Reduced Net Methane Emissions Due to Microbial Methane Oxidation in a Warmer Arctic
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Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Lipids of the Methane-Oxidizing Bacterium Methylococcus Capsulatus
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 66, No. 22, pp. 3955–3969, 2002 Copyright © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd Pergamon Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0016-7037/02 $22.00 ϩ .00 PII S0016-7037(02)00981-X Hydrogen isotope fractionation in lipids of the methane-oxidizing bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus 1, 2 3 1 ALEX L. SESSIONS, *LINDA L. JAHNKE, ARNDT SCHIMMELMANN, and JOHN M. HAYES 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 2Exobiology Branch, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA 3Biogeochemical Laboratories, Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA (Received December 10, 2001; accepted in revised form June 7, 2002) Abstract—Hydrogen isotopic compositions of individual lipids from Methylococcus capsulatus, an aerobic, methane-oxidizing bacterium, were analyzed by hydrogen isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The purposes of the study were to measure isotopic fractionation factors between methane, water, and lipids and to examine the biochemical processes that determine the hydrogen isotopic composition of lipids. M. capsulatus was grown in six replicate cultures in which the ␦D values of methane and water were varied independently. Measurement of concomitant changes in ␦D values of lipids allowed estimation of the proportion of hydrogen derived from each source and the isotopic fractionation associated with the utilization of each source. All lipids examined, including fatty acids, sterols, and hopanols, derived 31.4 Ϯ 1.7% of their hydrogen from methane. This was apparently true whether the cultures were harvested during exponential or stationary phase. Examination of the relevant biochemical pathways indicates that no hydrogen is transferred directly (with C-H bonds intact) from methane to lipids. -
Is Rapid Climate Change in the Arctic a Planetary Emergency? Peter Carter, November 2013 Updated 2019
Is Rapid Climate Change in the Arctic a Planetary Emergency? Peter Carter, November 2013 updated 2019. Introduction This paper presents a compelling case, supported by the climate change research, that the combination of: • global inaction on greenhouse gas emissions, • climate system inertias, and • multiple enormous Arctic sources of amplifying feedbacks (covered in this paper) constitutes an extreme-risk planetary emergency, for the survival of civilization, the human race and most life Research on climate change and the Arctic shows that we face a catastrophic risk of uncontrollable, accelerating global warming due to several amplifying feedbacks from enormous feedback sources in the Arctic. These include the Arctic snow/ice-albedo feedback and greenhouse gas feedbacks (methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide). Under global warming, the Arctic is changing far faster than other regions of Earth. Numerous – and extremely large – Arctic sources of amplifying feedbacks are already responding (have been triggered in response) to rapid Arctic warming. These Arctic feedbacks, if not addressed in time (now) and with the appropriate degree of mitigation, can only be expected to accelerate the rate of global warming. They constitute a very large risk of planetary catastrophic consequences, including Arctic greenhouse gas feedback so-called "runaway" chaotic climate disruption / runaway global heating/ hot house Earth. This paper describes global warming positive feedbacks already operant in the Arctic, and explains the large risk of planetary -
Working Towards a Just Peace in the Middle East
KAIROS Policy Briefing Papers are written to help inform public debate on key domestic and foreign policy issues No. 41 April 2015 Hopeful Signs, Alarming Realities on the Road to Climate Justice By John Dillon Ecological Economy Program Coordinator “Climate change for us is a matter of life or death.”1 waiting for the Paris conference to make decisions These stark words were spoken by Rev. Tafue Lu- that, in most cases, will take effect only in 2020. sama, General Secretary of the Tuvalu Christian Church, in September 2014 at an interfaith summit in New York. How prophetic they were in March 2015 when Super Cyclone Pam wreaked havoc on the Pa- cific island state, killing dozens and destroying thou- sands of homes in neighbouring Vanuatu. Rising sea levels and warmer water temperatures have increased the frequency and intensity of tropical storms like this one and Typhoon Haiyan, which struck the Philip- pines in 2013. Yet, although climate change is already devastating the lives of millions of vulnerable people, Rev. Olav Cyclone Pam survivors survey damage in Vanuatu. Tveit, General Secretary of the World Council of Churches, reminds us: “Despite all the negative condi- Hopeful signs include initiatives being undertaken tions, we have the right to hope, not as a passive wait- by some Canadian provinces such as putting a price ing but as an active process towards justice and on carbon emissions and declaring moratoria on hy- peace.”2 This Briefing Paper examines some hopeful draulic fracturing (fracking) to extract shale gas. As signs of progress in the struggle for climate justice, well, a number of civil society groups, such as Cli- despite major obstacles. -
