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ZDESTRICE Mr-$0.76 Plus Postage HC Not Available from EDRS .DOCUMENT RESUME ED 117.052 SP 009 748 TITLE Selected Probleis'in Sports Safety. INSTITUTIOW American Alliance for Health, Physical Eduation, and Recreation, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 75 NOTE. 93p. AVAILABLE FROM AAHPER PublicationsIsales, 1201 Sixteenth Street, .W., WashingtoA, `D.C. 20016 (No price quoted) )gh, ZDESTRICE Mr-$0.76 Plus Postage HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS ° *Accident-Prevention; Athletib Equipment; *Athletics; Facility Requirements; Injuries; *Legal Responsibility; Medical Treatment; Physical Education Facilities; *Recreational Activities; *Safety; Superviiors . ABSTRACT This publication, covering a broad spectrum of sports safety problems, is designed as a- source of information' for those who plan, organize, admit4ster, or evaluate various physical education and recreational activities,,athletics, or sports. In the first section, the prevention of sports injury is stressed with attention to different age'groUps and sexes. Some of the topics discussed are unsafe acts,-qualified supervisors, effectiveness of injury control factors, safe equipment, maintenance of surfaces andfacilities, enforcement of rules, and the acceptance of degrees of tisk. The second section deals with preconditioning, equipment, training, supervision, and specific safety criteria in skiing, trampolining, skin and scuba 'diving, and boating. The topic of.the third section es athletic training and emergency care. This section includes discussions of athletic facility safety, medical practices in sports, and emergency care practices for spectators at athletic and sports events. The fourth section discusses the legal liability of physical educators.with regard to curriculum and negligence, the school's and coach's legal responsibilities in athletics, the -legal rights and . responsibilities of team physicians, the legal aspects of adult physical fitnesS programs, and exemptions from civil liability for physical.educators while giving eiergency care. (CD) .. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * ** * Documents acquired by ERIC include' maxly informal unpublished *'`materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort* ** to obtain the best copy 'available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * Ag'reproducibikity are often encountered and this affects the gdality * I-2 * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available *' * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions* * supplied byEDES are the best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** C\I 1 1 I A r--1 c U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION L WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN.REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE- SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF EDUCATION POSITION OR P )L ICY f ./' IF BY MICRO FICHE ONLY 101-Frk.. 41 w IF Contents iv Introduction Accident prevention Theory '2 Prevention of Sports,Injury: A Problem Solving Approach, Allan J. Ryan 12 Organized Athletic Competition for Elementary School Pupils, William F. Stier, Jr. 19High School Football Injuries Study, Frederick 0. Mueller and Carl S. Blyth 24 Nature and Incidence of Traumatic Injury to Women in Sports, Sharon Kosek Sports Safety' 30 A Preseasonallnd Year-Round Skiing Fitness Program, John Gillingham 34Clues to Safety on the Trampoline, John Piscopo 38Safety in Skin and Scuba Diving, Mel Springer 42Recreational Boating EducatiOn, Michael W. Davis and Marvin N. Reichle Athletic Training and, Emergency Care 46Athletic Facility Safety, Kenneth C. Wolfert 52 Medical Practices in Sports, Allan J. Ryan 60 Four Minutes from Comprehensive Cardiac Care, Rix N. Yard 64 Our Spectators Let's Care for Them, William G. Stewart Legal Responsibility 68 Legal Liability, Howard C. Leibee 73 School/Coach Responsibilities in Athletics: From the. Gym to the Jury, Herbert Appenzellar 80Rights and Responsibilities of Team Physicians, Michael Gallagher 85 Legal Aspects of Adult Fitness Programs, Betty Van Der Smissen 90 Liability Exemption for Physical Educators, Harold Leibowitz Introduction This publication covering a broad spectrum of sports safety problems is designed as a source of information for those who plan, organize, administer or evaluate various physical education and recreational activities, athletics or sports. Great emphasis should be placed on the safety aspects, of all programs involving physical activities and it is therefore significant to present a broad perspectiv&so that those individuals involved can make valued judgments and accept responsibility regarding participant and