PROCEEDINGS of the HAWAIIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY for 1973
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Impacts of Alien Land Arthropods and Mollusks on Native Plants and Animals in Hawaii
7. IMPACTS OF ALIEN LAND ARTHROPODS AND MOLLUSKS ON NATIVE PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN HAWAIfI Francis G. Howarth ABSTRACT Over 2,000 alien arthropod species and about 30 alien non-marine mollusks are established in the wild in Hawai'i, While the data are too meager to assess fully the impacts of any of these organisms on the na- tive biota, the documentation suggests several areas of critical concern. Alien species feed directly on na- tive plants or their products, thus competing with na- tive herbivores and affecting host plants. Alien pred- ators and parasites critically reduce the populations of many native species and seriously deplete the food resources of native predators. Some immigrant species spread diseases that infect elements of the native bio- ta. Others are toxic to native predators. There is also competition for other resources, such as nesting and resting sites. Even apparently innocuous intro- duced species may provide food for alien predators, thus keeping predator populations high with an atten- dant greater impact on native prey. Control measures targeted at alien pests may be hazardous to natives. Mitigative measures must be based on sound research and firmer understanding of the complex interactions and dynamics of functioning ecosystems. Strict quarantine procedures are cost effective in preventing or delaying the establishment of potential pests. Strict control or fumigation is needed for nonessential importations (such as cow chips, Christmas trees, and flowers in bulk). Improved review of introductions for biological control is required in order to prevent repeating past mistakes. Biocontrol introductions must be used only for bona fide pests and used in native ecosystems only in special circumstances. -
Survey to the Species of Family Sepsidae (Insecta: Diptera) in Iraq
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Survey to the species of Family Sepsidae (Insecta: Diptera) in Iraq Hanaa H. Al- Saffar Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Abstract: The aim of this study is to survey species of Sepsidae family, The investigation showed three genera , date and locality of collecting specimens were recorded. Keywords: Acalybtarae, Black scavenger fly, Brachycera Diptera, Iraq, Sepsidae 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods The black scavenger flies is common name known on family The adult specimens were collected by sweeping net from Sepsidae (Diptera: Acalbtrata ) . The members of this family several region of Iraq , Baghdad, Najaf , Basra from field are worldwide distribution in all zoogeographical regions. near animal houses , and from carions of rabbit . After The family is represented about 339 species belonging to 38 collecting flies they killed by freezing for several hours , genera [1] then mounted with small label recorded the locality and date of collections and insect pins , they were keptq in insect box The sepsid flies are small –medium in size (2-12mm length). until diagnosis. For identification to genra and species using Most species are ant-like flies, with a narrow "waist[1] and taxonomic keys such as [2], [10], [21], [22]. The plates were morphologically and ecologically uniform family of the pictured by Dino Light microscope super family Sciomyzoidea [2],[3] 3. Results and Discussion The adults and larvae abundance in several dung of horses ,cows and other animals , and they associated with animal Family SEPSIDAE Walker, 1883 vertebrates carrion and human , decaying vegetations and other organic matter. -
Master Thesis
Master thesis Effects of temperature, photoperiod and developmental stage on diapause in black scavenger flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) Valérian Zeender December 2015 Supervision by: Prof. Dr. Wolf U. Blanckenhorn University of Zurich Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies Valérian Zeender MSc Thesis University of Zurich Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Résumé……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……4 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 1.1 The adaptive significance of diapause 5 1.2 Environmental inducing cues 6 1.3 Reproductive diapause 7 1.4 Sepsid flies and research questions 8 2. Material and methods………………………………………………………………………………………...9 2.1 Choice of species 9 2.2 Rearing conditions 11 2.3 Experimental design 12 2.4 Female diapause assessment 14 2.5 Seasonal field sampling 15 2.5.1 Field-samples diapause assessment 16 2.6 Statistical analyses 16 3. Results…………………………………………………………………………………………………………18 3.1 Effects of temperature and photoperiod across species 18 3.2 Life stage effects within species 20 3.3 Seasonal changes in diapause incidence in S.cynipsea 23 4. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………….25 4.1 Influence of thermal niche on diapause-induction mechanism 26 4.2 Life stage effect 27 4.3 Phylogenetic variation in diapause-induction mechanisms 28 4.4 Seasonal changes in diapause in S. cynipsea male and female………………..29 4.4.1 Males 29 4.4.2 Females 30 4.5 Molecular outlook 32 4.6 Conclusion 32 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………….33 References……………………………………………………………………………………………………….34 Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39! Statement of authorship……………………………………………………………………………………..45! 2 Valérian Zeender MSc Thesis University of Zurich Abstract Temperature and photoperiod are the major environmental cues used by insects to determine the best timing to overwinter. However, the relative importance of each of these variables and the life stage at which individuals are sensitive to diapause induction cues remains largely unresolved. -
