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World Internal Security and Police Index (WISPI) Ranks 127 Countries Based on 16 Indicators Across Four Domains

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World Internal Security and Police Index 2016 Contents Foreword 3 Introducing the World Internal Security and Police Index Executive Summary 4 Highlights 5 Map and Results Table 6 Peace and Internal Security 7 The Index 8 Results 13 Trends in Internal Security and Policing 28 Results and Trends by Domain: Capacity 31 Results and Trends by Domain: Process and Legitimacy 36 Results and Trends by Domain: Outcomes 40 Appendix A: Full Results Table 45 Appendix B: Methodology 49 Appendix C: Bibliography 53 World Internal Security and Police Index 2016 Foreword Introducing the World Internal Security and Police Index The International Police Science About IPSA security services that establish security Association (IPSA) is proud to present the within society and achieve safety of its first iteration of the World Internal Security IPSA is a non-profit organisation dealing members. WISPI focuses on both effective and Police Index (WISPI). The WISPI adds with police sciences. IPSA is registered rendering of security services and the to the relatively few indices dealing with in New Jersey State, USA. The key outcome of rendered services. WISPI is peace at the global level, such as the aim of IPSA is to study and promote considered the first international index Global Peace Index (GPI) and the Fragile police sciences with a view to boosting to measure indicators of internal security States Index (FSI). quality of security performance. IPSA is worldwide; rank countries according to open for all individuals and companies their ability to provide security services Most of the aforementioned indices only concerned with security science and and boost security performance in look at results and outputs like homicide, law enforcement. IPSA has three general. WISPI was conceptualised and terrorism, and violent crime. They do not key projects: The exchange of police championed by the founder of IPSA and measure the ability of security bodies to knowledge through holding of regular developed independently by the Institute render security services. To date there has conferences, the transfer of knowledge for Economics and Peace (IEP) for IPSA. not been a composite index that measures through the promulgation and translation This Index would not have been possible internal security. The WISPI takes a holistic of research into many languages, and without the approval of my institution perspective towards security, covering the lastly the recognition and awarding of and colleagues. I would like to express general public’s perception of the police excellence in the security field, via the my sincere gratitude to the Sharjah and security as well as measuring the level IPSA security award. The award has three Police, for their support and for allowing of safety provided and the forces needed categories: police practices and society, us to complete the development of to provide that level of security. innovation and creativity in the security the World Internal Security and Police field, research on policing and promotion The WISPI adopts a wide range of Index (WISPI). Also, I am grateful to our of security performance. For further qualitative and quantitative data in order team for exemplary professionalism and information, visit www.ipsa-police.org to classify countries’ levels of internal encouragement. security. It measures the ability of Why is WISPI unique? security institutions to maintain security, the effectiveness of those services, the As the world becomes increasingly data- public’s trust in rendered services, and driven, international organisations such police operations and activities. The as the UN and national governments results of the Index provide a unique rely on indices issued by internationally Professor Mamdooh perspective on internal security. The WISPI recognised organisations in order to Abdelmottlep (PhD, JD) stands apart from other measures of understand the factors that are driving Professor of Criminal Justice peacefulness and violence by providing an global policy issues. WISPI has been Management & Security Expert assessment of internal security outcomes, created to go beyond the existing Founder & Executive Chairman general public’s perception of quality and measures of violence or peace, as an of International Police Science the ability of police to respond to future international index measuring the ability Association (IPSA) internal security issues. of police institutions worldwide to render 1 World Internal Security and Police Index 2016 This is the first edition of the World Other regions have much more variation Internal Security and Police Index between countries. The Middle East and (WISPI), commissioned by the Sharjah North Africa (MENA) region has seen Police Department and the International serious internal security threats arise over Police Science Association (IPSA), and the last decade, with the events of the developed by the Institute for Economics Arab Spring, civil war in Syria, and the rise and Peace (IEP). The Index measures the of the terrorist organisation the Islamic