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Tourism As a Factor of Demand in Public Road Passenger Transportation in the Republic of Croatia

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Tourism As a Factor of Demand in Public Road Passenger Transportation in the Republic of Croatia ISSN 1846-6168 (Print), ISSN 1848-5588 (Online) Subject review https://doi.org/10.31803/tg-20191210120738 Tourism as a Factor of Demand in Public Road Passenger Transportation in the Republic of Croatia Goran Kos, Neven Ivandić, Krešimir Vidović Abstract: The paper presents the results of research in tourism as one of the most important factors in the public passenger transport demand. The research has been carried out for the requirements of creating a Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) for the Republic of Croatia for 2016. Traffic and tourism, as strategic economic activities of the Republic of Croatia, have the characteristics of complex and dynamic systems, mutually conditioned by the guidelines of the demand and supply chain of tourist product values. Therefore, the paper is oriented towards the analysis of the significance of tourism for public road passenger transport in the Republic of Croatia. During 2016, road intercity passenger transport carried 50.4 million passengers, out of which 98 percent in domestic and 2 percent in international transport. Passenger road transportation is marked by mild seasonal oscillations, with the summer period marked by the lowest level of demand, and the period from January to March by the largest number of passengers. The provision of public road transportation services in 2016 realised a revenue of 1.8 billion kuna for 433 business subjects registered in this activity. The trends indicate an increase in the number of travelled kilometres by buses with passengers. Keywords: public bus transport; tourism; tourism satellite account; tourism transport demand 1 INTRODUCTION sixth Section contains the concluding observations and proposals for future research. Tourism is one of the most significant factors of demand in the public road passenger transportation. In order to 2 LITERATURE REVIEW determine the share of public road passenger transportation that participates in generating the revenues, the paper The studies that connect tourism and transportation presents the results of studies carried out for the requirements started in the mid-1980s [1, 2]. Such studies usually referred of the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) of the Republic of to the transportation of tourists by air, rail and water transport Croatia for 2016. The Tourism Satellite Account provides an (sea and river transportation of tourists). The studies related insight into the macro-economic aggregates that describe the to the road transport of tourists were mostly reduced to the volume and the economic impact of tourism based on study of tourists travelling by passenger cars, i.e. individual observing the expenditures of visitors according to their road transportation means. There are few studies carried out origin and the integration of the expenditures of visitors with that indicate the use of public road passenger transportation the tables of supply and use of national accounts. of tourists in tourism destinations, i.e. tourism attractive The aim of the paper is to analyse the volume and areas. characteristics of tourism demand in public road passenger More recent studies, i.e. the ones dating to the beginning transportation in the Republic of Croatia in order to of this century, began with the authors Van Middelkoop et al. comprehend the significance of tourism for this economic who collected data about the selection of tourism destinations activity, but also to determine the key physical and monetary in order to define the rules for developing trip models. The features of the total demand and the demand of visitors. data were collected and analysed in the Netherlands in 1998 The first Section contains introductory observations. The [3]. second Section provides an overview of key literature that The studies that followed and were carried out by the connects the research in the domain of tourism and public author Awaritefe considered mainly the motives of tourists road passenger transportation. The key papers published over in the selection of tourism destinations. Studies were also the last thirty years have been analysed. The third Section carried out in Third World countries [4]. The attractiveness provides insight into the methodology of using the Tourism of the destination, high-quality services, facilities, a Satellite Account as a means of measuring the significance favourable location and accessibility of destinations are the of tourism for the public road passenger transportation. The most important factors in the selection of a tourism Tourism Satellite Account is a methodology founded by the destination. Public transportation also proved to be an United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), important factor in the selection of the destination, i.e. which uses the concepts, classifications, definitions, tables tourists were more motivated to visit a destination that and aggregates to measure the economic effects of tourism provided a better public transportation connection. on a national economy at an annual basis. The fourth Section In the paper [5], the authors Jurčević et al. studied the contains the analysis and key characteristics of public road relation between tourism and the transportation industry in passenger transportation and tourism in Croatia, whereas the the Republic of Croatia, whose share of tourism amounts to fifth Section presents the results of studying the almost one fifth of the GDP. The most important thing from characteristics of passengers and tourists in Croatia. The the transportation aspect is certainly the infrastructure of all transport branches, but primarily of road transport. 76 TECHNICAL JOURNAL 14, 1(2020), 76-87 Goran Kos et al.: Tourism as a Factor of Demand in Public Road Passenger Transportation in the Republic of Croatia At the same time, there are problems in the destinations When public transportation systems are integrated into the that attract an excessive number of tourists, i.e. areas where strategies of economic development – urban development the limits of the carrying capacity of tourists are exceeded. and housing policies, education and employment strategies, The authors Aguilo et al. [6] studied different strategies in the as well as the tourism sector –cities can truly evolve. tourism policy intended to reduce the number of tourists who The service of transportation in tourism depends on the use private transportation by motor vehicles and represent the physical availability of the destination, movement within the need for a greater usage of public, group or charter destination and the transport itself [10]; as it is stated in the transportation in the destinations. Taking the Balearic Islands research by the authors Kovačić et al. In today’s world, as the case study, discrete models of selection were used to transportation is not just an attraction of a desired destination. evaluate various methods of modelling the function of The authors state that travelling by a certain vehicle can be a transportation demand for the lease of cars and public buses, tourist attraction if the transportation means has been and in this way they identify the corrective potential of the designed to evoke a sense of joy and excitement. The authors proposed policy. analyse transport modes that are an attraction and provide an For the needs of modelling traffic during the tourist overview of certain modes of transportation. It is also stated season, there is an increasing need for new traffic models that that the foreign tourists arriving to Croatia mostly arrive by would be implemented during and outside the tourist season. cars and other road vehicles (91 percent), whereas other Paper [7] by Novačko et al. presents a model for the modes of transportation are less represented (air transport – evaluation of data for the need of a classical four-stage model eight percent, shipping – one percent, rail transport of transportation demand by passenger cars in small towns represented only marginally) [11]. and a suitable model for tourism destinations. The procedure In the paper [12], authors Purba et al. conclude that the consists of creating an initial origin-destination travel matrix quality of service is the key indicator of the system, since from the data on the traffic count and the definition of an many elements that represent the quality of service are in the average rate of generating the travelling of households and transport system. The goal of the mentioned research has tourists. been to define the main aspects of the quality of service of The authors Ševrović et al. [8] studied the public the transit system in a tourist-educational city and a business transport of passengers and the model of the distribution of city. transportation costs in the public urban and suburban The authors Hall et al. [13] carried out a research on the transport. The paper gives an overview of the level of use of public transportation by the tourists (their choice, subsidising the public transportation of passengers in problems, desires and habits) and how to direct the tourists to European cities and cities in the Republic of Croatia. Based more sustainable methods of travelling than that of individual on the example of passenger transportation in the Dubrovnik- transport. The authors focused on marketing and its role in Neretva County, the region in the south part of Mediterranean the promotion of travelling. Different factors that affect Croatia, a general proposal of the model of expenditure travelling include habits, such as gender, age, socio- distribution has been presented, and an
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