥmadiyya: see Aḥmadiyyat  abī: father of ö÷ûéùj÷Öüb÷C Aḥmadiyyah: see Aḥmadiyyat R÷ûéùj÷Öüb÷C  abbā : father, dad Aḥmadiyyat: Muslim sect believing Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad to be the Promised Messiah  ibn, ibn, ibni: , bin, bn  : son of. (second coming) and the Mahdī awaited by Ibn ‘Abbas. Ibni ‘Abbas Muslims, peace be on him. Ibni ‘Arabī: Ḥaḍrat Shaikh Akbar Muḥayyuddīn Ibni Aḥmadiyyat Kā Peghām (Massage of Aḥmadiyyat): A ‘Arabī (A.H. 560 to A.H. 638). Famous work al- booklet authored by Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Bashīr-ud-Dīn Futūḥāt al-Makkiyyah. Maḥmūd Aḥmad, Khalīfatul-Masīḥ II, raḍiyallāhu  abū: father of ‘anhu.  Abū Bakr: The first successor to the Holy ½ÌfC Akhlāq: manners Prophet, Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah çǤDº ½ÌfC Akhlāq-i-fāḍila: superior manners be on him. ØC÷k÷C adhān {Azān} : Verbal call, made loudly, to   Abū Dāwūd: A collection of ahādith. Author of announce the formal Islamic worship five times a this collection. day. ﺍﺑﻮ ﺟﻬﻞ Abū Jahl (father of Ignorance) : ‘Umar bin ÜøiøümøC Urdū: National language of Pakistan, also spoken Father of) ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﮑﻢ Hishām. Known as Abul-Ḥakam in some areas of India and adjoining regions Wisdom) before Islam. A Meccan persecutor of comprising mostly of Arabic, Persian and Hindī Muslims and an adversary of Islam. words and expressions. Abul-Hakam: Abu Jahl ,izālah: abolition, amends, compensation ﺍﺯﺍﻟہ n÷T÷C athar: remains. Relics. Signs. Traces. footprints discharge, nullification, removal, revocation,  Ijtimā‘, Ijtemā : Rally. withdrawal  Ijtimā‘āt : plural of Ijtima. Istihsan: juristic preference Ijtihād: rational deduction concerning a legal issue. ümD÷»ü·ùQürùC istighfār: seeking forgiveness from Allah ا̝ا ,intellectual exertion, speculative legal reasoning “striving,” juristic reasoning, personal reasoning. ÔÌürùC Ijmā‘: Consensus. general consensus. Islām: submission. Name of the religion üVüéùiD÷b÷C aḥādīth: Plural of ḥadīth. introduced by Muḥammad, may peace and .Uḥud: Place where the second battle with Meccans blessings of Allah be on him, in A.D. 610 ﺍﺣﺪ took place. The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islām: A lecture Aḥmad written by Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad of Qadian. Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Bashīr-ud-Dīn Maḥmūd (1889- R÷±D÷vùC Ishā‘at: publication 1965): Second successor (1914-1965) to the KDczC Aṣḥāb: Plural of Ṣaḥābī. the ,(.ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺻﻔہ.) Promised Messiah, peace be on him. Asḥāb al-Ṣuffah, Asḥābuṣ-Ṣuffah Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām (1835-1908), peace be people of the shelf, stone bench, platform. Aṭfāl : children. Plural of Ṭifl. Members of Majlis ﺍﻁﻔﺎﻝ on him: The Promised Messiah. Claimed to be the Second Advent of Jesus. Atfal-ul-Ahmadiyya. Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Masroor (1950-…), may Allah KCn±C I‘rāb: signs on letters indicating how to strengthen him with His mighty support: Fifth pronounce them. ﺍﻋﻠﯽ successor (2003-…) to the Promised Messiah (peace A‘lā be on him). a‘māl ÅD÷Öü±÷C : deeds, acts, actions Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Nāṣir (1909-1982), Allah’s ü×÷®ü±÷C mercy be on him: Third successor (1965-1982) to A‘ẓam: greatest, the great

26 afrūz Allāh, therefore, in shā’allāh or inshā’allāh as .afṭār: breaking the Islamic formal fast at sunset pronounced and In Shā’ Allāh otherwise ﺍﻓﻄﺎﺭ ansar, anṣār: Plural of nasir. Helpers. Medinites ﺍﻧﺼﺎﺭ .afṭārī: eating to break Islamic formal fast ﺍﻓﻄﺎﺭی ç÷ÕD÷¾ùC Iqāmah: Call to line up for congregational formal who helped and supported the Holy Prophet prayers. Muhammad sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam, and the Iqāmat: see Iqāmah Muslim immigrants from Mecca. Members of Akbar Muḥayyuddīn Ibni ‘Arabī. See Ibni ‘Arabī. Majlis Ansarullah. Anṣār is already a plural so it will al-iksīr: elixir be wrong to add an s to it (anṣārs) to make its algebra: from Arabic, al-jabr wal-muqābilah plural. Anṣārullāh, Anṣār Allāh: Helpers of Allāh. See ﺍﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﷲ WD÷cüÆ÷C al-Ḥājj, El-Ḥājj: a person who has performed the prescribed Islāmic pilgrimage to Mecca during its Majlis Anṣārullāh. The form Ansar Ullah is appointed days. Ḥājjī incorrect as the damma is on ra and not on the alif çû|ÇùÆ øjüÖ÷cüÆ÷C Al-Ḥamdu Lillāh: All praise belongs to Allah. in the middle. The correct forms are Ansar Allah or Ansarullah. Al-Ḥamdu Lillāhi Rabbil-‘Ālamīn. All praise belongs Inqilāb-i-Haqīqī (The Real Revolution): A lecture by to Allāh, Lord of the worlds. Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Bashīr-ud-Dīn Maḥmūd Aḥmad, the ×øÃüê÷Ç÷±øÔC÷Ç÷ûsÆ÷C As-Salāmu ‘Alaikum : Peace be on you. (The Muṣliḥ Mau‘ūd. formation assalam-o or assalam-u is incorrect as inter se: among themselves there is no waw  after mīm , hence the .Aus: An Arabian tribe at the time of early Islam ﺍﻭﺱ abbreviation AoA or A.O.A. or A-o-A is also Å÷ûÜC awwal: first incorrect.) Amīrah Auliyā: plural of walī. Saints. See walī. Amūr-i-‘Āmma: general matters, public relations, OM: (Hindu word for Unity, All, or God). social services. VéùjcÆC ÈåC Ahl al-Ḥadīth, Ahlul-Ḥadīth: An Islamic sect As-Salāmu ‘Alaikum Wa Raḥmatullāh Peace be with considering Ḥadith to be the the basis of faith. you and blessings of Allāh. Traditionists. ÓC Allāh: The one and only God. Ahl al-Ray: rationalists amīr al-baḥr, amīr-ul-baḥr: Commander of öû÷ÚøûsÆC ÈåC Ahl al-Sunnah, Ahlus-Sunnah: An Islamic sect ﺍﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ the seas. Anglicized to Admiral. considering Sunnah to be the basis of faith. Anbiyā: plural of nabī. Prophets. Véùjb ùÈåC Ahl-i-Ḥadīth: Persian formation of VéùjcÆC ÈåC Èüc÷ûÚÆ÷C Al-Naḥl, An-Naḥl: the bee. English magazine Ahl al-Ḥadīth, Ahlul-Ḥadīth. Traditionists. published by Majlis Anṣārullāh، USA. öû÷Úør ùÈåC Ahl-i-Sunnah: Persian formation of öû÷ÚøûsÆC ÈåC Ahl .al-Hilāl: The new moon. al-Sunnah, Ahlus-Sunnah ﺍﻟﮩﻼﻝ ÔD÷ÕùC imām: leader, chief, guide a’immah: plural of Imām Imām-uṣ-Ṣalāt: A person who leads the formal Īthār: Selflessness. Social Services. Islāmic worship. øÓCøä÷j÷ûé÷C ayyadahullāhu: May Allah support him. May ö÷ûÕøC Ummah, Ummat: nation, people. Muslim Allah aid him. community püéùp÷²üÆCùäùnü¡÷ÚùLë|ÆD÷²÷PøÓCøä÷j÷ûé÷C Ayyadahullāhu Ta‘ālā Bi-Naṣrihil- Umur or Umoor (not amur or amur) ‘Azīz: May Allah, the Exalted, support him with His Umm Hani, Ummi Hani. Not Umm-i-Hani. Not Umm Mighty help. Note: the Arabic expression -e-Hani ayyadahullāh does not translate as “strengthen his nüêùÕ÷C Amīr, Ameer: Commander, Head. National head hands.” Somehow this translation has become