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Xinjiang En La Época De Reforma Y Apertura China (1978-1990): De La Liberalización Socio -Económica Issn: 2386 a La Tensión Etno -Separatista

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Xinjiang En La Época De Reforma Y Apertura China (1978-1990): De La Liberalización Socio -Económica Issn: 2386 a La Tensión Etno -Separatista LA ALBOLAFIA : RE)ISTA DE HU,ANIDADES Y CULTURA 0 ABLO ADRIANO RODRB/UEZ ,ERINO -24A1 -24A1 DIN IAN/ EN LA ]0OCA DE REFOR,A . A0ERTURA CHINA (1AC8-1AA0): DE LA LIBERALIZACIPN SOCIO -ECONP,ICA ISSN: 2387 A LA TENSIPN ETNO -SE0ARATISTA 0ablo Adriano Rodrguez ,erino Universidad de Earwick RESU,EN Este artculo analiza el perodo chino de reforma y apertura en la Regin Autnoma Uigur de DinHiang (RAUD) y e:plora las dinFmicas Lue facilitaron la resurgencia del separatismo uigur pese a la relativa liberali- zacin, especialmente en el Fmbito religioso, con la Lue el gobierno chino acompa1 el viraHe econmico. En primer lugar, se presentan las medidas NgradualistasM de ndole econmica y social aplicadas por el 0artido Comunista Chino (0CCh) en DinHiang durante la d3cada de los a1os 1A80. 0osteriormente, se evalúan sus resultadosM, identificando las limitaciones Lue para las minoras 3tnicas tuvo este enfoLue NgradualistaM, sobre todo en lo referente a la autonoma poltica y prosperidad econmica. Finalmente, el artculo e:amina el desa- rrollo de actividades disidentes y separatistas en la región como las manifestaciones estudiantiles de UrumLi en 1A85 o la Nrebelin contrarrevolucionariaM de Baren en 1AA0, evento Lue catalizarF una campa1a represiva en la regin. El artculo refle:iona sobre el complejo (des)eLuilibrio entre moderacin y asimilacionismo al Lue los lderes chinos se enfrentan en DinHiang y por el Lue, independientemente del enfoLue adoptado, las polticas del r3gimen chino acaban contribuyendo de uno u otro modo al separatismo uigur. ABSTRACT This article analyses ChinaMs reform and opening up period in the DinHiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (DUAR) and e:plores the dynamics that facilitated a revitalisation of Uyghur separatism in spite of the liberal- ization policies, particularly in the religious realm, that accompanied the economic change. To this aim, it first introduces the economic and social NgradualistM policies applied by the Chinese Communist 0arty (CC0) in DinHiang during the 1A80s decade, paying special attention to those that allowed a religious and cultural revival in the region. Ne:t, it evaluates the NgradualistM approach, identifying the limitations that these policies had for the ethnic minorities with respect to political autonomy and economic prosperity. Finally, the article e:amines the emergence of dissident and separatists activities in the region, from the student demonstrations in UrumLi (1A85) to the Baren Ncounterrevolutionary rebellionM (1AA0), which would eventually trigger a repressive cam- paign in the region. The article reflects on the conundrum faced by Chinese leaders in DinHiang, by which moderate policies originally aimed at appeasing the ethnic minorities may well result in the emergence of separatism, thus triggering a further repressive approach also conducive to dissidence. 72L2LR2S CL2VE 5 China, Xin1iang, reforma y apertura, minoras étnicas, separatismo, .igur. TEUD0RDS 5 China, Xin1iang, reform and opening up, ethnic minorities, .yghur, separatism. 2A LA ALBOLAFIA : RE)ISTA DE HU,ANIDADES Y CULTURA 0 ABLO ADRIANO RODRB/UEZ ,ERINO DinHiang, se podra afirmar razonablemente, es Mla historia de muchos pueblos, culturas y poleis en 1.-I NTRODUCCIPN : DILE,AS EN LA interaccin, y no de una sola nacinG 38 . Este as- INTE/RACIPN DE LA NNUE)A pecto plural es propio de un territorio Lue fue red de arterias euroasiFticas en la Ruta de FRONTERA M la Seda. En paralelo al devenir comercial, por all pasaron y deHaron huella innumerables tribus, etnias, religiones, lenguas y entidades En su monogrFfico con motivo del 70 ani- polticas, estas ltimas con diferentes grados versario del establecimiento de la Regin de independencia en relacin a los poderes Autnoma Uigur de DinHiang (RAUD) en Lue gobernaron la China NpropiaM. Coinci- 1A55, el Renmin Ribao (Diario del 0ueblo) diendo con el declive de la dinasta Tang centr su atencin en los conceptos Ntrans- (718-A0C), Lue haba superado en e:tensin formacinM, NpuebloM, NreliginM, Nanti- geogrFfica e influencia a la dinasta Han en el terrorismoM y Nritmo diarioM, este ltimo en actual DinHiang, se sucedieron una serie de relacin al da a da de las gentes de la re- estados bdesde el reino Uigur hasta los kana- gin 35 . Si bien se trata de una simplificacin, tos mongoles de Chagatay y ,ogulistFn- Lue la seleccin realizada por el peridico oficial gobernaron la regin de una manera inde- del 0artido Comunista de China (0CCh) pendiente del poder chino de turno 3A . Tras acierta al refleHar los principales elementos un perodo de casi mil a1os, fue la empresa Lue durante seis d3cadas han influenciado las e:pansionista de la dinasta King (1744- polticas Lue el gobierno chino ha aplicado en 1A12), a la Lue la China actual debe su e:ten- la nueva frontera E, . Desde 1A4A, cuando el sin geogrFfica, la Lue conLuist y afianz la EH3rcito de Liberacin 0opular (EL0) pe- Nnueva fronteraM noroccidental del Imperio netr en DinHiang, el 0CCh ha probado dife- del Centro, incorporando a unos habitantes rentes frmulas para apuntalar e integrar un Lue en ese lapso fueron pasando del budismo territorio singular cuya historiografa se presta y las lenguas indoeuropeas al Islam y a las al debate poltico. La postura oficial china es lenguas t rLuicas Lue hoy configuran la iden- Lue DinHiang ha sido una Mparte inalienable de tidad uigur 40 . China desde hace m4s de 2.000 a-osG, en referen- cia a la dinasta Han (207 a. C.