The Ratio of Methanogens to Methanotrophs and Water-Level Dynamics Drive Methane Exchange Velocity in a Temperate Kettle-Hole Peat Bog
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-116 Manuscript under review for journal Biogeosciences Discussion started: 23 April 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. The ratio of methanogens to methanotrophs and water-level dynamics drive methane exchange velocity in a temperate kettle-hole peat bog Camilo Rey-Sanchez1,4, Gil Bohrer1, Julie Slater2, Yueh-Fen Li3, Roger Grau-Andrés2, Yushan Hao2, 5 Virginia I. Rich3, & G. Matt Davies2 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA 2School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA 3Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA 10 4Current address, Department of Environmental Science, Management and Policy, University of California- Berkeley, California, 94720, USA Correspondence to: Camilo Rey-Sanchez ([email protected]) 15 Abstract. Peatlands are a large source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere, yet the uncertainty around the estimates of CH4 flux from peatlands is large. To better understand the spatial heterogeneity in temperate peatland CH4 emissions and their response to physical and biological drivers, we studied CH4 dynamics throughout the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 in Flatiron Lake Bog, a kettle-hole peat bog in Ohio. The site is composed of six different hydro-biological zones: an open water zone, four concentric vegetation zones surrounding the open water, and a restored zone connected to the main bog by a narrow 20 channel. At each of these locations, we monitored water level (WL), CH4 pore-water concentration at different peat depths, CH4 fluxes from the ground and from representative plant species using chambers, and microbial community composition with focus here on known methanogens and methanotrophs. -
Alpine Tundra
National Park Rocky Mountain Colorado National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Alpine Tundra WHAT IS ALPINE TUNDRA? Where mountaintops rise Arctic tundra occurs around like islands above a sea of the north pole. Alpine tundra trees lies the world of the crowns mountains that alpine tundra. John Muir reach above treeline. called it "a land of deso ...a world by itself lation covered with beautiful Rocky Mountain National in the sky. light." Yet this light shines Park is recognized world on a tapestry of living detail. wide as a Biosphere Reserve —Enos Mills Tundra lands too cold for because of the beauty and trees support over 200 kinds research value of its alpine of plants, as well as animals wild lands. Alpine tundra is from bighorn to butterflies. a sensitive indicator of such climatic changes as global Tundra is a Russian word for warming and acid rain. Over "land of no trees." 1/3 of the park is tundra. HOW FRAGILE IS IT? For 25 years after Trail That is why busy stops Ridge Road opened in 1932, along Trail Ridge Road are people had free run on the marked as Tundra Protection tundra. Repeated trampling Areas where no walking off damaged popular places. the trail is allowed. Some of these areas, fenced Elsewhere, walking on the off in 1959 for study, show tundra is permitted. But almost no sign of recovery walk with care! Step lightly, today. High winds and long without scuffing the winters make new growth surface. Step on rocks slow. Trampled places may when you can. -
FIRST-ORDER DRAFT IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 19 Do Not Cite, Quote
FIRST-ORDER DRAFT IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 19 1 Chapter 19. Emergent Risks and Key Vulnerabilities 2 3 Coordinating Lead Authors 4 Michael Oppenheimer (USA), Maximiliano Campos (Costa Rica) 5 6 Lead Authors 7 Joern Birkmann (Germany), George Luber (USA), Brian O’Neill (USA), Kiyoshi Takahashi (Japan), Rachel Warren 8 (UK) 9 10 Contributing Authors 11 Franz Berkhout (Netherlands), Pauline Dube (Botswana), Wendy Foden (South Africa), Stefan Greiving (Germany), 12 Solomon Hsiang (USA), Klaus Keller (USA), Joan Kleypas (USA), Robert Kopp (USA), Carlos Peres (UK), Jeff 13 Price (UK), Alan Robock (USA), Wolfram Schlenker (USA), Richard Tol (UK) 14 15 Review Editors 16 Mike Brklacich (Canada), Sergey Semenov (Russian Federation) 17 18 Chapter Scientist 19 Solomon Hsiang (USA) 20 21 22 Contents 23 24 Executive Summary 25 26 19.1. Purpose, Scope, and Structure of the Chapter 27 19.1.1. Historical Development of this Chapter 28 19.1.2. The Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate 29 Change Adaptation (SREX) 30 19.1.3. New Developments in this Chapter 31 32 19.2. Framework for Identifying Key Vulnerabilities, Key Risks, and Emergent Risks 33 19.2.1. Risk and Vulnerability 34 19.2.2. Criteria for Identifying Key Vulnerabilities and Key Risks 35 19.2.2.1. Criteria for Identifying Key Vulnerabilities 36 19.2.2.2. Criteria for Identifying Key Risks 37 19.2.3. Criteria for Identifying Emergent Risks 38 19.2.4. Identifying Key and Emergent Risks under Alternative Development Pathways 39 19.2.5. Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and Emergent Risks 40 41 19.3. -
Methane Utilization in Methylomicrobium Alcaliphilum 20ZR: a Systems Approach Received: 8 September 2017 Ilya R