of the Aḥmadiyyah Community. commonplace though it is incorrect. The form ÛüêùÚùÕüãøÖüÆCønüêùÕ÷C Amīrul-Mu’minīn, Ameerul-Mu’mineen: ayyad is not related to hand (yad [iiè] in Arabic) The Commander of the Faithful. Khalīfah. rather it is derived from the root aid [ièC] in Arabic Amīn [Ameen] meaning to aid, to support, to strengthen, to succor, Innā Lillāhi Wa Innā Ilaihi Rāji‘ūn: From Allāh have in English. So it should translate, may Allah support we come and to Allāh shall we return. (2[Al- him, aid him, strengthen him, succor him, etc. Baqarah]:157. Words related to this root occur in the Holy Qur’ān Anjuman Ishā‘at-i-Islām: Also known as the Lahori nine times in verses 2:88, 2:254, 3:14, 5:111, 8:27, Aḥmadis. The group of Aḥmadis who do not believe 8:63, 9:40, and 57:23, and 61:15, and their in the prophethood of the Promised Messiah, and translation is not related to hand (j÷é). do not pledge allegiance to the Aḥmadiyya Khilāfat. Aid and yad are two seprate roots. The confusion ,Insān : human being, human, man, person occurs because aid also is plural of yad, therefore ا९ن ÓC÷ôD÷vüØùC In Shā’ Allāh, in shā’allāh: God willing. Note mixing them up can easily occur. that there is a hamza at the end of inshā’ and the Aid means (noun) strength and (verb) strengthen. fatḥ is on the hamza of Inshā’ and not on the alif of Al-Mawrid (2001 edition) has given the following meaning of ayyada: to spport, back (up), stand by,

27 stand up for, advocate, champion,, uphold, be in Islam. favor of, go for, to confirm, affirm, sustain, Bilāl corroborate, second, to endorse, santion, approve, ÛL bin: son of approbate, countenance, consent to, agree to, RÚL bint: daughter of concur in, accede to, subscribe to. .Banū Ḍamrah: A tribe from early Islam ﺑﻨﻮ َﺿ َﻤﺮﻩ And it has the following meaning of aid: force, Banū ‘Abd Manāf: An Arab tribe in early ﺑﻨﻮ ﻋﺒﺪ ِ◌ ﻣﻨﺎﻑ power, might, strength. Islam. (ﻧﺠﺎﺭ) Hans Wehr (1971) and Wortabet et al. (1954) have Banū Najjār Banū Naḍīr: A Jewish tribe in Medina during ﺑﻨﻮ ﻧﻀﻴﺮ given similar meanings. Vocabulary of the Holy Qur'an (Abdullah Abbas Nadwi, 1983) also has early Islam. listed same meaning as cited above. A Jewish tribe in Medina :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻗﺮﻳﻈہ ) Banū Quraiẓah Dictionary of the Holy Qur'an (Malik Ghulam Farid, during early Islam. 2006) gives the same meanining of ayyada as A Jewish tribe in Medina :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻗﻴﻨﻘﺎﻉ ) ‘Banū Qainuqā above. during early Islam. The Mu'jam al-Mufahras, index to the Holy Qur'an ÈêïCnrCëÚL Banī Isrā’īl: Children of Israel. has given the following forms under the alif-ya-dal. ä÷n÷Mü¿÷ÕëùQüwùæ÷L In front of each occurrence are the translations Bahishtī Maqbarah: heavenly graveyard. from Sher Ali. None of them adds hands to Graveyard established by the Promised Messiah strenthen. (peace be on him). Verse Form Sher Ali translation Bhang ÌÛåF : hemp, cannabis bait : house ﺑﻴﺖ ayya(d)ttuka strengthened thee 5:111 (Bait: couplet (poetry ﺑﻴﺖ ayyadaka strengthened thee 8:63 8:27 ayyadakum strengthened you èoDL  Bait bāzi: Contest in memorization of poetic 61:15 ayyadna We gave power compositions. Initiating team or person recites a 2:88 ayyadnahu strengthened him poetic verse, the opposing team has to recite a verse 2:254 ayyadnahu strengthened him with the starting letter same as the ending letter of 9:40 ayyadahu strengthened him the challenging team. 58:23 ayyadahum whom He has strengthened D÷±øûjÆCøRüê÷L Bait-ud-Du‘ā, Bait al-Du‘ā: A room in his house 3:14 yu’ayyidu strengthens with His aid designated by the Promised Messiah, ‘alaihis-salām, 38:18 al-aid hands just for praying. Baitullāh : house of God ﺑﻴﺖ ﷲ aid hands 51:48 Bait al-Zafar (Biat-uz-Zafar): House of ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮ The Ghulam Farid translation has the same approach. victory, triumph Therefore, ayyadahullahu bi-nasrihil-aziz should be R÷²üê÷L Bai‘at, Bay‘ah: pledging of allegiance. pledge of translated as may Allah strengthen him with His initiation, covenant of association. Entering the mighty support. ØD÷ÖüéùC pledge of allegiance with the Aḥmadiyya khilāfat. Īmān: faith, belief Ayyūb ﺍﻳﻮﺏ  Panda: A Hindu priest. ب .Para: A thirtieth part of the Holy Qur’an. Juz. Part ˱رہ ,Bukhārī: The most reliable source of the sayings parda ã÷küp÷J : Ḥijāb, niqāb, modesty, purdah, veil ﺑﺨﺎﺭی of the Holy Prophet Muḥammad, peace and curtain, screen or concealing garment used by some blessings of Allāh be on him. Hindus and Muslims to hide women from the gaze al-Burāq: A steed Muhammad rode in one of his ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻕ of men or strangers. visions. Pardah: see parda Barmakī, Faḍl: Son of Yahya Barmaki. A minister in Promised Messiah (Second Coming): See Masih-i- the court of Hārūn al-Rashīd. Mau‘ud. Barmakī, Yahya: A minister in the court of Hārūn al- Purdah: see parda Rashīd. Pandit, pundit: Scholar. Teacher. Hindu priest. Brahman: Hindu priest. Member of Hindu elite class.  biryānī: Spiced rice dish including meat and/or Punjabi ƥĺ : Language and people of the Punjab vegetables. south of Kashmir in India. .Ρ peghām rasānī : messagingم ر bismillāh-irrahmān-irrahīm or ౻Ō Bismillāhir-Rahmānir-Rahīm, or Bismillāh-ir- prophethood does not need a dash between prophet Rhmān-ir-Rahīm, or Bi ism Allāh al-Rahmān al- and hood. Rahīm or B’ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim: In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. Bu‘āth: a tribal which took place in Arabia before ﺑﻌﺎث 28 .sleeping during the night ت ×øûÖ÷ê÷P Tayammum : To wash with clean sand or earth tarikh, tareekh, tārīkh: history where water is unavailable. Dry ablutions. tonga: cart driven by horses ث .tā’ī (ᄅ1): Wife of father’s elder brother Ta’wil: allegorical interpretation. ëùÙD÷T Thānī : second in sequence ëù²ùLD÷P ³üM÷P Tab‘a Tābi‘ī : the generation following the Sānī: see Thānī Thawab: reward ﺛﻭﺍﺏ tabi‘i generation ëù²ùLD÷P Tābi‘ī : Follower. First generation following the ج .