Gether Melanized Structures on the Cuticle of Their Forewings (Bennet-Clark 2003)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy Paling in Comparison: The Role of Sex and Temperature in Melanin-Based Immune Function A Thesis SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Rebecca Lynn Ehrlich IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Marlene Zuk, Ph.D., Adviser October 2017 © Rebecca L. Ehrlich 2017 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis committee for their guidance and support, especially my adviser, Marlene Zuk. I’d also like to thank the members of the Zuk lab for their generous involvement with various aspects of my thesis work, including their help preparing hundreds of crickets for photo analysis. Gayatri Narayanan was a huge help in raising and photographing the crickets used in this study. I am indebted to Shelley Adamo and her lab at Dalhousie University for training me on the biochemical techniques I used to measure insect immunity and many folks in the College of Biological Sciences at UMN for allowing me use of their laboratory equipment. Finally, I am infinitely grateful for the encouragement I’ve received from my partner, family, and friends throughout this process. i Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my father, Ira Ehrlich, for his enthusiastic support of my journey in higher education and to my grandparents, Bernie and Dottie Novatt, for the many opportunities they have provided me, our family, and the community. ii Abstract Sex differences in disease susceptibility have been observed across a wide range of species, yet we lack a strong understanding of how environmental context influences these patterns. -
A Fungal Parasite Selects Against Body Size but Not Fluctuating Asymmetry in Swiss Subalpine Yellow Dung Flies
Alpine Entomology 5 2021, 27–35 | DOI 10.3897/alpento.5.65653 A fungal parasite selects against body size but not fluctuating asymmetry in Swiss subalpine yellow dung flies Wolf U. Blanckenhorn1 1 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland http://zoobank.org/0D01A23B-D327-4F92-9726-93AAD929CAFD Corresponding author: Wolf U. Blanckenhorn ([email protected]) Academic editor: Patrick Rohner ♦ Received 8 March 2021 ♦ Accepted 25 May 2021 ♦ Published 11 June 2021 Abstract Evidence for selective disadvantages of large body size remains scarce in general. Previous studies of the yellow dung fly Scatho- phaga stercoraria have demonstrated strong positive sexual and fecundity selection on male and female size. Nevertheless, the body size of flies from a Swiss study population has declined by ~10% 1993–2009. Given substantial heritability of body size, this neg- ative evolutionary response of an evidently positively selected trait suggests important selective factors being missed. An episodic epidemic outbreak of the fungus Entomophthora scatophagae permitted assessment of natural selection exerted by this fatal parasite. Fungal infection varied over the season from ~50% in the cooler and more humid spring and autumn to almost 0% in summer. The probability of dying from fungal infection increased with adult fly body size. Females never laid any eggs after infection, so there was no fungus effect on female fecundity beyond its impact on mortality. Large males showed their typical mating advantage in the field, but this positive sexual selection was nullified by fungal infection. Mean fluctuating asymmetry of paired appendages (legs, wings) did not affect the viability, fecundity or mating success of yellow dung flies in the field. -
Journal of Threatened Taxa
OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Note A record after 52 years, and additional description of the emesine assassin bug Emesopsis nubila (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from western India Balasaheb V. Sarode, Nikhil U. Joshi, Pratk P. Pansare & Hemant V. Ghate 26 August 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 9 | Pages: 12282–12285 10.11609/jot.3956.10.9.12282-12285 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies and Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints contact <[email protected]> Publisher & Host Partners Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2018 | 10(9): 12282–12285 Note A small, 5mm long, hairy A record after 52 years, and additional female bug with long legs, tll date description of the emesine assassin bug not recognized by the authors, Emesopsis nubila (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: was collected near a source of ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Emesinae) from western India ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) light in Katraj area of Pune City, Maharashtra, the western part of Balasaheb V. -
Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring Within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘I: Synthesis Report
Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘i: Synthesis Report Prepared by Francis G. Howarth, David J. Preston, and Richard Pyle Honolulu, Hawaii January 2012 Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘i: Synthesis Report Francis G. Howarth, David J. Preston, and Richard Pyle Hawaii Biological Survey Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817 USA Prepared for EKNA Services Inc. 615 Pi‘ikoi Street, Suite 300 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96814 and State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Airports Division Bishop Museum Technical Report 58 Honolulu, Hawaii January 2012 Bishop Museum Press 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i Copyright 2012 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISSN 1085-455X Contribution No. 2012 001 to the Hawaii Biological Survey COVER Adult male Hawaiian long-horned wood-borer, Plagithmysus kahului, on its host plant Chenopodium oahuense. This species is endemic to lowland Maui and was discovered during the arthropod surveys. Photograph by Forest and Kim Starr, Makawao, Maui. Used with permission. Hawaii Biological Report on Monitoring Arthropods within Kahului Airport Environs, Synthesis TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents …………….......................................................……………...........……………..…..….i. Executive Summary …….....................................................…………………...........……………..…..….1 Introduction ..................................................................………………………...........……………..…..….4 -
First Records of the Assassin Bug Genus Empicoris (Insecta: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Eastern Java and Bali, Indonesia