-200), Lue Las polticas adoptadas por el 0CCh en la 0ekn considera precursora de la presencia regin estFn pues ligadas, a todos los efectos, china en la regin. 0or su parte, el movi- al carFcter singular de estos elementos con miento en el e:ilio de la principal minora los Lue el Renmin Ribao presenta sesenta a1os 3tnica en DinHiang afirma Lue Mlos uigures de la DUAR: la pluralidad 3tnica del NpuebloM tienen una historia de m4s de P.000 a-os en el Tur- -o pueblos- de DinHiangU el papel Lue la Nreli- 3C quest4n 0rientalG . Frente a declaraciones ginM Huega en la identidad de sus minoras nacionalistas de uno u otro calado, la de (histricamente mayoritarias frente a la po- blacin Han 41 )U la gestin del desarrollo 35 N70th Anniversary of the DinHiang Uyghur au- tonomous region, Oct 1, 1A55-Oct 1, 2015M, China Daily , disponible en 38 ,ILLEARD, ames , Eurasian Crossroads5 2 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/70th:Hanni 6istory of Xin1iang , London: Hurst and Company vesary/ Zaccesso el 30/11/2015[. (200C), p. :iv. 37 Significado de Xin1iang. 3A Ibid. 40-C8. 3C NDinHiang, multi-ethnic region since ancient 40 )er 0ERDUE, 0eter C., China Marches Dest5 The times: white paperM, Xinhua , 27 de mayo de 2003U Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia , Cambridge, ,ass: EORLD U./HUR CON/RESS (EUC ), Q Brief Harvard University 0ress (2005). History of East TurkestanM, disponible en 41 0or razones de claridad en la lectura, utilizar3 el http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/gcath132 t3rmino NHanM (referente a la principal etnia china) Zacceso el C/12/2014[. con la primera letra en forma may scula, a dife- 30 LA ALBOLAFIA : RE)ISTA DE HU,ANIDADES Y CULTURA 0 ABLO ADRIANO RODRB/UEZ ,ERINO econmico de la regin, esto es, su Ntrans- Hasta cierto punto China ayud a definir la formacinM hacia la modernidad chinaU y la NnacinM uigur afianzando una idea de Nnacio- oposicin Lue una parte significativa de los nalidadM (hoy sustituida por NminoraM en el uigures, sintiendo amenazada su identidad, discurso oficial) entre una poblacin Lue han mostrado al gobierno chino, en ocasio- hasta entonces se haba singularizado pri- nes a trav3s de una violencia Lue hoy en da mordialmente por su identidad religiosa y su 0ekn reduce a un problema de NterrorismoM. oasis de procedencia 44 . En su reificacin de una NnacionalidadM uigur, 0ekn encontr el La historia de la poltica del 0CCh en efecto indeseado de contribuir a un separa- DinHiang es, en cierto modo, la historia de tismo Lue hoy se presume heredero de una cmo los lderes chinos han afrontado la estado budista Lue, paradHicamente, se ca- compleHa misin de integrar con 3:ito a la racteriz por una atraccin hacia lo NchinoM, regin y a sus habitantes en China. En esta visible por eHemplo en la vestimenta de sus historia subyace un dilema sobre el Lue los lderes 45 . El laberinto poltico Lue China gobiernos de China, antes y despu3s del afronta en DinHiang es, por tanto, una suerte 0CCh, han tenido Lue transitar en un difcil de calleHn sin salida en el Lue cualLuiera sea eHercicio de eLuilibrio. Cuanto mFs han for- la perspectiva adoptada 0ekn va a encontrar zado la asimilacin, suprimiendo la autonom- apata en el meHor de los casos y resistencia a de las minoras 3tnicas y la libertad para en el peor. NeHercerM su identidad en el Fmbito religioso y socio-cultural, mFs resistencia y oposicin al Este artculo e:plora las dinFmicas de este gobierno y a Nlo chinoM han mostrado los dilema durante un perodo crucial para en- uigures y otros grupos. Cuando 0ekn ha tender la China contemporFnea, la era de enfocado la integracin de una manera en la Reforma y Apertura ( gaige kaifang ), en la Lue, Lue ha permitido, e incluso alentado, este liderado por Deng Diaoping, el pas empren- eHercicio identitario, los uigures han acogido di un giro decisivo. Tras la muerte de ,ao y con satisfaccin las polticas del 0CCh, pero el caos de la Revolucin Cultural, el tercer al mismo tiempo han visto reforzada su iden- 0leno del DI Comit3 Central del 0CCh tidad frente a la identidad china Han, resul- (1AC8) no slo recuper el obHetivo de las tando en un distanciamiento de la nacin 'cuatro modernizaciones' (agricultura, indus- china y un aumento del deseo de auto- tria, defensa, ciencia y tecnologa), sino Lue determinacin 42 .
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