(Companions (Ṣaḥabah Ûüêù²ùLD÷P Tābi‘īn : Plural of Tābi‘ī. Tabshīr ³ùÕD÷X jāmi‘: comprehensive, inclusive, universal, ¸üêùÇüM÷P tablīgh: preaching, propagation generic, general, mosque, compiler, author, writer, Tablīgh Risālat typesetter  tajnīd: census   Jāmi‘a Ahmadiyya: Ahmadiyya University, Tahrik-i-Jadid, Tahrik Jadid, Tahreek training missionaries from members who have ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ Jadeed, Tahreek-i-Jadeed: new scheme. A scheme devoted their lives for the service of Islam. among Ahmadi Muslims started by their second jāhilīn: ignorant successor to arrange for propagation in countries Jabal-uṭ-Ṭāriq (Gibraltar): The mountain of an Arab other than the subcontinent of India. Ta has fath general Tāriq bin Ziyād. (Zabar) on it so it weould be incorrect to follow t by Ɣ Juz: A thirtieth part of the Holy Qur’an. Para. Part. an e as in Tehrik. ÓC÷ÁC÷p÷X jazākallāh : may Allah reward you (one male). Taḥsiniyyat: desirabilities. ÓCùÁC÷p÷X jazākallāh : may Allah reward you (one female). Toḥfa-i-Qaisariyyah ÓCø×øÂC÷p÷X Taḥmīd jazākumullāh: may Allah reward you (plural, taravīḥ: An alternative to tahajjud offered after male or female or both). Also used to address a ﺗﺮﺍﻭﻳﺢ ‘Isha in congregation during Ramadan. single person to show respect. R÷êùLün÷P tarbiyat, tarbiyah: training jizyah: While Zakāt was collected from believers, non- ,Tirmidhī: Tirmidhi’s collection of ahadith. believers paid jizyah; in return, their lives ﺗﺮﻣﺬی Tasbīḥ properties, honor and freedom of religious practice tashahhud: There is shadda on ha in tashahhud. were safeguarded by the Islāmic government.  Ta‘ālā: The Most High, The Exalted Ja‘far .Jalsa: meeting. assembly. convention ﺟﻠﺴہ Ta‘zir: deterrent ç÷ÙËD÷rç÷süÇ÷X Jalsa (Jalsah) Salāna: Annual Convention Ta‘lil: rational analysis R÷±D÷Ö÷X  Ta‘lm: education Jamā‘at, Jamā‘ah: community of believers. Taqlīd: precedent. Community, Organization Taklif: duty. Jamā‘at Aḥmadiyyah: The Aḥmadiyyah Community. Ta‘līmul-Islām (Ta‘līm al-Islām): Education of Islam Jamāl: beauty Ta‘awwudh: There is shadda on wau in ta‘awwudh or ç÷²üÖøX , ç÷²øÖøX Jum‘ah, Jumu‘ah, Jum‘a, Jumu‘a: Friday. ta‘awwuz. (Friday Prayer Services) Tughlaq Dynasty: A succession of rulers in India Jumu‘atul-Widā‘ during A.D. 1321-1398. Junaid Baghdādī: Famous Muslim Mystic. Lived A.D. Tafsir: interpretation proper 830-910. Tafsir bil mathur: valid precedent Jannah Tafsir bil ray: personal opinion  jannatul-firdaus, Jannah al-Firdaus: .Taqwā: righteousness. paradise, heaven ﺗﻘﻮی O÷ÜÌùP tilāwat: recitation. iD÷æùX Jihād: strife Ø|Cünø¿üÆC O÷ÜÌùP Tilāwatul-Qur’ān: recitation from the Holy Jahannam

Qur’an. چ Talqīn-i-‘Amal: exhortation to act Tanakh: Jewish Bible uùpùZ charas: hemp extract, cannabis resin, marijuana, Tawātur: recurrent and continuous testimony. ç÷LüÝ÷P taubah, tauba: repentance pot Chishtiyah Tauhīd, Tawhid: monotheism. Unity of God.  Chanda: Monetary contribution, donation. (The ÈøûÂ÷Ý÷P tawakkul: reliance, dependence, trust, confidence. ha at the end is to indicate a fath on dal, and is not  tahajjud: Predawn Islamic worship offered after pronounced, so should not be explicitly written in

29 the transliteration of the word.) ḥadīth are reliable in point of (a) memory, (b)  chanda ijtimā‘: contribution towards intelligence and (c) integrity. ijtima‘ expenses °üÝø¤üÝ÷Õ Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Mauḍu‘: A ḥadīth which is proved to have been invented by a lying narrator. ¹üÝø¾üÝ÷Õ Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Mauqūf: Cannot be traced to the ح Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be on üWD÷cüÆ÷C al-Ḥājj: a person who has performed prescribed him) but stops short and does not proceed beyond a pilgrimage to Mecca. particular reporter. But the nature of the ḥadīth and ājjī (Arabic, Persian), Hāji (Urdu): see al-ājj. A person the tenor and tone of the testimony should warrant who has performed Hajj. the conclusion that the Holy Prophet (Peace and ü®ùºD÷b Ḥafiẓ: A person who has memorized the Arabic blessings of Allāh be on him) must have been heard text of the Holy Qur’ān. making the statement. Hazri Nigrani Hudud: prescribed punishments  aj: Formal pilgrimage to Mecca during appointed time Ḥudhaifah of the year. Ḥarām: unlawful, forbidden Hisba: commanding good and forbidding evil KDYb ijāb: Modesty. Niqāb. Veil. Parda. Outerwear Ḥasan Ḥaḍrat: son of Ḥaḍrat ‘Alī (may Allah be for Muslim ladies. pleased with both) َ ْ ْ َ Al-Hajar-ul-Aswad: The Black Stone. Ḥusain Ḥaḍrat: son of Ḥaḍrat ‘Alī (may Allah be ﺍﻟ َﺤ َﺠ ُﺮﺍﻻ ْﺳ َﻮﺩ ُ ْ (Ḥajjatul-Widā‘: The last hajj of the Holy pleased with both َﺣ ﱠﺠﺔﺍﻟ ِﻮ َﺩﺍﻉ Prophet, Muhammad, sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam. ḥashīshīn: assassin in English. from Arabic Hajiyyat: complementary interests O÷nü¥÷b Ḥaḍrat [Hadhrat, Hazrat]: His Holiness Ḥudaibiyah Ḥuḍūr [Ḥudhūr, Ḥuzūr]: His Honor, His ﺣﻀﻮﺭ Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth: Saying of the Holy Prophet Muḥammad, Holiness, Your Honor, Your Holiness. In Urdu, it is ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam. a verified account of a spelled Ḥaḍūr [Ḥaḍoor, Ḥadhūr, Ḥadhoor, Ḥazūr, statement or action of the Prophet Muhammad. Ḥazoor]. Plural Aḥādīth. ḥuffāẓ: Plural of Ḥāfiẓ. Those who commit the entire èùnüéùnü¿÷P Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Taqrīrī: Relates neither a statement Qur’ān to memory nor an act of the Holy Prophet (peace of Allāh be on Ḥafṣah َﺣ َﻔﺼہ him and His blessings). Instead it records what a Ḥaq: Truth particular person did or said in the presence of the Ḥuqūq-ul-‘ibād: man’s obligations toward others Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be on Haqq Allah: “pure right of God” him) and that he did not forbid him to do or say it. Ḥuqūqullāh: obligations toward God ¼üêù²÷¤ Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Ḍa‘īf: The ḥadīth with an unreliable narrator, either in respect of memory or intelligence ˈ Ḥakam: arbitrator, arbiter. umpire, referee or integrity, so much so that even if one of the Hukm: ruling, ruling with binding force narrators is unreliable, in spite of the rest of them RÖÃb Ḥikmat: wisdom, foresight, practice of medicine being reliable, the ḥadīth will be treated as weak çÖÃb Ḥikmah: wisdom, foresight (ḍa‘īf). ü×üêùÃ÷b Ḥakīm: wise person, physician ëùÇü²ùº Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Fi‘lī : Does not quote any word or Halal: lawful statement of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings Halal wa haram: lawful and unlawful Ḥilful-Fuḍūl: Covenant/Alliance of Faḍls. A ﺤﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻮﻝ .of Allāh be on him) but narrates some act of his ëùrüjø¾ Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Qudsī: The Holy Prophet (peace and part of the names of most of the signatories was .