Nonlinear optics at the nanoscale
Eric Mazur
Presented by Christopher C. Evans
22nd General Congress of the International Commission for Optics Puebla, Mexico, 17 August 2011 Geoff Svacha Rafael Gattass Tobias Voss Limin Tong and also.... Jonathan Aschom Mengyan Shen Iva Maxwell James Carey Brian Tull Dr. Yuan Lu Dr. Richard Schalek Prof. Federico Capasso Prof. Cynthia Friend Prof. Markus Pollnau (Twente) Xuewen Chen (Zhejiang) Zhanghua Han (Zhejiang) Dr. Sailing He (Zhejiang) Liu Liu (Zhejiang) Dr. Jingyi Lou (Zhejiang) Dr. Ray Mariella (LLNL) Prof. Frank Marlow (MPI Mühlheim) Prof. Sven Müller (Göttingen) Prof. Carsten Ronning (Göttingen)
Outline Outline
• manipulating light at the nanoscale
• supercontinuum generation
• optical logic gates Manipulating light at the nanoscale
Nature, 426, 816 (2003) Manipulating light at the nanoscale
100 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale d = 260 nm L = 4 mm
50 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale
2 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale
20 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale Manipulating light at the nanoscale
Poynting vector profile for 200-nm nanowire Manipulating light at the nanoscale
50 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale
50 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale Manipulating light at the nanoscale
100 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale
100 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale
minimum bending radius: 5.6 µm
100 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale
aerogel
420 nm 420 nm
Nanoletters, 5, 259 (2005) Manipulating light at the nanoscale in
out out
Nanoletters, 5, 259 (2005) Manipulating light at the nanoscale
5 µm
Nanoletters, 5, 259 (2005) Manipulating light at the nanoscale
use tapered fibers to couple light to nanoscale objects Manipulating light at the nanoscale
ZnO:non-toxic, wide bandgap semiconductor Manipulating light at the nanoscale
vapor transport grown ZnO nanowires
20 µm
80–400 nm diameter, up to 80 µm long Manipulating light at the nanoscale
coupling to ZnO nanowires
mesoporous silica layer
glass slide Manipulating light at the nanoscale
coupling to ZnO nanowires
ZnO nanowire mesoporous silica layer
glass slide Manipulating light at the nanoscale
coupling to ZnO nanowires
ZnO nanowire fiber mesoporous taper silica layer laser silica nanowire in glass slide objective Manipulating light at the nanoscale
coupling to ZnO nanowires
ZnO nanowire fiber mesoporous taper silica layer laser silica nanowire in glass slide objective Manipulating light at the nanoscale
20 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale
20 µm Manipulating light at the nanoscale
Points to keep in mind:
• low-loss guiding
• convenient evanescent coupling
• attached to ordinary fiber Outline
• manipulating light at the nanoscale
• supercontinuum generation
• optical logic gates Supercontinuum generation
self-phase modulation: n = no + n2I Supercontinuum generation
self-phase modulation: n = no + n2I
low intensity normal index high intensity higher index Supercontinuum generation
self-phase modulation: n = no + n2I
v v v
low intensity normal index high intensity higher index Supercontinuum generation
self-phase modulation: n = no + n2I
v v v
low intensity normal index high intensity higher index Supercontinuum generation
self-phase modulation: n = no + n2I
v “self-phase modulation” v v
low intensity normal index high intensity higher index Supercontinuum generation
strong confinement high intensity Supercontinuum generation Supercontinuum generation Supercontinuum generation
mode field diameter (λ = 800 nm)
3
μ m)
2
1
mode field diameter (
0 0 500 1000 1500 diameter (nm)
M.A. Foster, et al., Optics Express, 12, 2880 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
mode field diameter (λ = 800 nm)
3
μ m)
2
1
mode field diameter (
0 0 500 1000 1500 diameter (nm)
M.A. Foster, et al., Optics Express, 12, 2880 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
nonlinear parameter
1000 ) –1 km
–1 500 (W
0 0 500 1000 1500 diameter (nm)
M.A. Foster, et al., Optics Express, 12, 2880 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
dispersion important! Supercontinuum generation
dispersion:
• modal dispersion
• material dispersion
• waveguide dispersion Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
1 ) –1 km –1 0
–1 total dispersion (ns nm –2 0 500 1000 1500 wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
1 )
–1 800 nm km –1 0
–1 total dispersion (ns nm –2 0 500 1000 1500 wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
1 )