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Methane utilization in Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20ZR: a systems approach Received: 8 September 2017 Ilya R. Akberdin1,2, Merlin Thompson1, Richard Hamilton1, Nalini Desai3, Danny Alexander3, Accepted: 22 January 2018 Calvin A. Henard4, Michael T. Guarnieri4 & Marina G. Kalyuzhnaya1 Published: xx xx xxxx Biological methane utilization, one of the main sinks of the greenhouse gas in nature, represents an attractive platform for production of fuels and value-added chemicals. Despite the progress made in our understanding of the individual parts of methane utilization, our knowledge of how the whole-cell metabolic network is organized and coordinated is limited. Attractive growth and methane-conversion rates, a complete and expert-annotated genome sequence, as well as large enzymatic, 13C-labeling, and transcriptomic datasets make Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20ZR an exceptional model system for investigating methane utilization networks. Here we present a comprehensive metabolic framework of methane and methanol utilization in M. alcaliphilum 20ZR. A set of novel metabolic reactions governing carbon distribution across central pathways in methanotrophic bacteria was predicted by in-silico simulations and confrmed by global non-targeted metabolomics and enzymatic evidences. Our data highlight the importance of substitution of ATP-linked steps with PPi-dependent reactions and support the presence of a carbon shunt from acetyl-CoA to the pentose-phosphate pathway and highly branched TCA cycle. The diverged TCA reactions promote balance between anabolic reactions and redox demands. The computational framework of C1-metabolism in methanotrophic bacteria can represent an efcient tool for metabolic engineering or ecosystem modeling. Climate change concerns linked to increasing concentrations of anthropogenic methane have spiked inter- est in biological methane utilization as a novel platform for improving ecological and human well-being1–4. -
(Antarctica) Glacial, Basal, and Accretion Ice
CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANISMS IN VOSTOK (ANTARCTICA) GLACIAL, BASAL, AND ACCRETION ICE Colby J. Gura A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2019 Committee: Scott O. Rogers, Advisor Helen Michaels Paul Morris © 2019 Colby Gura All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Scott O. Rogers, Advisor Chapter 1: Lake Vostok is named for the nearby Vostok Station located at 78°28’S, 106°48’E and at an elevation of 3,488 m. The lake is covered by a glacier that is approximately 4 km thick and comprised of 4 different types of ice: meteoric, basal, type 1 accretion ice, and type 2 accretion ice. Six samples were derived from the glacial, basal, and accretion ice of the 5G ice core (depths of 2,149 m; 3,501 m; 3,520 m; 3,540 m; 3,569 m; and 3,585 m) and prepared through several processes. The RNA and DNA were extracted from ultracentrifugally concentrated meltwater samples. From the extracted RNA, cDNA was synthesized so the samples could be further manipulated. Both the cDNA and the DNA were amplified through polymerase chain reaction. Ion Torrent primers were attached to the DNA and cDNA and then prepared to be sequenced. Following sequencing the sequences were analyzed using BLAST. Python and Biopython were then used to collect more data and organize the data for manual curation and analysis. Chapter 2: As a result of the glacier and its geographic location, Lake Vostok is an extreme and unique environment that is often compared to Jupiter’s ice-covered moon, Europa. -
The Exchange of Carbon Dioxide Between Wet Arctic Tundra and the Atmosphere at the Lena River Delta, Northern Siberia
Biogeosciences, 4, 869–890, 2007 www.biogeosciences.net/4/869/2007/ Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. The exchange of carbon dioxide between wet arctic tundra and the atmosphere at the Lena River Delta, Northern Siberia L. Kutzbach1,*, C. Wille1,*, and E.-M. Pfeiffer2 1Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2University of Hamburg, Institute of Soil Science, Allende-Platz 2, 20146 Hamburg, Germany *now at Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, Grimmer Straße 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany Received: 23 May 2007 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 25 June 2007 Revised: 1 October 2007 – Accepted: 8 October 2007 – Published: 18 October 2007 Abstract. The exchange fluxes of carbon dioxide between piration continued at substantial rates during autumn when wet arctic polygonal tundra and the atmosphere were inves- photosynthesis had ceased and the soils were still largely un- tigated by the micrometeorological eddy covariance method. frozen. The temporal variability of the ecosystem respiration The investigation site was situated in the centre of the Lena during summer was best explained by an exponential func- River Delta in Northern Siberia (72◦220 N, 126◦300 E). The tion with surface temperature, and not soil temperature, as study region is characterized by a polar and distinctly con- the independent variable. This was explained by the ma- tinental climate, very cold and ice-rich permafrost and its jor role of the plant respiration within the CO2 balance of position at the interface between the Eurasian continent and the tundra ecosystem. -