(ﻔﻀﻞ) blessings of Allāh be on him) ascribes a word or act Faḍl to God the Excellent, saying that God had Ḥanīf, Ḥaneef .The new moon : ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ commanded him thus. Such a statement is other al-Hilāl than the Qur’ānic revelation. ëùÆüÝ÷¾ Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Qaulī: Quotes the words of the Holy خ Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be on him) as actually uttered by him. ÛûêùMû÷ÚüÆC ÷×÷PD÷f Khātaman-Nabiyyīn: Seal of the prophets. Èù¡÷ûQøÕ Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Muttaṣil: The reporters of this Best of the prophets. Muḥammad, peace and ḥadīth are known and mentioned and are known blessings of Allah be on him. and placed in a serial order and none of them is ÔùiD÷f Khādim: servant, attendant. A member of Majlis found missing or left un-identified. Khuddāmul-Aḥmmadiyyah. °üÝøºün÷Õ Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Marfū‘: Traces a statement direct to  Khārijī (Kharijite): external, outsider, foreign. the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be Khālid, Khaalid on him) without any break in the chain of reporters. O÷ûÝøM÷Ù ×üQ÷f Khatm-i-Nubuwwat: Completion or finality of ³ù©÷¿üÚøÕ Vüéùj÷b Ḥadīth Munqaṭi‘: All narrators of this prophethood. 30 duvvam : second ﺩﻭﻡ ,ÔC÷ûjøf Khuddām: Plural of khādim. Servants attendants. Member of Majlis Khuddāmul- Dīn: Religion, Faith Aḥmmadiyyah. ç÷ûéùj÷Öüb÷CüÆCøÔC÷ûjøf Khuddāmul-Aḥmmadiyya: see Majlis - Khuddāmul-Aḥmmadiyya Dowie, Dr. John Alexander (1847-1907): Challenged Khadījah َﺧﺪﻳﺠہ to a prayer duel by the Promised Messiah, peace be ِ َ .Khazraj: A tribe during the time of early Islam ﺧﺰﺭﺝ on him. ጾى Kisra: Chosroes &و ç÷Mü©øf ذ .Khutbah, khutba : Address, (Friday) sermon ö÷ºÌùf Khilāfat, Khilāfah : succession, caliphate  ç÷ûéùj÷Öüb÷CùR÷ºÌùf Khilāfat-i-Aḥmadiyyah: Aḥmadiyyah dhikr (also zikr): remembrance  Khilāfat. dhikr-i-ilahi : (a Persian/Urdu formation) Khulafā’-ur-Rāshidūn: Righteous Successors remembrance of God.  Khul‘: divorce initiated by wife. Zulfikar ‘Alī Bhutto: Ruled Pakistan 1971-1977. D÷»÷Çøf Khulafā: Plural of khalīfah. Hanged in 1979 at the age of 52. Dhū al-Ḥajjah, Dhul-Ḥajjah: A month in ﺫﻭ َﺍﻟﺤﺠہ ç÷»üêùÇ÷f Khalīfah, khalīfa: Vicegerent. Successor. Also Islamic lunar calendar. Also Dhū al-Ḥijjah, Dhul- calif, caliph, kalif, kaliph, khalif. ﺫﻭ ِﺍﻟﺤﺠہ Ḥijjah düêùs÷ÖüÆCøö÷»üêùÇ÷f Khalīfatul-Masīḥ, Khalīfat-ul-Masīḥ: Dhū al-Ḥijjah, Dhul-Ḥijjah: A month in ﺫﻭ ِﺍﻟﺤﺠہ Successor to Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad of Qadian (1835-1908), the Promised Messiah, may Islamic lunar calendar. Also Dhu al-Ḥajjah, Dhul- ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠہ . َ peace be upon him. Ḥajjah Dhū al-Qa‘dah, Dhul-Qa‘dah: A month in ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘَﻌﺪﻩ .Khalilullah: friend of God al-Khuwarazmi: [algorithm] Islamic lunar calendar. Also Dhū al-Qi‘dah, Dhul- ۔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘِﻌﺪﻩ Qi‘dah Dhū al-Qi‘dah, Dhul-Qi‘dah: A month in ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘِﻌﺪﻩ د ,Dhū al-Qa‘dah ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘَﻌﺪﻩ Islamic lunar calendar. Also Dār al-Ḥarb: abode of war Dhul-Qa‘dah.  darussalām: Abode of peace. dār-uṣ-Ṣanā‘ah: to English arsenal: from Arabic, ر industrial complex    dā‘ī ilallāh: caller towards Allah Rā’y: personal opinion    Da‘īn ilallāh (da‘iyin ilallah): plural of da‘i Rabb: sustainer. nourisher ilallah Ribā: usury. disguised usury. interest. Dawūd: David ä÷ÝüL÷m Rabwah: A town established by the Aḥmadiyya ﺩﺍﻭﺩ mD÷Lüm÷i Darbār: court community as their headquarters in Pakistan. The  dars: A reading. A teaching. town is located in District Jhang in Punjab next to   dars-ul-Ḥadīth : A reading from the River Chenāb. Rupee: South Asian currency saying of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, sallallahu raḥmah, raḥmat: mercy. (God’s) mercy alaihi wa sallam, accompanied by its explanation. ÓCøç÷Öùb÷m raḥimahullāh: May Allah have mercy on him   dars-ul-Qur’ān: A reading from the Holy ëùQ÷¡üføm Rukhṣatī: Sending bride to husband’s house. Qur’ān accompanied by its explanation. rusul: messengers, prophets, (pl. of rasūl) درود Darūd, Darood [Urdū] (Durūd in Persian?):  Rasūl, Rasool: messenger, prophet, (pl. rusul) blessings, benediction, salutation.   Rasul-i-Akram : Holy Prophet Mohammad, darveshān: plural of darvesh: In Ahmadi Muslims, sallallahu alaihe wa sallam who stayed in Qadian, under precarious conditions, øçüÚ÷± øÓC ÷ëù¤÷m raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu:: May Allah be pleased to safeguard the sacred places, at the partition of with him. the subcontinent of India in 1947.     Dajjal: anti-Christ raḍiyallāhu ‘anhā: May Allah be pleased with her. Da‘wah: call to religion     Da‘wat ilallāh: calling towards God raḍiyallāhu ‘anhum (razi allaho anhom, prayer, supplication radi allaho anhom): : May Allah be pleased with : ﺩﻋﺎ du‘ā them. دوnj Dost : friend. This term has been commonly OD÷²÷Â÷m raka‘āt: Plural of rak‘at used by the Promised Messiah (peace be on him) ç÷²üÂ÷m rak‘at, rak ‘ah: A section of the prescribed Prayer. and his successors for the members of the Plural: raka‘āt Ahmadiyya Community since its inception. 31 ØD÷¥÷Õ÷m Ramaḍān (Ramadhān, Ramazān, Ramzān): Sayyid: master, lord, chief, head, leader. Mr. Islamic lunar month ascribed for prescribed fasting. gentleman, a descendant of the Holy Prophet Rūḥānī Khazā’in: Spiritial treasures. Collection of the Muahammad, peace and blessings of Allah be on writings of the Promised Messiah, peace be on him. him. Sovereign, independent.  roza: fast Sayed al-Ma‘soomeen: Chief of the Innocent. Most Innocent. Sayyidinā: Our master. There is a kasra on dal in .sayyidina ز ,character : ﺳﻴﺮﺕ، ﺳﻴﺮﺓ Sīrah, Sirat, Seerat, Seerah Tzar, Czar: Emperor. King of Russian empire. biography, way of life, conduct : ﺳﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﯽ üêù±÷o za‘īm: leader, chief, head, boss, strongman. Head Sirah al-Nabi, Siratun-Nabi, Seeratunnabi× of a local chapter of Majlis Anṣārullāh. Character of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace õÝ|Â÷o Zakāt, Zakah: legal alms. Prescribed alms. and blessings of Allah be on him Zubūr: Book of Psalms ش Zaid bin Thābit: a close companion of the Prophet who presented the Holy Qur’ān in a complete Book form, to Ḥaḍrat Abū Bakr. Shiblī: A Muslim mystic. Died A.D. 945. Zoroaster: Ancient Persian prophet and poet. Sharadh: Festival. Food given to their priests by Hindus for the dead. sharqiyīn: Saracen, From Arabic س Sarangi: Fiddle. Violin. Áünùv Shirk: Association of aught as partner in person .Ɩ Sipara: One of the thirty parts of the Holy Qur’ān. and attributes to Godرہ R÷²üéùn÷v .in Arabic. Sharī‘at: see Sharī‘ah ﺟﺰ part] Juz ˱رہ : sī : ؓ thrity. pāra] ç÷²üéùn÷v ä÷jüY÷r Sajdah: prostration Sharī‘ah: (Islamic) jurisprudence, divine law, Sijjīn: a register of a prison code, law.  nücùr sihr: illusion, magic, witchcraft, sorcery, spell, Shi‘b: mountain pass, gap Shu‘bah, Sho‘ba: section ﺷﻌﺒہ charm R÷±D÷»÷v sahar: early dawn, time before daybreak Shafā‘at: intercession.  sahur: last (light) meal before daybreak during shalwār: lower garment with separate covers for Ramadan each leg.  