ability of the police and other security State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Despite this providers to address internal security turmoil, several Middle Eastern countries issues in 127 countries, across four have proven to be remarkably stable, domains, using 16 indicators. showing few signs of regional contagion. The WISPI looks at four domains of internal Different government types have varying security: capacity, process, legitimacy, levels of success in responding to internal and outcomes. The capacity domain security challenges. Full democracies examines the resources that a nation and flawed democracies have the highest devotes to internal security. The process Index scores on average, but authoritarian domain looks at whether the resources regimes score better than hybrid regimes devoted to internal security are used in an (which have both authoritarian and effective manner. The legitimacy domain democratic elements). The transition is a measure of whether the public view from one government type to another is a security providers, particularly the police, crucial moment at which internal security in a favourable light. Finally, the outcomes issues often come to the forefront. domain assesses current threats to internal security. In addition to ranking 127 countries across The transition the above four domains, this report looks from one at internal security issues and trends, by examining how the 16 indicators in the government type Index have changed in the modern era. to another is a The report reinforces the fact that as external security concerns have waned, crucial moment and as wars between nations have at which internal become less common, internal security has become the predominant concern security issues of the nation-state. Resources devoted often come to to internal security have increased the forefront. significantly, but serious threats remain. Migration, regional contagion, civil unrest, corruption, and terrorism all remain Internal security is likely to remain a serious threats to internal security in the serious issue in the near future. The 21st century. Countries with insufficient flow on effects from internal conflicts in data, as well as countries currently Syria and Iraq continue to be felt around involved in protracted internal conflict are the world. The number of refugees and not included in the Index. internally displaced people in the world Regionally, North America (Canada and is now higher than at any point since the USA) and Europe are the areas with the end of World War II. Deaths from the highest level of police responsiveness terrorism increased 80 per cent in the to internal security issues, with sub- last calendar year, with over 32,000 Executive Executive summary Saharan Africa having the most internal people being killed in terrorist attacks in security issues on average. Many state 2014. Thus, the security service response security providers in sub-Saharan Africa to internal security threats is arguably are under-resourced, and stretched by more crucial now than at any point in the 1) terrorist organisations and insurgencies. last 60 years. 2 World Internal Security and Police Index 2016 Highlights > Terrorism remains one of the greatest threats to internal security. Terrorism has increased dramatically over the last three years, with more than 62,000 people being killed in terrorist attacks between 2012 and 2014. The biggest rise in the last year occurred in Nigeria, the worst performing country on the WISPI. > Singapore performed best > Nigeria performed worst > North America and Europe on the Index, followed by on the Index, followed by were the two regions with Finland, and then Denmark. the Democratic Republic of the best average WISPI There were only four non- the Congo, Kenya, Uganda, scores. Sub-Saharan Africa European countries in the and Pakistan. However, had the worst average top 20. The United Arab countries with protracted score, followed by South Emirates was the highest civil conflicts are not Asia and then Central ranked country from the eligible for the Index. America and the Caribbean. Middle East and North African (MENA) region, and ranked 29th overall. > Despite the turmoil in > Countries with smaller > Full democracies had the the Middle East, many populations performed best average score on the Middle Eastern countries better on the Index than Index, followed by flawed performed well on the larger ones. Only one democracies. Authoritarian Index. The MENA region country in the top ten had a regimes outperform hybrid had the fourth best average population greater than 25 regimes, despite the fact that regional score of the nine million, and conversely only the country with the best regions in the Index. one country in the bottom score in the Index (Singapore) ten had a population of less is a hybrid regime. than 25 million. > Authoritarian regimes in > The resources devoted to > Corruption has been sub-Saharan Africa had policing and the criminal increasing around the globe smaller police forces and justice system have in the last 20 years. In many militaries than their Middle increased dramatically over countries, bribe payments Eastern counterparts. the past 50 years.
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