Compilation of U.S. Tundra Biome Journal and Symposium Publications
COMPILATION OF U.S • TUNDRA BIOME JOURNAL .Alm SYMPOSIUM PUBLICATIONS* {April 1975) 1. Journal Papers la. Published +Alexander, V., M. Billington and D.M. Schell (1974) The influence of abiotic factors on nitrogen fixation rates in the Barrow, Alaska, arctic tundra. Report Kevo Subarctic Research Station 11, vel. 11, p. 3-11. (+)Alexander, V. and D.M. Schell (1973) Seasonal and spatial variation of nitrogen fixation in the Barrow, Alaska, tundra. Arctic and Alnine Research, vel. 5, no. 2, p. 77-88. (+)Allessio, M.L. and L.L. Tieszen (1974) Effect of leaf age on trans location rate and distribution of Cl4 photoassimilate in Dupontia fischeri at Barrow, Alaska. Arctic and Alnine Research, vel. 7, no. 1, p. 3-12. (+)Barsdate, R.J., R.T. Prentki and T. Fenchel (1974) The phosphorus cycle of model ecosystems. Significance for decomposer food chains and effect of bacterial grazers. Oikos, vel. 25, p. 239-251. 0 • (+)Batzli, G.O., N.C. Stenseth and B.M. Fitzgerald (1974) Growth and survi val of suckling brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus). Journal of Mammalogy, vel. 55, p. 828-831. (+}Billings,. W.D. (1973) Arctic and alpine vegetations: Similarities, dii' ferences and susceptibility to disturbance. Bioscience, vel. 23, p. 697-704. (+)Braun, C.E., R.K. Schmidt, Jr. and G.E. Rogers (1973) Census of Colorado white-tailed ptarmigan with tape-recorded calls. Journal of Wildlife Management, vel. 37, no. 1, p. 90-93. (+)Buechler, D.G. and R.D. Dillon (1974) Phosphorus regeneration studies in freshwater ciliates. Journal of Protozoology, vol. 21, no. 2,· P• 339-343. -
From Tropics to Tundra: Global Convergence in Plant Functioning
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 13730–13734, December 1997 Ecology From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning PETER B. REICH*†,MICHAEL B. WALTERS‡, AND DAVID S. ELLSWORTH§ *Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; ‡Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9; and §Department of Applied Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 Communicated by Harold Alfred Mooney, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, September 12, 1997 (received for review May 21, 1997) ABSTRACT Despite striking differences in climate, soils, species, light-saturated net photosynthetic capacity (Amax) and and evolutionary history among diverse biomes ranging from leaf diffusive conductance were measured in the field (7–9) tropical and temperate forests to alpine tundra and desert, we under ambient CO2 concentrations and SLA (projected leaf found similar interspecific relationships among leaf structure area per dry mass), dark respiration (at 25°C), and N concen- and function and plant growth in all biomes. Our results thus tration of those leaves were assessed, on both mass and area demonstrate convergent evolution and global generality in bases. Average leaf life-span (month 5 30.4 days) was assessed plant functioning, despite the enormous diversity of plant for each species in the field, from long term monitoring of species and biomes. For 280 plant species from two global data numerous leaves andyor phenological observation. Field data sets, we found that potential carbon gain (photosynthesis) and on leaf, plant, and ecosystem characteristics also were com- carbon loss (respiration) increase in similar proportion with piled from the literature for species from several continents decreasing leaf life-span, increasing leaf nitrogen concentra- and an equally broad array of biomes. -
Carbon Dioxide Sources from Alaska Driven by Increasing Early Winter Respiration from Arctic Tundra
Carbon dioxide sources from Alaska driven by increasing early winter respiration from Arctic tundra Róisín Commanea,b,1, Jakob Lindaasb, Joshua Benmerguia, Kristina A. Luusc, Rachel Y.-W. Changd, Bruce C. Daubea,b, Eugénie S. Euskirchene, John M. Hendersonf, Anna Kariong, John B. Millerh, Scot M. Milleri, Nicholas C. Parazooj,k, James T. Randersonl, Colm Sweeneyg,m, Pieter Tansm, Kirk Thoningm, Sander Veraverbekel,n, Charles E. Millerk, and Steven C. Wofsya,b aHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138; bDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; cCenter for Applied Data Analytics, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2, Ireland; dDepartment of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2; eInstitute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775; fAtmospheric and Environmental Research Inc., Lexington, MA 02421; gCooperative Institute of Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309; hGlobal Monitoring Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305; iCarnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305; jJoint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; kJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109; lDepartment of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; mEarth Science Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305; and nFaculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Edited by William H. Schlesinger, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, and approved March 31, 2017 (received for review November 8, 2016) High-latitude ecosystems have the capacity to release large amounts of arctic and boreal landscapes.