Sadd al-dhara‘i: “blocking the means” Shahīd : Martyr; also, witness Suraqa: The Meccan riding a horse who followed the  Shūrā : advisory council. consulation. Holy Prophet Shī‘ah: A Muslim sect ascribing succession after Muḥammad, sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, after he left Muḥammad (peace and blessings of Allāh be on Mecca, to claim the bounty on his head. him) to ‘Alī (may Allāh be pleased with him). Sarāyā: See Sariyyah. ص plural: Sarāyā: Expedition led by a ,( َﺳ ِﺮیﻩ ) Sariyyah person appointed by the Prophet. Safīh: foolish Ṣābirīn: persons patiently persevering Salām: Greeting of peace. NùbD÷z Ṣāḥib: Companion, fellow, friend, owner, Salāms: Plural of Salām. originator. Mr., a gentleman. .ƾॗ Ṣāḥibzādah: Son of a respected person زادہ ,çû÷Úør Sunnah: practice of the Holy Prophet Muḥammad ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam. normative teaching of Respected gentleman. the prophet. .ƾॗ Ṣāḥibzādah: Daughter of a respected person زادى Sunnah mu’assisah: “Founding Sunna” sunnah prayer: Non-obligatory portion of formal Respected lady. Islāmic worship offered following the example of ṣaḥīḥ: correct  Ṣāḥibah: Companion, fellow, friend, owner, the Holy Prophet, Muḥammad, peace and blessings originator. Mrs., Ms. Miss, a lady. of Allāh on him. Ṣādiq, Ṣaadiq Sunnī: Traditionists. A sect of Islam.  Ṣadr: President. ä÷müÝør Sūrah: A chapter of the Holy Qur’ān. There are  Ṣadaqah: alms 114 Sūrahs (chapters)—of various lengths—in the  Holy Qur’ān. Ṣaḥābah, Ṣaḥāba: Companions (of the Holy ,sivvum : third Prophet Muḥammad, ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam ﺳﻮﻡ Siyasah: public policy and of the Promised Messiah, ‘alaihissalām.) Siyasah shari‘ah: sharia-oriented public policy Ṣaḥābī: companion

32 .Ṣiḥḥat nüæø¬ Ẓuhr: Afternoon Prayer ﺻﺤﺖ düêùc÷z ṣaḥīḥ: correct Ûüê÷cüêùc÷z ع Ṣaḥīḥain: The two most authentic works of Ḥadīth, Bukhārī and Muslim. ( ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﺐ) afar: An Islamic month. ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib ṣifr: zero (From Arabic)  ‘ālim or alim, a (religious) scholar. A thatched platform erected in a corner of Āliyah : ﺻﻔہ Suffah the courtyard of the mosque of the Prophet in Amīrah Medina for the homeless immigrants. ‘Āmir ×û÷Ç÷r ÷Ü ùçüê÷Ç÷± øÓC ë÷ûÇ÷z ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam: peace and ‘Āmirah blessings of Allah be on him. çÇÕD± ‘Āmilah: a committee of workers õÝ|Ç÷z Ṣalāt: Formal Prayer offered according to a Ibadat: devotional matters prescribed procedure. Thus, Ṣalātut-Tahajjud, ‘Abbās ibn ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib: Uncle of the Holy Ṣalātul-Fajr, Ṣalātuż-Żuhr, Ṣalātul-‘Asr, Ṣalātul- Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) Maghrib, Ṣalātul-‘Ishā. ‘Abdus Salām, Dr: The first Muslim from Pakistan to Ṣan‘ā: A city in Yemen. win the Nobel Prize in Theoretical Physics in 1979. Sofa: From Arabic ṣuffah ‘Abdullāh: Servant of God. Ṣūfī: A follower of Sufism. ‘Abd-ur-Raḥmān: Servant of the Gracious God. Sufism: Being a Ṣūfī. A simple life of righteousness ‘Ubaidullah .Adl: justice, equity‘ ేل .and service to the cause of man and God ÔüÝ÷z Ṣaum: fasting, fast ‘Urf: social custom ‘Uthmān (Osman, Usman, Othman): Third successor to the Holy Prophet Muhammad, sallallahu alaihi .wa sallam ض Darar: harm, injury. Uthmān: Ottoman, From Arabic Daruriyyat: essential interests ôD÷wù± ‘Ishā: Late night formal Islamic worship.  ḍa‘īf: weak nü¡÷± ‘Aṣr: Late afternoon formal Islamic worship Banū Ḍamrah: A tribe from early Islam.  ‘aqd : contract, such as in marriage ﺑﻨﻮ َﺿ َﻤﺮﻩ ḍamma: a pronunciation sign equivalent to the ‘Aql: human reason ﺿﻤہ sound of o or u in English. ‘Uqubat: : crimes and penalties Zia-ul-Haq: Military dictator who ruled Pakistan 1977 ½üÝø¿÷± ‘Aqūq: cutting off -1988. Died in a military plane crash. Ûüé÷jùÆC÷ÝüÆC ø½üÝø¿÷± ‘aqūqul-vālidain: disobedience to parents,

not paying their due respect, or not treating them with tenderness of heart and neglecting to look ط after them. Ṭālib ç÷¿üêù¿÷± ‘Aqīqah: Custom of shaving the head of a Ṭālibān Al-Turuq al-Hukmiyyah: Methods of Judgment newborn on the seventh day. Silver or gold equal to Talisman: From Arabic ṭilasm the weight of the hair is given to the poor as charity. An animal for a girl and two animals in case of a boy are slaughtered as sacrifice. Prayer (Du‘ā) is .offered for the long life and protection of the child ظ ẓālimīn: evildoers ‘Ukāz  Zafar: Victory, triumph ‘Alam-i-In‘ami: Victory Flag. Flag won for superior performance. ØD÷fÓCøn»÷¬j÷ûÖ÷cøÕ Ẓafrulla Khān, Sir Muḥammad D÷Ö÷Çø± ‘ulamā: (religious) scholars. religious scholars. Ẓafarullāh Khān: (February 6, 1893 - September 1, Plural of ‘ālim, a (religious) scholar. {ulema}. 1985). Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln’s Inn, 1914. ‘Ulama is already a plural so it will be wrong to add Member, Punjab Legislative Council, 1926-1935. an s to it (‘ulamas) to make its plural. Member, Governor-General’s Executive Council, Ilm al-akhlaq: morality India, 1935-1941. Judge, Supreme Court of India, Ilm al-kalam: dogmatic theology 1941-1947. Foreign Minister, Pakistan, 1947-1954. ‘Illah: effective cause Judge, International Court of Justice, 1954-1961  ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib: The fourth successor to the (Vice President, 1958-1961). Permanent Representative, Pakistan at United Nations, 1961- Holy Prophet, Muhammad, his cousin and son-in- 1964. President, General Assembly of United law.  Nations, 1962-1963. Judge, International Court of ‘alaihassalām: peace be on her Justice, 1964-1973 (President, 1970-1973). üÔÌ÷ûsÆCùçüê÷Ç÷± ‘alaihissalām: peace be on him Zanni: speculative 33 ‘amal È÷Ö÷± : deed, act, action Aḥmadiyya forces to denote the ideas related to the ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb: The second successor to the Promised Messiah (peace be on him) or Aḥmadiyya. Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allāh be on Aḥmadiyyat. him) Qāti‘: definitive. umumi: general jùïD÷¾ qā’id: leader. National departmental office holder  ‘Īd: Muslim religious celebration, festival. of Majlis Anṣārullāh  ‘Īd mubarak: Felicitation of ‘Īd. Al-Qā‘idah Qubā. A town near Medina (Madīnah) in Arabia. Qiblah: direction to face, for Muslims, when they ﻗﺒﻠہ Īd-ul-Fiṭr, ‘Īd al-Fiṭr: Celebration at the end of‘ Ramaḍān. worship. m÷j÷¾ Qadar: fate, destiny, lot, predestination. Qudsiyyah غ Ø|Cünø¾ Al-Ghāshiyah: Overwhelming Calamity Qur’ān, Quran, Koran: recitation, a book most Ghazawāt: See Ghazwah read. The Holy Book revealed to Muḥammad, .plural: Ghazawāt: Expedition led by ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam, in Arabic over 23 years :( ﻏﺰﻭﻩ ) Ghazwah the Holy Prophet himself, whether there was ç÷¤üp÷¾ qarḍah: debt. fighting or no fighting. ç÷Ú÷s÷b ç÷¤üp÷¾ qarḍah ḥasanah: debt of honor, debt without interest. A Jewish tribe in Medina :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻗﺮﻳﻈہ ) Banū Quraiẓah ف during early Islam. D÷¥÷¾  (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) and wife of Qa a: judgment, injunction. system of arbitration. his cousin Ḥaḍrat ‘Alī (may Allah be pleased with ajudication.j both). -ud-Dīn Bakhtyār Kākī: A saint (d. AD 1235) NüÇ÷¾ Óuûp_ Fatḥa: a pronunciation sign on a letter indicating qalb : Turning, reversal, transformation. Essence. a sound similar to that added by a in English. The central point of an organism, heart, mind.  