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Overview of Reactor Technologies in the World

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Overview of Reactor Technologies in the World SFEN JG Atoms for the Future 14th October 2010 Overview of Reactor Technologies in the World Martin Taylor OECD Nuclear Energy Agency World Nuclear Generating Capacity, 1960 to 2009 NPP construction starts, 1955 to 2009 Electricity Generation by Source, 2007 Share of Nuclear Power in Total Electricity, 2009 (%) Source: IAEA PRIS Nuclear Capacity by Country, 2010 (MWe) Source: IAEA PRIS The Existing Reactor Fleet 440 large power reactors are in operation (including a few under refurbishment) Total capacity of 376 GWe Over 80% are light water reactors (LWRs) The USA (104 units), France (58) and Japan (55) account for 56% of global capacity OECD countries (including also Germany, Korea, Canada, UK) have 83% of global capacity Outside the OECD, Russia, Ukraine, China and India have large nuclear programmes 7 Types of Nuclear Power Plant in Operation Type No. of units Net capacity (GWe) PWR 217 210.8 BWR 88 78.9 VVER 52 37.5 PHWR 48 24.3 RBMK 11 10.2 GCR 18 8.9 ABWR 4 5.0 FBR 2 0.8 Total 440 376.4 Source: IAEA PRIS 8 Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) Containment Reactor vessel Steam flow Steam generator Generator Control rods Reactor core Turbine Water flow Condenser 9 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Containment Steam flow Reactor vessel Generator Reactor core Turbine Control rods Water flow Condenser 10 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Containment Steam flow Heat exchanger Water flow Fuel channels Heavy water circuit Calandria Dump tank 11 Average energy availability factor for NPPs worldwide Age Structure of Operating NPPs Projected Lifetime of Existing Nuclear Capacity Key Points on the Existing Reactor Fleet Most were built in the 1970s and 1980s, and are now 20 to 40 years old Some suffered from delays & high costs during construction, and poor initial performance Performance much improved during 1990s; now highly valued generating assets Planned lifetime of about 40 years; for many plants, 50 to 60 years now expected Investment in power uprating and preparing for extended operation 15 Vendors of Nuclear Power Plants in Operation Consolidation of NPP Vendors Since 1990 17 Main Current NPP Vendors & Designs Westinghouse (AP‐1000) AREVA (EPR, Atmea) Atomenergoprom (VVER‐1200, VVER‐1000) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (APWR, Atmea) Doosan (APR‐1400) General Electric‐Hitachi (ABWR, ESBWR) Toshiba (ABWR) Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd (ACR, Candu‐6) CNNC, China Guangdong NPC (CPR‐1000) To come: CAP‐1400 (Chinese Gen III+ design) 18 Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction Location No. of units Net capacity (MW) Argentina 1 692 Brazil 1 1 245 Bulgaria 2 1 906 China 24 25 010 Finland 1 1 600 France 1 1 600 India 4 2 506 Iran 1 915 Japan 2 2 650 Korea 5 5 560 Pakistan 1 300 Russia 11 9 153 Slovak Republic 2 782 Chinese Taipei 2 2 600 Ukraine 2 1 900 United States 1 1 165 Total 61 59 584 19 Source: IAEA PRIS Nuclear Energy Technology Roadmap Prepared jointly by the Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Energy Agency ©OECD/IEA 2010 A Series of Roadmaps Covering the main low‐carbon energy technologies Based on a scenario to halve energy‐related CO2 emissions by 2050 (near decarbonisation of electricity) Assess current status of technology and set out specific technology targets to be achieved and by when Other barriers that need to be overcome (e.g. legal, regulatory, financial, public acceptance, etc.) Policy support required for R&D and for deployment Identification of roles & responsibilities, i.e. who needs to do what and when Looks to 2050, but focus on near‐term actions and milestones (next 10 years) 21 ETP 2010 BLUE Map: Nuclear Assumes 1 200 GWe of nuclear power by 2050 (up from 370 GWe today); 610 GWe in ETP Baseline 9 600 TWh/year of electricity, 24% of global total Need to add 25 GWe/year in 2020s, rising to 40 GWe/year in 2040s Allowing for life extension and larger units, could require 20‐25 new units per year High Nuclear case has 2 000 GWe nuclear by 2050, nearly 16 000 TWh, 38% of global electricity Model shows this would be cost‐effective (against CCS), but IEA doubts feasibility 22 Electricity Production by Source in Baseline & BLUE Map Scenarios 23 Growth in Nuclear Capacity in BLUE Map Scenario 24 Nuclear Roadmap Structure Status of Nuclear Energy Today Existing fleet; Nuclear technology for near‐term (Gen III+); Status of nuclear fuel cycle and waste management