Plants Dry Rainforest Area, Walton Bridge Reserve, the Gap
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Phylogenetic Relationships of the Comb-Footed Spider Subfamily Spintharinae (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae), with Generic Diagnoses and a Key to the Genera
Zootaxa 3666 (2): 171–193 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3666.2.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FE211811-36E2-4A22-A55B-6E080E5CEC1D Phylogenetic relationships of the comb-footed spider subfamily Spintharinae (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae), with generic diagnoses and a key to the genera CÉSAR G. DURÁN-BARRÓN1,3, MARÍA V. ROSAS2 & ATILANO CONTRERAS-RAMOS1 1Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, México, D.F., C.P. 04510 2Instituto Profesional de la Región Sur, Campus Sur, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Jojutla, Morelos 62900, México 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The monophyly of Spintharinae is supported in agreement with previous analysis of Theridiidae by Agnarsson and Arnedo et al. We study the relationships of the genera within Spintharinae. Fourteen species in the genera Chrosiothes, Episinus, Spintharus, Stemmops, and Thwaitesia constituted the ingroup, while five species from the genera Euryopis and Dipoena (Hadrotarsinae), as well as Latrodectus and Steatoda (Latrodectinae), served as outgroup taxa. The character matrix in- cluded 49 morphological characters. Parsimony analyses using several character weighting strategies supported the mono- phyly of Spintharinae with Stemmops as sister to a clade that includes the remaining ingroup taxa. Chrosiothes emerged as sister to Episinus + Spintharus + Thwaitesia which formed a polytomy. The equally weighted, successive weighted, and preferred implied weight topologies, were all logically consistent. A key to the genera of Spintharinae and diagnoses for each genus are given. -
SA Spider Checklist
REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 22(2): 2551-2597 CHECKLIST OF SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF SOUTH ASIA INCLUDING THE 2006 UPDATE OF INDIAN SPIDER CHECKLIST Manju Siliwal 1 and Sanjay Molur 2,3 1,2 Wildlife Information & Liaison Development (WILD) Society, 3 Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) 29-1, Bharathi Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India Email: 1 [email protected]; 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT Thesaurus, (Vol. 1) in 1734 (Smith, 2001). Most of the spiders After one year since publication of the Indian Checklist, this is described during the British period from South Asia were by an attempt to provide a comprehensive checklist of spiders of foreigners based on the specimens deposited in different South Asia with eight countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The European Museums. Indian checklist is also updated for 2006. The South Asian While the Indian checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005) is more spider list is also compiled following The World Spider Catalog accurate, the South Asian spider checklist is not critically by Platnick and other peer-reviewed publications since the last scrutinized due to lack of complete literature, but it gives an update. In total, 2299 species of spiders in 67 families have overview of species found in various South Asian countries, been reported from South Asia. There are 39 species included in this regions checklist that are not listed in the World Catalog gives the endemism of species and forms a basis for careful of Spiders. Taxonomic verification is recommended for 51 species. and participatory work by arachnologists in the region. -
ARACHNIDS by Robert Whyte Want to Hunt for Some of Our Most Successful Terrestrial Predators? Start Here