è|ÝQ÷º Fatwā: a jurisprudic edict, judicial decision and qamīḍ, kamīz, kameez: upper garment. Qanā‘at: contentment ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺖ .learned opinion. juristic opinion. verdict èÜDQ÷º Fatāwā: plural of fatwa qahwah: coffee Quwwat-i-Qudsiyya: Spiritual Power al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyyah by Ḥaḍrat Shaikh Akbar Qiyas: (legal reasoning by) analogy. analogical Muḥayyuddīn Ibni ‘Arabī (A.H. 560 to A.H. 638) reasoning  Fajr: The dawn-to-sunrise Islamic formal worship. Qiyas ma al-fariq: analogy with a difference çéjº fidyah, fidya: ransom Qiyāmah: Resurrection Fard ayn: personal obligation ᇮ Qaisar: Caesar. emperor. Fard kifai: collective obligation A Jewish tribe in Medina :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻗﻴﻨﻘﺎﻉ ) ‘Farḍ Kifāyah: collective duty Banū Qainuqā qüÜ÷iünùº firdaus: paradise during early Islam.

Farīd-ud-Dīn Mas‘ūd Ganj Shakar: A Muslim saint ك .(d. 1265) üÈü¥÷º Faḍl: favor, grace, kindness Kāfirīn: unbelievers ْ Fitrāna: specified alms to be given at the ‘Id al- al-kuḥūl: alcohol ﻓِﻄ َﺮﺍﻧَﻪ ጡوڑ Fitr çü¿ùº Fiqh: jurisprudence. legislative rulings. Crore: 10,000,000 Chosroes : &و ጾ Kisraى .ç꿺 Faqīh: jurisprudict. jurist kishti in Urdu but Kashti in Persian. Therefore when it is used in an Urdu formulation, it should be read and written as kishti but when it is written in a ق Qadi: judge Persian formation it should be read and written as ﻗﺎﺿﯽ Qadiriyah Kashti. As an example, kashti rani (kashti ran) and ØD÷éùiD÷¾ Qādiān: A town in northwest India where kashti bani (kashti ban) are Persian formulations, Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad, the Promised and kishti chalana will be an Urdu formulation. Messiah and Mahdī, ‘alaihis-salām, lived. Therefore the name of the book should be either ëÙDéiD¾ Qadiani: Related to Qadian. Also used by anti- Kishti Nuh, Urdu formulation, note that there is no Ahmadiyya forces to denote items related to the zair (or hamza) on ya, or it should be Kashti-i-Nuh Promised Messiah (peace be on him) or Ahmadiyya. in Persian formulation, note that there is a hamza Qadiyaniyyat: Related to Qadian. Used by anti- on ya with kasrah or zair. Thus Kashti-i-Nuh.  Ka‘ba (sukūn on ‘ain): a cube. House of God in

34 Mithl: similar, like, analogous, equal. Also see ِﻣﺜﻞ .Mecca. Also Ka‘aba (fatha on ‘ain) and Kaaba Kafa’a: equality Mathal. Kaffarat: expiations  Majālis: plural of Majlis Ýü»ø Kufw: parity, compatibility  mujāhid: struggler, fighter, warrior .Kulthūm Bin Al-Hidm or bin Hidm.  mujāhidīn, mujahideen: plural of mujahid ﮐﻠﺜﻮﻡ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﮩﺪﻡ Kalima, Kalimah, Kalima mujaddid: rejuvenator, religious reformer ﮐﻠﻤہ۔ ﮐﻠﻤہ ﻁﻴﺒہ۔ ﮐﻠﻤہ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﻩ Tayyaba, Kalimah Shahādah: Pronouncement that Mujtabā: Chosen. Elect. there is none worthy of worship except Allah and Mujtahid: one qualified to exercise independent Mohammad is His messenger. reasoning, jurist ᓥ Kanāl: Eighth of an acre. Mujtahidun: qualified scholarsل  Majlis: Society, organization. Kauthar: A fountain in paradise. Majlis Atfāl-ul-Ahmadiyya (society of ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺪﻳہ al-kīmiyā: alchemy: Ahmadi children): The organization of all Aḥmadī boys between 7 and 14. :ÓCømD÷¡üÙ÷CtùÇüY÷Õ Majlis Anṣārullāh (Literal meaning گ Organization of Helpers of God): The organization of all Ahmadī men over 40 years of age. :ç÷ûéùj÷Öüb÷CüÆCøÔC÷ûjøftùÇüY÷Õ Majlis Khuddāmul-Aḥmmadiyya ل äÆÓ lākh: 100,000. lac. (Organization of Servants of Ahmadiyyat): The Lahore section of Aḥmadiyya Jamā‘at: See Anjuman organization of all Ahmadi men from 16 to 40 years of age. Ishā‘at-i-Islām. Majlis-i-Mushāwarat: Advisory council. Consultative Lahori: A present or past resident of Lahore. Minority Committee. faction of Ahmadis differing with the main body Muhtasib: market controller with respect to the status of Hadrat Mirza Ghulam َﳏﺪث Ahmad, ‘alaihissalam. ّ Muḥaddath: recipient of word of God la ilaha illallah: there is none worthy of worship üSùûj÷cøÕ Muḥaddith: compiler-scholars or editor of except Allah. ḥadīth Lā Ilāha Illallāhu, Muḥammad-ur-Rasūlullāh,’[There ÛüêùTùûj÷cøÕ Muḥaddiththin: plural of Muḥaddith is no God but Allāh and Muḥammad is His Ø÷¡ücøÕ Muḥṣan (masculine): Married. Guarded and Messenger]. protected as if in a well-secured and protected .ᶞ laddu: A sweet common in the Indian castleو ç÷Ú÷¡ücøÕ subcontinent. Muḥṣanah (feminine): Married. Chaste. D Virtuous. Modest. Decent. Guarded and protected ;>&* ا┞ٗ ا⅐ Lajnah Imā’illāh : Committee of bondmaids of as if they in a well-secured and protected castle. Allah. Organization of Ahmadi Muslim ladies above j÷ûÖ÷cøÕ Muḥammad: Praiseworthy, commendable, 15 years of age. laudable. Holy Prophet and founder of Islām (571- Latīf, Lateef. 632), peace and blessings of Allāh be on him.  lailatulqadr: night of destiny. A special night Rû÷êùÖ÷PD÷f èùjû÷Ö÷cøÕ Muḥammadī Khātamiyyat: Excellence of during the month of Ramadan falling on its odd the prophethood of Muḥammad (peace and dates of its last ten days. blessings of Allāh be on him). Maḥmūd, Maḥmood Muḥayyud-Dīn. Actually the word is Muḥyiy, which م means one “who gives new life,” but to join with Al-  māshā’allāh: What God has willed! Well done! Dīn the sukūn of “ḥā” should be moved preferably  Mubarak: blessed with kasrah (zer), but here it is moved with Fatḥa  Mubarik: one who blesses (Zabar) to follow the ḍammah (pesh) of Mīm for  Mubahala: Prayer duel. mutual imprecation easyness of pronunciation. (Ḥāfiẓ Muẓaffar Aḥmad)  Muballigh: bearer of news, notifier, informer, Muḥayyuddīn Ibni ‘Arabī. See Ibni ‘Arabī.  Madrasah, madrasa: School messenger. A missionary in Ahmadiyya community. Mut‘ah: temporary marriage or “gift of consolation” Madīnah. Or, and from, Madinatun-Nabi, town of the given to a divorced woman Prophet. Yathrib before the arrival of Prophet Mutawatir: first kind of hadith, word for word Muhammad there.  transmission of what the Prophet said. Murabbī : Trainer. Teacher. mitha’ee: sweets Mirzā Bashīr-ud-Dīn Maḥmūd Aḥmad, Ḥaḍrat: See .Mathal: example, instance, illustration, case. Also Muṣliḥ Mau‘ūd َﻣﺜَﻞ see Mithl.