spectator as well. In the first section, the prevention of sports injury is stressed with attention to different age groups and sex. Some topics discussed are unsafe acts, qualified supervisors, effectiveness of injury. control factors, safe equipment, mainte- nance of surfaces and facilities, stringent enforcement of rules and the accep- tance of degrees of ris.:. The second section deals with individual preconditioning, equipment, pro- gression, supervision and specific safety criteria in skiing, trampolining, skin and scuba diving and boating. Training rooms, locker and shower rooms, indoor courts and outdoor playing fields are covered in the third section. Programs in sports medicine, medical services for athletes, the athletic trainer, preveniive measures and comprehen- sive emergency care for spectators at athletic and sports events also are con- sidered. The fourth section portrays the legal responsibility as regards the nature of supervision, suitability of activities, instruction, equipment, facilities and travel policies. Rights and responsibilities of team physicians and legal aspects of adult physical fitnewrograms with concernl'or space, temperature-and humidity are described while exemption of physical educators from liability while rendering emergency care is presented. Itis hoped that this publication will prove a valuable asset to teachers, teachers in training, administrators, coaches, athletic trainers, physicians and other professional groups and that high quality activity programs will emerge for the benefit and enjoyment of all age groups. Editorial Committee E. Lee Dennis,.Chairperson Stanley Pechar Associate Professor Associate Professor Education Brooklyn College New York University Bedford Avenue & Avenue H School of Education Brooklyn, NY 11210 Washington Square New York, NY 10003 Gordon Jensen Physical Education Consultant William G. Stewart Wisconsin Dept. of Public Instruction Chairman, Graduate Studies 126 Langdon Street, Room 417 School of HPER Madison, WI 53702 Ohio University Grover Center Harold Leibowitz Athens, OH 45701 Assistant Pr9fessor Physical Education Department John H. Cooper, ASCSA Brooklyn College, CUNY Executive Secretary Brooklyn, NY iv Accident Prevention Theory !" 0 Allan J. Ryan, M.D. Associate Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine A tic Team Physician .--University of WisconsinMadison Prevention of Sports Injury: A Problem Solving -Approach* The prevention of sports injuries may be thought of in terms of the many types of problems presented by the universality of sport. SOO as a specialized form of play isa part of life and not a phenomenon of any time orirlace. The role which it has played in different cultures varies, and the forms which it takes may change, but the essence remains thesame, giving rise to problems of control which are common to all times and places. We live in a time and a place where we have developed considerable interest in the solution of these problems. To some we have satisfactory answers, but to others we can make only an inadequate response. Let's see w,,,hat the situation is at the moment. An accident is an unpredictable event only in the sense that tke person or persons involved in it do not expect it to occur at that paiiicular time. If the epidemiotogist is given enough information about the circumstances of any given event involving people in motion, he can estimate the possibility of various accidental occurrenAs, and how often they may be expected to take place over a given period of time. The NationalSafety Council daks this regard- ing the expected fatalities due to motor vehicle accidents on holiday weekends. Usually they come pretty close to the mark_ As the' result of experience in many fields they can say further that about 300 unsafe acts which would cause an accident take place before one actually occurs, and that there are about 29 accidental injuries for each disabling injury, and about 100 disabling injuries for each accidental death. In other words, for safety to be effective it is not enough to try to prevent one death; 900,000 unsafe acts must be prevented in order to do this. Multiply this by the approximately 40,000 motor vehicle deaths now occurring in the United States annually and it is clear that the problem of automotive safety is complex. Driving an automobile is one of the most popular forms of recreation today, although it could hardly be called physical activity of a high order except for automobile racing. In recreational puysuits which involve physical activity, and especially in sports, we perform thousands of unsafe acts. The very character of sports and *Reprinted from JOHPER, April 1971. games, since they are intensified
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