SPRING 2011 Vol. 48 No. 3 $1095 inc gst ASK A WILD DOLPHIN PAGE 12 RAINFOREST MAMMAL CONNECTIONS PAGE 16 SPIDERS: EXQUISITELY CAPTIVATING PAGE 24 Follow the action to the heart of the story Pages from WAM_Spring2011_LOWRES.pdf 1 9/11/11 11:40:17 AM CONTENTS Spring 2011 REGULARS COVER PHOTO EDITORIAL Photo © Tony Bartram by Saren Starbridge .............................2 WPSQ IN ACTION BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN Spreading the word ........................... 5 (Tursiops truncatus) From beggar to partner: SPRING SKIES SIX SPECIES this dolphin is now in the An animated universe Australian burrowers identification catalogue for a with Mark T. Rigby ...............................6 with Lee K. Curtis ..............................42 program based on the Kangaroo Island Dolphin Watch model. NATUREWATCH CYBERJUNGLE See pp 12-17 for more. How and where to see wildlife with Stephen Goodwin ...................... 44 around Australia with Martin Cohen ............................... 7 CONSIDERING In time SCRATCHINGS & RUSTLINGS with Ilka Blue Nelson ........................ 45 Long trips, shrinking world www.wildlife-australia.org with Greg Czechura ...........................40 IN OUR HANDS: WILDLIFE ARTISTS Island inspired SPRING 2011 VOLUME 48 NO. 3 CITYANIMAL featuring Fred Peters .........................48 WILDLIFE Australia is published by Rats race but crows rule the community conservation group with Darryl Jones .............................. 41 WILDLIFE CROSSWORD Wildlife Preservation Society of by Sarah Martin .................................49 -
From Woodfordia 3-5 May 2019
SPIDERS FROM WOODFORDIA 3-5 MAY 2019 ROBERT WHYTE SPIDERS OF WOODFORDIA WOODFORDIA PLANTING FESTIVAL 3-5 MAY 2019 Planting Festival Introduction, materials, methods and results The Woodfordia Planting Festival in Spiders (order Araneae) have proven to be have evolved to utilise the terrestrial habitat Autumn every year is held on a property in highly rewarding in biodiversity studies1, niches where their food is found, some in the Sunshine Coast Hinterland. being an important component in terres- quite specialist ways, becoming species, Woodfordia purchased the property in trial food webs, an indicator of insect meaning a population able and willing to 1994, to stage the annual Christmas, New diversity and abundance (their prey). reproduce viably in the wild. Year Woodford Folk Festival and to help In Australia spiders represent an Collecting methods were used in the regenerate the natural environment. understudied taxon, with many new species following sequence: During the 2018 Planting a new species waiting to be discovered and described. • careful visual study of bush, leaves, bark of crab spide nicknamed ‘Woodfordia’ was Science has so far described about 4,000 and ground, to see movement, spiders discovered (see cover photo). In 2019 species, only an quarter to one third of the suspended on silk, or spiders on any the BioDiscovery Project continued the actual species diversity. surface stocktake. Spiders thrive in good-quality habitat, • shaking foliage, causing spiders to fall On Saturday 4 May Robert Whyte’s where structural heterogeneity combines onto a white tray or cloth introductory talk was followed by a spider- with high diversity of animal, plant and • turning logs and rocks (returning them to quest and then an ID session in the Discovery fungi species. -
Appendix: Orchid Potting Mixtures - an Abridged Historical Review 1
Appendix: Orchid potting mixtures - An abridged historical review 1 T. J. SHEEHAN Introduction There is little doubt that potting media development over time has been the salvation of orchid growers (Bomba, 1975). When epiphytic orchids were first introduced into England and other European countries in the 18th century growers could not envision plants growing in anything but soil. '"Peat and loam' were good for everything and frequently became the mass murderers of the first generation of epiphytic orchids," Hooker is believed to have said around the end of the 19th century; England had become the graveyard of tropical orchids. Undoubtedly this was in reference to the concern individuals were having over the potting media problems. This problem also drew the attention of such noted individuals as John Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton, as well as the Gardener's Chronicle, who noted that "The Rule of Thumb" had nothing to say about orchid growing; it was only effective in orchid killing (Bomba 1975). Fortunately, the ingenuity of growers solved the problem as innovative potting mixes evolved over the years. After visiting a number of orchid growing establishments it immediately becomes obvious to any orchid grower, professional or hobbyist, that orchids, both epiphytic and terrestrial, will grow in a wide variety of media. It has often been stated that epiphytic orchids can be grown in any medium except soil as long as watering and fertilization are adjusted to fit the mix being used. Ter restrial orchids seem to thrive in any medium that contains 40% or more organic matter. Reading cultural recommendations from the early days of orchid growing is most interesting and highly recommended. -