–1 800 nm km –1 1200 nm 0
–1 total dispersion (ns nm –2 0 500 1000 1500 wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
1 )
–1 800 nm
km 800 nm –1 1200 nm 0
–1 total dispersion (ns nm –2 0 500 1000 1500 wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
1 )
–1 800 nm 600 nm
km 800 nm –1 1200 nm 0
–1 total dispersion (ns nm –2 0 500 1000 1500 wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
1 )
–1 400 nm 800 nm 600 nm
km 800 nm –1 1200 nm 0
–1 total dispersion (ns nm –2 0 500 1000 1500 wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
1 200 nm )
–1 400 nm 800 nm 600 nm
km 800 nm –1 1200 nm 0
–1 total dispersion (ns nm –2 0 500 1000 1500 wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
2.5 ) –1 km –1 0
–2.5 total dispersion (ns nm –5.0 0 500 1000 1500 diameter (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
1000 2.5 ) –1 km ) –1
–1 0 km
–1 500 (W –2.5 dispersion (ns nm
0 –5.0 0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 diameter (nm) diameter (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
waveguide dispersion
1000 2.5
normal anomalous ) dispersion dispersion –1 km ) –1
–1 0 km
–1 500 (W –2.5 dispersion (ns nm
0 –5.0 0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 diameter (nm) diameter (nm)
Optics Express, 12, 1025 (2004) Supercontinuum generation
nanowire continuum generation
1000 10
normal anomalous dispersion dispersion
) 1 –1 km
–1 500 (W
intensity (a.u.) 0.1
0 0.01 0 500 1000 1500 400 600 800 1000 diameter (nm) wavelength (nm) Supercontinuum generation
nanowire continuum generation
1000 10
normal anomalous d = 360 nm dispersion dispersion
) 1 –1 km
–1 500 (W
intensity (a.u.) 0.1
0 0.01 0 500 1000 1500 400 600 800 1000 diameter (nm) wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 14, 9408 (2006) Supercontinuum generation
nanowire continuum generation
1000 10
normal anomalous d = 445 nm dispersion dispersion
) 1 –1 km
–1 500 (W
intensity (a.u.) 0.1
0 0.01 0 500 1000 1500 400 600 800 1000 diameter (nm) wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 14, 9408 (2006) Supercontinuum generation
nanowire continuum generation
1000 10
normal anomalous d = 525 nm dispersion dispersion
) 1 –1 km
–1 500 (W
intensity (a.u.) 0.1
0 0.01 0 500 1000 1500 400 600 800 1000 diameter (nm) wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 14, 9408 (2006) Supercontinuum generation
nanowire continuum generation
1000 10
normal anomalous d = 700 nm dispersion dispersion
) 1 –1 km
–1 500 (W
intensity (a.u.) 0.1
0 0.01 0 500 1000 1500 400 600 800 1000 diameter (nm) wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 14, 9408 (2006) Supercontinuum generation
nanowire continuum generation
1000 10
normal anomalous d = 750 nm dispersion dispersion
) 1 –1 km
–1 500 (W
intensity (a.u.) 0.1
0 0.01 0 500 1000 1500 400 600 800 1000 diameter (nm) wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 14, 9408 (2006) Supercontinuum generation
nanowire continuum generation
1000 10
normal anomalous d = 1200 nm dispersion dispersion
) 1 –1 km
–1 500 (W
intensity (a.u.) 0.1
0 0.01 0 500 1000 1500 400 600 800 1000 diameter (nm) wavelength (nm)
Optics Express, 14, 9408 (2006) Supercontinuum generation
energy in nanowire ≈ 1 nJ! Supercontinuum generation
• nanojoule nonlinear optics
• optimum diameter for silica 500–600 nm
• low dispersion Outline
• manipulating light at the nanoscale
• supercontinuum generation
• optical logic gates Optical logic gates nanowire Sagnac interferometer
coupling region Optical logic gates nanowire Sagnac interferometer
coupling region
input Optical logic gates nanowire Sagnac interferometer
cw
coupling region
input Optical logic gates nanowire Sagnac interferometer
cw ccw
coupling region
input Optical logic gates nanowire Sagnac interferometer
cw ccw
coupling region
reflected transmitted Optical logic gates output = transmitted cw + ccw power
cw ccw
coupling region
transmitted Optical logic gates
input electric field amplitudeE in
in coupling region
input Optical logic gates
coupling parameter: ρ
1 in 2 in
input Optical logic gates phase accumulation over path length of loop
1 2 ei cw cw in
1 in 2 in
input Optical logic gates
coupling parameter: ρ
1 2 ei cw cw in
1 in 2 in i cw in e
input Optical logic gates output is sum of transmitted cw and ccw
cw ccw in
i cw in e
i ccw (1 ) in e input ManipulatingOptical light logic at gatesthe nanoscale
accumulated phase:phase:
� � k o n ManipulatingOptical light logic at gatesthe nanoscale
accumulated phase:phase:
� � k o n nonlinear index:
P i n � no � n2I � no � n2 A efefff ManipulatingOptical light logic at gatesthe nanoscale
accumulated phase:phase:
