International Labour Organization Decent Work Team and Office for the Caribbean

Non-Standard Around the World

Mariya Aleksynska Economist, ILO Geneva February 2017

th 10 ILO Meeting of Caribbean Ministers of Labour, Kingston, Jamaica Content

1. What is non-standard employment? 2. Understanding trends in non-standard employment 3. Women, young people and migrants in non- standard employment 4. Why firms use non-standard employment and how it affects them 5. Effect on workers, labour markets and society 6. Addressing decent work deficits in non- standard employment Defining Non-standard employment Content

1. What is non-standard employment? 2. Understanding trends in non-standard employment 3. Women, young people and migrants in non- standard employment 4. Why firms use non-standard employment and how it affects them 5. Effect on workers, labour markets and society 6. Addressing decent work deficits in non- standard employment Temporary employment

35.0 2004 2014 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00 Part-time employment

Less than 35 h a week MEN

[0,10] (10,20] (20,30] (30,40] (40,50] No data WOMEN

[0,10] (10,20] Belize, 2015: 9% (20,30] (30,40] (40,50] Bermuda, 2010: 9,5% No data Multi-party employment relationship

 Largest markets: United States, China, Europe, and Japan

 Republic of Korea: “in-house subcontracting” - 55% of firms  The Philippines: “agency-hired” workers - 62% of firms  : in - 6.5% of workforce

Disguised / dependent self-employment

 Chile: 12–17 % of subcontracting firms  Argentina: 2.3% of workers  Mexico: 4.1% of workers  US: 8 -13 per % of workers in construction  Jamaica: “contractors”: private security guards, hotel and food industries

 Businesses in the “on-demand” or “gig” economy hire “independent contractors” Reasons for Dynamics

Transformations in Regulation Macroeconomic the world of work fluctuations and crisis

The rise of the Partial deregulation Adjustments through service sector decline in the use of NSE Pressure from Distorted incentives globalization Temporary reductions in working hours Technological Decline in developments unionization and Increase in NSE due to the regulatory economic uncertainty Shifting role of collective organizational bargaining strategies Content

1. What is non-standard employment? 2. Understanding trends in non-standard employment 3. Women, young people and migrants in non- standard employment 4. Why firms use non-standard employment and how it affects them 5. Effect on workers, labour markets and society 6. Addressing decent work deficits in non- standard employment Who uses and why?

Evidence on use of temporary labour

132 developing and transition countries 22 EU countries

7.2 6.8 Don't use 16.3

32.8 Regular use 60.0 77.0 Intensive use

Cost-saving, flexibility, technology Who uses and why?

Evidence on use of temporary labour, textiles

Don't use Regular use Intensive use 100 80 60 40 20 0 Average share of temporary workers in using firms

30 Evidence on use of temporary labour, textiles 25 20 15 10 5 0

Source: World Bank Enterprises Survey Implications for firms Content

1. What is non-standard employment? 2. Understanding trends in non-standard employment 3. Women, young people and migrants in non- standard employment 4. Why firms use non-standard employment and how it affects them 5. Effect on workers, labour markets and society 6. Addressing decent work deficits in non- standard employment Why workers engage?

Sometimes voluntary Voluntary part-time: Brazil: 93%, Argentina, Peru: 75% Care and other Part-time in Europe, 2014 27% of women, 4.2% of men responsibilities

Education in Europe, 2014 or entry into labour 25% of women, 24% of men market ()

Sometimes involuntary 100.0 2007 2014 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0

Involuntary temporary employment Implications for workers

Working conditions Content

1. What is non-standard employment? 2. Understanding trends in non-standard employment 3. Women, young people and migrants in non- standard employment 4. Why firms use non-standard employment and how it affects them 5. Effect on workers, labour markets and society 6. Addressing decent work deficits in non- standard employment

Making better Making jobs better Policies to support workers Thank you!

Report and data are available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-security/non- standard-employment/lang--en/index.htm