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Comb-Footed Spider Subfamily Spintharinae (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae), with Generic Diagnoses and a Key to the Genera
Zootaxa 3666 (2): 171–193 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3666.2.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FE211811-36E2-4A22-A55B-6E080E5CEC1D Phylogenetic relationships of the comb-footed spider subfamily Spintharinae (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae), with generic diagnoses and a key to the genera CÉSAR G. DURÁN-BARRÓN1,3, MARÍA V. ROSAS2 & ATILANO CONTRERAS-RAMOS1 1Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, México, D.F., C.P. 04510 2Instituto Profesional de la Región Sur, Campus Sur, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Jojutla, Morelos 62900, México 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The monophyly of Spintharinae is supported in agreement with previous analysis of Theridiidae by Agnarsson and Arnedo et al. We study the relationships of the genera within Spintharinae. Fourteen species in the genera Chrosiothes, Episinus, Spintharus, Stemmops, and Thwaitesia constituted the ingroup, while five species from the genera Euryopis and Dipoena (Hadrotarsinae), as well as Latrodectus and Steatoda (Latrodectinae), served as outgroup taxa. The character matrix in- cluded 49 morphological characters. Parsimony analyses using several character weighting strategies supported the mono- phyly of Spintharinae with Stemmops as sister to a clade that includes the remaining ingroup taxa. Chrosiothes emerged as sister to Episinus + Spintharus + Thwaitesia which formed a polytomy. The equally weighted, successive weighted, and preferred implied weight topologies, were all logically consistent. A key to the genera of Spintharinae and diagnoses for each genus are given. -
The Phylogenetic Placement and Circumscription of the Genus Synotaxus (Araneae:Synotaxidae), a New Species from Guyana, and Notes on Theridioid Phylogeny
CSIRO PUBLISHING www.publish.csiro.au/journals/is Invertebrate Systematics, 2003, 17, 719–734 The phylogenetic placement and circumscription of the genus Synotaxus (Araneae:Synotaxidae), a new species from Guyana, and notes on theridioid phylogeny Ingi Agnarsson Systematic Biology – Entomology, E-530, Smithsonian Institution, NHB-105, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA and Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, 2023 G Street NW, Washington DC 20052, USA. Email: [email protected] Abstract. The genus Synotaxus Simon, 1895 is reviewed. Modern systematic work has challenged the classical placement of Synotaxus as an argyrodine theridiid. Its placement is evaluated in a phylogenetic analysis containing a wide selection of theridiids, including all major argyrodine genera. For the analysis, two published matrices are fused to produce a dataset containing 83 orbicularian taxa and 302 morphological characters. Although the two matrices share only 10 taxa and 33 characters, a single most parsimonious tree is obtained. The results are congruent with results from each independent matrix, and unambiguously corroborate the placement of Synotaxus outside Theridiidae. Some superficial similarities, such as the elongate abdomen extending far beyond the spinnerets, are clearly convergent in the two taxa. Synotaxus, furthermore, lacks the suite of synapomorphies defining Theridiidae. Thus, its transfer out of Theridiidae is corroborated, and a sister relationship with Chileotaxus Platnick, 1990 is proposed, based on similarities in web and somatic morphology. A synapomorphy-based circumscription of the genus is given. Synotaxus waiwai, sp. nov. is described, Synotaxus monoceros (Caporiacco, 1947), previously only known from males, is redescribed and synonymised with S. pupularum, Exline & Levi, 1965, syn. -
Morphology and Evolution of Cobweb Spider Male Genitalia (Araneae, Theridiidae)