Nuclear Energy Deployment to 2050 Nuclear in BLUE Map; Expansion to 2020; Preparing for more rapid growth after 2020; Fuel cycle requirements Technology Development and Deployment Evolutionary development; Implementing HLW & spent fuel disposal; Next generation nuclear systems; SMRs; Heat, etc. Policy, Financial and Social Aspects Policy support; Legal & regulatory frameworks; Financing; Civil society; Capacity‐building; Non‐proliferation, etc. Roadmap Action Plan Actions for governments, industry and others 25 Milestones: Policy Support 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Clear & stable commitment to nuclear power in energy policy Harmonise regulatory requirements to facilitate the use of standardised designs Ensure legal & regulatory systems work effectively Strengthen non-proliferation regimes, Develop legal & institutional frameworks while providing security of fuel supply for wider use of advanced fuel cycles Ensure institutions & funding are in place for waste disposal & decommissioning 26 Milestones: Capacity Building & Industry 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Achieve nuclear Develop industrial Continue to construction rates capacities to increase nuclear from 2020 double support advanced construction rates Increase capacity present levels fuel cycles to supply nuclear plant components & systems Strengthen & broaden global supply chains as more countries launch nuclear programmes Develop the qualified & skilled human resources needed Increase uranium production & nuclear fuel cycle capacities to meet rapid demand growth 27 Milestones: Financing 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Establish electricity and carbon markets that support large, long-term investments Consider direct Increase the govt. support or availability of Establish routine investment by private guarantees for private sector sector in proven nuclear plant designs NPP investment\ finance for NPPs Develop nuclear energy expertise in private sector financial institutions 28 Milestones: Technology Development & Deployment 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Fully Show Implement plans to build & operate establish on-time geological repositories for waste disposal Gen III+ & on- designs, budget bring completion FOAK of further plants Gen III+ Build & operate on-line plants Complete demonstration of the most commercial-scale promising Gen IV nuclear plants Gen IV plants Strengthen RD&D in advanced fuel cycles Increase use of nuclear energy for non- electricity applications (e.g. heat) 29 Key Findings (1) Nuclear is a mature low‐carbon energy technology that is already available for wider deployment In the ETP BLUE Map scenario, nuclear capacity grows to 1 200 GWe by 2050, providing 24% of global electricity Obstacles to this expansion are mainly policy‐related, industrial and financial, rather than technological But in the longer term, technological development will be needed for nuclear to remain competitive A clear and stable commitment to nuclear as part of national energy strategy is a prerequisite Financing will be a major challenge, and government support may be needed for private‐sector investment 30 Key Findings (2) Industrial capacity to build nuclear plants will need to double by 2020 for expansion in line with the scenario; fuel cycle capacities will also need to increase A great increase in highly qualified and skilled human resources will also be needed Progress needs to be made in building and operating facilities for the disposal of spent fuel & high‐level waste Safeguards and physical protection measures must be maintained and strengthened where necessary Generation IV reactor and fuel cycle technologies may offer improved sustainability, economics, proliferation‐ resistance, safety and reliability, starting before 2050 31 Key Actions for Next 10 Years Demonstrate the ability to build the latest nuclear plant designs on time and within budget Develop the industrial capacities and skilled human resources to support sustained growth in nuclear capacity Establish the required legal frameworks and institutions in countries where these do not yet exist Encourage the participation of private sector investors in nuclear power projects Make progress in implementing plans for permanent disposal of high‐level radioactive wastes Enhance public dialogue to inform stakeholders about the role of nuclear in energy strategy Expand the supply of nuclear fuel in line with increased nuclear generating capacity 32 The Nuclear Energy Roadmap was released on 16 June 2010 All roadmaps are available at: www.iea.org/roadmaps 33.
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