35 Mirzā Sultān Aḥmad: A son of the Promised Messiah, maqām: status (muqām: place) peace be on him, from his first wife. muqām: place (maqām: status) mursal: envoy, sent Mecca, Makkah: A city in Arabia where Abraham ﻣﮑہ mursalīn: pl. of mursal Marham-i-‘Īsā, the ointment of Jesus, used on his and Ishmael (may peace be upon both) built a injuries caused by crucifixion. structure over old ruins in inhabitant desert,  Maryam : Mary. according to Islamic tradition. Muḥammad, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, was born al-Musta‘ṣim jùYüs÷Õ in and grew up in Mecca. Birthplace of Islam. masjid: mosque Muslims from all over the world go to Makkah .Mosque in Jerusalem. every year for pilgrimage : ( ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ٰ ﺍﻗﺼﯽ ) Masjid Aqsa Mosque of the Prophet. The : ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﻧﺒﻮی Masjid Nabawi Mulaqat: Meeting. It is incorrect to write mulaqa'at as mosque built by Muhammad in Madinah, Arabia, there is no hamza or ain in mulaqat so it is not after his migration there. correct to have an apostrophe between the two As.  Muslim: A follower of the religion of Islam. A It should be written as Mulaqat. Even in Mulaqaat, book of Ḥadīth, second in the six most authentic the first alif is represented by one a and a is written compilations. twice for the second alif. This is injustice to the poor Muslim Television Aḥmadiyya (MTA): 24/7 satellite alif that first time it gets a once and in the second television broadcast from London available on instance it gets the a twice. If we do want to give a www.alislam.org as well. twice for alif then it should be written Mulaaqaat ç÷ÇüsøÕ muslah, musla: mutilation of the dead enemy by which becomes too much. So Mulaqat should be cutting off their noses and other limbs. fine. َ  Masīh : Messiah ʉřُّ Mullā: Muslim clergy, teacher. Commonly spelled iÝø±üÝ÷Õùdüêùs÷Õ Masīḥ-i-Mau‘ūd, Masīh Mau‘ood : The as Mullah with an h at the end probably to indicate Promised Messiah (Ḥaḍrat Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad, a long a. ‘alaihis-salām)  Malfūẓāt: sayings of the Promised Messiah, Mushāhida-o-mu‘ā’ina: observation and recall ‘alaihissalām. Mushāwarat: mutual consultation ӧ Mushrikīn: idolators, polytheists. practicing Shirk. Maund: A measure of about 40 kilograms. Mash‘al-i-Rāh manārah: minaret iÝø±üÝ÷ÕùdùÇü¡øÕ Muṣliḥ Mau‘ūd, Muṣliḥ-i-Mau‘ūd, Musleh Manāratul-Masīḥ: Minaret of the Messiah in Qadian, Mau‘ood: (The Promised Reformer): Ḥaḍrat Mirzā India.  Bashīr-ud-Dīn Maḥmūd Aḥmad (1889-1965), Munāẓarah: debate, discussion munāfiq: hypocrite ﻣﺎﻓﻖ Khalīfatul-Masīḥ II, raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu, who fulfilled munāfiqīn: hypocrites ﻣﺎﻓﻘﲔ the prophesy of the Promised Messiah, peace be on him, about the advent of a Reformer. Mandala, a kind of a picture used to maintain ë|»÷©ü¡øÕ Muṣṭafā: chosen, selected, preferred, favorite. concentration during meditation. mawakhāt: brotherhood ﻣﻮا1ﺎت The Holy Prophet Muḥammad (peace and blessings of Allah be on him).  mūÓī, moosee, musee, moosi: one who has ( ) .willed ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﺐ Abdul-Muṭṭalib‘ Mu‘amalat: civil transactions mū·si·yāñ, moosian: plural of musi Mu‘āwin: Helper  Muhājir: immigrant .Mu‘tamad: A person relied upon by others ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ  Mu’adhdhin: caller. Person who calls adhān. WC÷pü²ùÕ mi‘rāj: Place or route of ascent. Ascent, ladder,  Mauḍu‘ : fabricated stairs. Muḥammad’s (peace and blessings of Allah D÷ÙC÷ÆüÝ÷Õ be on him) ascent, spiritual journey. The acme of Maulānā: our master, our lord, our chief. Title of spiritual exaltation. respect for Muslim religious scholars. Revered  Mu‘allim: teacher tutor, local missionary in person. èùÝ÷ÆüÝ÷Õ Ahmadiyya community. Maulawī: Muslim priest, Muslim divine. Mu‘īn-ud-Dīn Chishtī: A Muslim saint (d. 1236) maulaviyyat: dry theologianism Muhājir: immigrant ﻣﮩﺎﺟﺮ Kùnü·÷Õ Maghrib : West. Sunset. Islamic formal worship after sunset. Muhājirīn: immigrants èùjüæ÷Õ  Muftī: jurist Mahdī : Rightly guided. nüæ÷Õ Muftī Muḥammad Ṣādiq (1872-1957): A companion of Mahr dowry the Promised Messiah, peace be on him, who was ن the first Ahmadiyya missionary to the US (1921- 192). He founded the Muslim Sunrise in the US in NùïD÷Ù Nā’ib: Assistant. representative (of the imam, 1921. 36 [Shiite use]). Waqif-i-zindagi: An Ahmadi Muslim who has devoted  Nāsir: helper. A member of Majlis Ansarullah. his life for the service of Islam. Nāsirat: helpers (feminine). A member of Wahy: divine revelation  Majlis Nasirat-ul-Ahmadiyya, association of young waṣiyyat: will Ahmadi girls. ôÝø¤øÜ Wuḍū: Ablution. Prescribed washing before .Nāẓir : Supervisor. Observer. Islamic worship ﻧﺎﻅﺮ  Nāzim: administrator, manager  wa ‘alaikumus-salam: and peace be on nāzimīn: plural of nazim you (plural).  Nabi: a prophet waqf: dedication. Devotion. endowment. jüéùj÷Xù¼ü¾÷Ü ,Waqf-i-Jadīd, Waqf Jadīd, Waqf-i-Jadeed (ﻧﺠﺎﺭ) Banū Najjār Najāshī: Negus of Abyssinia Waqf Jadeed : New Devotion. A scheme among the  Naḥl: Bee Ahmadiyya community to arrange for the  Nasa’ī: Collection of ahadith compiled by Nasa’ī educational and medical support of the people of the less endowed countries of the world. KD÷¡ùÙ Niṣāb: Minimum for zakāt levy, course, syllabus, Waqf-i-Nau: New Devotion. Ahmadi Muslim ﻭﻗﻒ ﻧﻮ curriculum children dedicated to Islam during their childhood. Naṣīḥah: sincere advice Nau is a Persian word and the zer on fe of waqf is a A Jewish tribe in Medina special zer which is called ezafi. So it should be :( ﺑﻨﻮ ﻧﻀﻴﺮ ) Banū Naḍīr during early Islam. written as Waqfi-i-Nau (or Waqf-e-Nau) to indicate

.Niẓārat: Supervisory organization. that it is an ezafi and not an ordinary zer ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ  nizām : system Wakil: representative Nizāmuddīn Auliyā: A Muslim saint who lived in ëùÆ÷Ü walīy, walī: guardian, caretaker, custodian, friend, India A.D. 1238-1328. companion, saint, master, chief, owner, ruler, Nazm: poem leader, superior na‘ra’-i-takbīr: Call to raise the slogan of the greatness Wahhābī: Muslim sect founded by Muḥammad bin ‘Abdul-Wahhāb in the eighteenth century. of God, responded by Allāhu Akbar, God is Great. Vedas: Ancient Hindu texts. Na‘ūdhu Billāh: God forbid Nafl: supererogatory worship ﻧﻔﻞ ى Niqāb: Parda. ḥijāb. Modesty. Veil. Outerwear for Muslim ladies. Yathrib: Present day Medina or Madinah in Arabia. Naqshbandiyah Came to be known as Madīnatun-Nabī (City of the aD÷ÃùÙ Nikāḥ: marriage, marriage announcement Prophet) after the Holy Prophet Muḥammad (peace Namāz: Ṣalāt. Prescribed formal Islamic worship. and blessings of Allah be on him) migrated there ﻧﻤﺎﺯ .Nawafil : plural of Nafl from Mecca ﻧﻮﺍﻓﻞ Nūr-ud-Dīn, Ḥaḍrat Al-Ḥājj Maulānā (May Allāh be Yaum al-Ākhir: the Last Day please with him): First successor (1908-1914)to the Yaum al-Ba‘th: Day of Resurrection Promised Messiah, peace be on him) Yaum al-Dīn: the Day of Judgment Yaum al-Faṣl: the Day of Decision .Yaum al-Ḥisāb: the Day of Reckoning ہ Yaum al-Qiyāmah: Day of Resurrection Hārūn al-Rashīd (763-809): A Muslim king, ruled 786-809. Ḥadāyatullāhs: Persons guided by Allah.  Hishām: A book of early Islamic history mentioned by the name of its author. Haiku: A special form of Japanese poetry

و Wajib: obligatory Waddān: a village to the southwest of Medina ّﻭﺩﺍﻥ from early Islam ÔC÷Ç÷ûsÆC÷Ü was-salām (wassalām): and (greetings of) peace. Wāqif: devotee Wāqifīn-i-Nau, Waqifeen-i-Nau: Children pledged by parents for devotion to the Ahmadiyya cause.