2007. The Journal of Arachnology 35:334–395 MORPHOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF COBWEB SPIDER MALE GENITALIA (ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE) Ingi Agnarsson,1,2 Jonathan A. Coddington1 and Barbara Knoflach3: 1Systematic Biology-Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, NHB-105, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA; 2The University of British Columbia, Departments of Botany and Zoology, 3549-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]; 3University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ecology, Division of Terrestrial Ecology and Taxonomy, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. ABSTRACT. This study elucidates the homology of elements of the male palps in the spider family Theridiidae. We survey and illustrate 60 species from 29 out of the 86 currently recognized genera rep- resenting all subfamilies. The study is buttressed by a phylogenetic framework, and uses a new method to evaluate critically competing homology hypotheses based on various criteria. Among the classic criteria for homology, topology performed better than special similarity, and much better than function. Guided by those results, we propose names for and correspondences among the broad diversity of theridiid palpal tegular sclerites. We discuss the phylogenetic utility and distribution of key palpal characteristics, and evaluate existing evolutionary hypotheses of the theridiid palp and its components. Keywords: Character homology, congruence, phylogeny, tests of homology, primary homology Systematists in recent years broadly agree congruence only tests character states—the on the distinction between primary and sec- possibility that the characters themselves may ondary homology (e.g., de Pinna 1991). Pri- be erroneous, or that a more parsimonious mary homologies are almost Baconian obser- sorting of states into characters may be pos- vations—a, b, and c correspond or are similar sible, is never formally tested (e.g., Patterson in some way, and therefore may be the same 1982; Rieppel & Kearney 2002). -
Take a Closer Look: Observations of a Digital Naturalist
Take a closer look observations of a digital naturalist Is bushcare working? How do we measure if it is or not? In this article Robert Whyte from Save our Waterways Now explains the standard bushcare methods used volunteers in Brisbane’s catchments and proposes some simple invertebrate monitoring to test its effectiveness. He suggests that by harnessing the collective power of volunteers, we can improve biodiversity in urban areas and add a great many useful observations to those obtained by major benchmark studies like the Brisbane City Terrestrial Invertebrate Status Review of 2004. A Lynx spider on a garden plant with lichen and fungi. Photo: Robert Whyte Take a closer look: observations of a digital naturalist Robert Whyte 2009-2010 Page 1 What are we doing and why? At Save our Waterways Now our methods of bushcare are basically the same as those used throughout Brisbane. As a catchment group, if you’re lucky, you have some pockets of good-quality remnant habitat. You protect, improve and extend these remnants, removing weeds and planting locally-native species. Essentially, you are repairing disturbed ecosystems. But why? The conventional wisdom tells us the closer we can restore the habit to its original condition, the more biodiverse, healthy and sustainable it will be. But does this type of bushcare really work? And if we wanted to test this, how would we go about it? I am proposing comparing spiders in remnant areas with those in degraded areas as a relatively easy and possibly reliable way of judging habitat quality. Weeding, replanting. Does it work? Bushcare activity at Walton Bridge Reserve, The Gap. -
Araneae: Theridiidae
Systematics and Biodiversity 6 (0): 1–61 Issued ???? 2008 doi:10.1017/S1477200008002855 Printed in the United Kingdom C The Natural History Museum William G. Eberhard1,∗, Ingi Agnarsson2 & Web forms and the phylogeny of theridiid Herbert W. Levi3 1 EscueladeBiolog´ıa, Ciudad spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae): chaos Universitaria, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San Jos´e, Costa Rica from order 2 Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, 2370-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Abstract We trace the evolution of the web designs of spiders in the large family Canada Theridiidae using two recent, largely concordant phylogenies that are based on mor- 3 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, phology and molecules. We use previous information on the webs of 88 species and Cambridge, MA 02138 new data on the web designs of 78 additional theridiid species (representing nearly