� � k o n nonlinear index:
P i n � no � n2I � no � n2 A efefff nonlinear parameter:
k o �g � n2 A efefff ManipulatingOptical light logic at gatesthe nanoscale
power-dependent output:output: 2 E out 2 � 1 � 2�r(1 � �r){1 � cos[(1 � 2�r) �gP oL ]} E in ManipulatingOptical light logic at gatesthe nanoscale
power-dependent output:output: 2 E out 2 � 1 � 2�r(1 � �r){1 � cos[(1 � 2�r) �gP oL ]} E in for 50-5050-50 coupler:coupler:
�r � 0.5 ManipulatingOptical light logic at gatesthe nanoscale
power-dependent output:output: 2 E out 2 � 1 � 2�r(1 � �r){1 � cos[(1 � 2�r) �gP oL ]} E in for 50-5050-50 coupler:coupler:
�r � 0.5 no transmission: 2 E out 2 � 0 E in Optical logic gates
when ρ ≠ 0.5:
40
30
20
output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
0.45
50
40
30
20 output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
0.45
50
40
30
20 output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
0.45
logic “1” 50
40
30
20 output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.45 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.45 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0
20 output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.45 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 1 0 1
output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.45 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 1 0 1
output power (W) 0 1 1 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.45 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 1 0 1
output power (W) 0 1 1 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.45 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 1 0 1
output power (W) 0 1 1 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.45 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 1 0 1
output power (W) 0 1 1 10 1 1 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate XOR A 0.45 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 1 0 1
output power (W) 0 1 1 10 1 1 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.42 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.42 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 1 0 0
output power (W) 0 1 0 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate
A 0.42 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 1 0 0
output power (W) 0 1 0 10 1 1 1 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
nonlinear nanogate AND A 0.42 B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 0 20 1 0 0
output power (W) 0 1 0 10 1 1 1 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates for NAND gate need ouput with no input
A
B Q
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 1 20 output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates for NAND gate need ouput with no input
A
B Q
C
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 1 20 output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates for NAND gate need ouput with no input
A 0.435 B Q
C
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 1 20 output power (W) 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
universal NAND gate
A 0.435 B Q
C
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 1 20 1 0 1
output power (W) 0 1 1 10
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
universal NAND gate
A 0.435 B Q
C
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 1 20 1 0 1
output power (W) 0 1 1 10 1 1 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates
universal NAND gate NAND A 0.435 B Q
C
logic “1” 50
40 A B Q
30 0 0 1 20 1 0 1
output power (W) 0 1 1 10 1 1 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 input power (W) Optical logic gates Optical logic gates
mesoporous silica
Sagnac loop Optical logic gates
input
output mesoporous silica
Sagnac loop Optical logic gates
very preliminary data
120
80
40 output power (µW) output power
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 input power (W) Optical logic gates
light-by-light modulation! Optical logic gates
very preliminary data
120
80
0.08
40 output power (µW) output power
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 input power (W) Optical logic gates Optical logic gates
“TiO2 as a platform for all-optical switching”
Evans C.C., Bradley J.D.B., Marti-Panameno E.A.
and Mazur, E.
Presented by: Jonathan Bradley
Thursday 11:30-11:45 Constancia Summary Summary
• several nanodevices demonstrated
• large permits miniature Sagnac loops
• switching energy < 100 pJ Funding:
Harvard Center for Nanoscale Systems National Science Foundation National Natural Science Foundation of China
for a copy of this presentation:
http://mazur.harvard.edu