37 Arabic-English Dictionary, Hans Wehr, New York, References 1976 Macmillan Contemporary Dictionary, New York, A Dictionary in Persian and English, Ramdhun 1979. Sen, Calcutta, 1829. The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th Edition, A Dictionary in Oordoo and English, Thompson, Chicago, 1993 Calcutta, 1838. The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, R.S. A Dictionary of Islam, Thomas Patrick Hughes, McGregor, Oxford University Press, Oxford and London, 1885. Delhi, 1997 Arabic-English Lexicon, Edward William Lane, Al-Mawrid, Dr. Rohi Baalbaki, Dar El-Ilm London, 1893. Lilmalayin, Beirut, 2001 A Handy Urdu English Dictionary, Sangaji, The Pocket Persian English Dictionary, Abbas Madras, 1899. Aryanpur Kashani and Manoochehr Aryanpur- Kashanai, Amir Kabir Publications Organization, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Second Tehran, 2002. Edition, H. W. Fowler, Oxford, 1965 Kitabistan’s 20th-Century Standard Dictionary Urdu into English, Bashir A. Qureshi, No date.

Syed Sajid Ahmad, son of Syed Sajjad Haider, was born on Currently he is manager of engineering services at the Center for August 11, 1948, in Gujrat, Pakistan. His grandfather, Syed Nanoscale Science and Engineering at the North Dakota State Muhammad Yusuf (1908-1965) was the first person in the family to University in Fargo, North Dakota. His focus is on enhancing accept Ahmadiyya Islam at the young age of sixteen and was then research and manufacturing capabilities at the center in the areas disinherited by his parents as a punishment for his courageous of thin film, thick film, chip scale packaging (CSP) and surface conversion. Syed Muhammad Yusuf volunteered both to counter mount technology (SMT). He holds 54 patents and has published the Shuddhi movement and as a soldier for the Furqan Force to or presented internationally 32 papers. liberate Kashmir. Syed Muhammad Yusuf moved to Rabwah after He has held the offices of Finance Secretary, General retirement and served in the Sadr Anjuman Ahmadiyya offices as Secretary and Chairperson of the Boise section of world’s largest Mukhtar-i-‘Am for the Ja’idad office. Syed Muhammad Yusuf society of engineers, IEEE. He was awarded the IEEE Third arranged for sanitary and cleaning aspects of the Jalsa Salanas at Millennium Medal in recognition for his services to the Rabwah. organization. Syed Sajid Ahmad earned his master’s in experimental physics In the US, he served Majlis Khuddāmul-Ahmadiyya as Qa’id from the University of the Punjab in 1972 and in theoretical physics West Coast Region (1978-85), Editor Tariq, Na’ib National Qa’id from Qa’id-i-A‘zam University, Islamabad, in 1974. (1984-1986), National Qa’id, (1986–1988) and then as the first He is blessed with four children - three daughters and one Sadr, Majlis Khuddāmul-Ahmadiyya, USA (1988-89). son. He served the San Francisco Jamā‘at (inclusive of Syed Sajid Ahmad served the Ahmadiyya Community in Sacramento, Bay Point, Oakland, San Jose and Merced) as its Pakistan as Nazim Atfal (Hafizabad), Nazim Ta‘lim (Gujrat), Financial Secretary, then General Secretary, and then during 1982- Mu‘tamad Zil‘ (Gujrat) and Za‘im for Khuddam of the Fazl-i-Umar 84 as its President. He served as the President of the Phoenix Hostel. He had the blessing to start Khuddam branches at the New Jamā‘at during 1986-89. He served as the President, Seattle Campus in Lahore and at the Islamabad University Campus. Jamā‘at during 1990–1991. He was the first National Finance Secretary of the Peoples He has served the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community USA as Student Federation (PSF) in Pakistan. Editor, Muslim Sunrise during 1998-2004. He has been serving as Syed Sajid Ahmad devoted 3½ years of his life for the service Secretary of the Children’s Magazine Committee since 2001 which of Islam in West Africa (1974-77) and taught at the Ahmadiyya publishes Al-Hilal. He has been Member of Qaḍa Board USA for Secondary Schools in Ghana at Fomena, Gomoa Potsin, and Salaga. numerous years. Before departing Ghana for the US in 1977, he handed over the He has served the St. Paul/Minnesots Jamā‘at as its Secretary charge of Salaga School to Sahibzadah Mirza Masroor Ahmad, now PR (2003), Secretary Waqf-i-Nau (2008-2010) and now is its Khalifatul-Masih V, ayyadahullahu ta’ala binasrihil-’aziz. Both lived Secretary Ta‘līmul-Qur’an and Waqf Ardi (2010-...). in the same house for a number of months. He served as the Za‘īm, Majlis Anṣārullāh, St. Paul during In the US, as an engineer, scientist and manager, he has 2003–2005. worked in the semiconductor industry and at a university. He was He served Majlis Anṣārullāh, USA as Na’ib Sadr I during 1994 involved in the production of pre-PC "sol" personal computer at –1999 and has been editor Al-Nahl since 1993 and Qa’id Isha‘at, Processor Technology (1978-79) in California. He contributed to Majlis Anṣārullāh, USA since 2000. quality and reliability enhancement of assembly processes, He has published or edited Tariq (English), Tariq Jr. especially gold wire bond, at Intel (1979-89) in California and (English), Ahmadiyya Gazette (English) and Al-Nur (Urdu) Arizona. He contributed to packaging development at National previously, has co-authored the hadith book, Words of Wisdom, Semiconductor (1990) in Washington, and managed quality at and compiled and edited the stories “Why Islam is my choice.” He GigaBit/TriQuint (1990-91). in California. His major work at has written and translated articles for a number of magazines and Micron Technology (1991-2003) in Idaho involved the development newspapers. and implementation of advanced semiconductor packaging.

38