submitted May 2006 half of the theridiid genera), and 12 other species in related families. Two strong, accepted April 2007 surprising patterns emerged: substantial within-taxon diversity; and frequent con- vergence in different taxa. These patterns are unusual: these web traits converged more frequently than the morphological traits of this same family, than the web traits in the related orb-weaving families Araneidae and Nephilidae, and than beha- vioural traits in general. The effects of intraspecific behavioural ‘imprecision’ on the appearance of new traits offer a possible explanation for this unusual evolutionary plasticity of theridiid web designs. Key words behavioural evolution, cobwebs, behavioural imprecision hypothesis Introduction Wimberger, 1993; Foster & Endler, 1999). The unusual pat- Q1 terns found in this study provide insight regarding the possible One of the payoffs from determining phylogenetic relation- evolutionary origins of behavioural divergence. -
Chec List Records of Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Parque
Check List 10(6): 1435–1444, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.biotaxa.org/cl) Journal of species lists and distribution PECIES S Estadual Mata São Francisco, Paraná, Brazil OF Records of Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Parque ISTS ¹*, ¹ L João Lucas Chavari Nikolas Gioia Cipola ² and Antonio Domingos Brescovit São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, CPEN. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia. Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia 1 Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas. Av. Vital Brasil, 1500. CEP 05503-900. [email protected] de Invertebrados do Solo. Av. André Araújo, 2.936. CEP 69011-970. Manaus, AM, Brazil. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: A list of spider species recorded from the Parque Estadual Mata São Francisco, Paraná, Brazil was compiled based on 7,942 specimens, of which 2,872 are adults (36.15%) and 5,071 are juveniles (63.85%). Adults were identified as belonging to 45 families, 140 genera and 209 speciesConifaber and morphospecies guarani Grismado, (101 2004nominal and species Oonops and nigromaculatus 108 morphotypes). Mello- Forty-one species were recorded for the first time from the state of Paraná, most of them belonging to Araneidae (14), Oonopidae (4), Theridiidae (4), and Uloboridae (3). Leitão, 1944 were recorded for the first time from Brazil. These results place Paraná as the sixth state with the highest knownnumber species of records in Paraná. of spiders from Brazil, currently 465 species. This study increases in 10% the number of species recorded from Paraná, and the Atlantic Forest fragment becomes one of the most well sampled areas in the state, with 20% of all DOI: 10.15560/10.6.1435 Introduction comparisons with the previous literature (Brescovit et al. -
Ecologia UFRGS
ecologia UFRGS UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA Estrutura e Composição de Assembleias de Aranhas em Manchas de Vegetação na Porção Austral da Mata Atlântica RONEI BALDISSERA Tese de Doutorado Orientação: Profa. Dra. Sandra Maria Hartz UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA Estrutura e Composição de Assembleias de Aranhas em Manchas de Vegetação na Porção Austral da Mata Atlântica Beta Diversidade, Seleção de Microhábitats e Taxas de Colonização RONEI BALDISSERA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como um dos pré-requesitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências – ênfase em Ecologia Orientação: Profa. Dra. Sandra Maria Hartz Banca Examinadora: Prof. Dr. Thomas M. Lewinsohn –UNICAMP Dr. Luiz Ernesto Costa Schmidt – USP Prof. Dr. Leandro da Silva Duarte – UFRGS Porto Alegre, maio de 2012 2 Fotos da capa tiradas pelo autor. Baldissera, Ronei Estrutura e Composição de Assembleias de Aranhas em Manchas de Vegetação na Porção Austral da Mata Atlântica / Ronei Baldissera. – Porto Alegre: PPG-Ecologia da UFRGS, 2012. XX fl.: il. Dissertação (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Porto Alegre, BR-RS, 2012. Orientadora: Hartz, Sandra M. 1. Fragmentação florestal. 2. Revisão bibliográfica. 3. Beta Diversidade. 4. Tipos Funcionais. 5. Seleção de Microhábitats. 6. Taxas de Colonização. I. Hartz, Sandra Maria. II. Título. 3 AGRADECIMENTOS À profa. Sandra M. Hartz pela orientação e amizade. Acima de tudo, pela plena confiança no meu trabalho.