Species Diversity, 2007, 12, 199–210 First Records of the Assassin Bug Genus Empicoris (Insecta: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Eastern Java and Bali, Indonesia Tadashi Ishikawa1, Ketut Sumiartha2 and Shûji Okajima1 1 Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Funako 1737, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, 243–0034 Japan E-mail: [email protected] (TI); [email protected] (SO) 2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia (Received 10 May 2006; Accepted 18 May 2007) The reduviid genus Empicoris Wolff, 1811 is recorded from Indonesia for the first time, based on the four known species, E. discalis McAtee and Mal- loch, 1926, E. minutus Usinger, 1946, E. rubromaculatus (Blackburn, 1889), and E. tesselatoides Wygodzinsky and Usinger, 1960, and one new species, E. eburneus Ishikawa and Okajima, sp. nov. The new species is recognized by having the posterior pronotal lobe whitish to pale yellow with a large tuber- cle posteromedially, the lateral carina of the pronotum well developed and bent at one-third of the way from its anterior end, the scutellar spine long and bent in the middle, the profemur pale yellow with five brownish annula- tions, and other characters. Key Words: Insecta, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Emesinae, Ploiariolini, Em- picoris, new species, Indonesia. Introduction At first glance, assassin bugs of the genus Empicoris Wolff, 1811 resemble to certain mosquitoes because of their small body, slender appendages, and black- and-white color pattern. This genus belongs to the tribe Ploiariolini of the reduviid subfamily Emesinae, and is largest in number of species within the tribe, with about 70 species from all zoogeographical regions (cf. -
Structure and Development of the Complex Helmet of Treehoppers
Adachi et al. Zoological Letters (2020) 6:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-020-00155-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Structure and development of the complex helmet of treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae) Haruhiko Adachi1, Keisuke Matsuda1, Kenji Nishida2, Paul Hanson3, Shigeru Kondo1 and Hiroki Gotoh4,5* Abstract Some insects possess complex three-dimensional (3D) structures that develop under the old cuticle prior to the last imaginal molt. Adult treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae) have one such complex 3D structure, known as a helmet, on their dorsal side. The adult helmet likely forms inside the nymphal pronotum during the final instar nymphal stage. Previous morphological studies have reported that the adult helmet is a large, bi-layered, plywood-like structure, whereas the nymphal pronotum is a monolayer, sheath-like structure. The adult helmet is much larger than nymphal helmet. Thus, the emergence of the adult helmet involves two structural transitions: a transition from a monolayer, sheath-like pronotum to a bi-layer, plywood-like helmet, and a transition in size from small to large. However, when, how, and in what order these transitions occur within the nymphal cuticle is largely unknown. To determine how adult helmet development occurs under the nymphal cuticle, in the present study we describe the morphology of the final adult helmet and investigate developmental trajectories of the helmet during the final instar nymphal stage. We used micro-CT, scanning electron microscope and paraffin sections for morphological observations, and used Antianthe expansa as a model species. We found that the structural transition (from monolayer, sheath-like structure to bi-layer, roof-like structure) occurs through the formation of a “miniature” of the adult helmet during the middle stage of development and that subsequently, extensive folding and furrows form, which account for the increase in size. -
Morphology-Based Phylogenetic Analysis of the Treehopper Tribe Smiliini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Smiliinae), with Reinstatement of the Tribe Telamonini
Zootaxa 3047: 1–42 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of the treehopper tribe Smiliini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Smiliinae), with reinstatement of the tribe Telamonini MATTHEW S. WALLACE Department of Biological Sciences, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, 200 Prospect Street, East Stroudsburg, PA 18301- 2999, 570-422-3720. E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract . 1 Introduction . 2 Material and methods . 5 Results and discussion . 9 Smiliini Stål 1866 s. Wallace . 16 Telamonini Goding 1892 s. Wallace, synonym reinstated . 20 Antianthe, Hemicardiacus, and Tropidarnis, Smiliinae, incertae sedis . 25 Geographic patterns of the Smiliini, Telamonini, and unplaced genera . 34 Host plant families . 34 Phylogeny, geographical patterns, and host plants: clues to a geographic origin? . 35 Concluding remarks. 36 Acknowledgments . 40 Literature cited . 40 Abstract Members of the Smiliini, the nominotypical tribe of the large New World subfamily Smiliinae, are predominately Nearctic in distribution. This tribe included 169 mostly tree-feeding species in 23 genera. A parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis of an original dataset comprising 89 traditional and newly discovered morphological characters for 69 species, including representatives of 22 of the 23 described genera of Smiliini and five other previously recognized tribes of the subfamily, resulted in a single most parsimonious tree with three major clades. The broad recent concept of Smiliini (including Tela- monini as a junior synonym) was not recovered as monophyletic by the analysis. Instead, the analysis supported narrower definitions of both Telamonini, here reinstated from synonymy, and Smiliini. -
Coastal Sage Scrub at University of California, Los Angeles
BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: COASTAL SAGE SCRUB AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES Prepared by: Geography 123: Bioresource Management UCLA Department of Geography, Winter 1996 Dr. Rudi Mattoni Robert Hill Alberto Angulo Karl Hillway Josh Burnam Amanda Post John Chalekian Kris Pun Jean Chen Julien Scholnick Nathan Cortez David Sway Eric Duvernay Alyssa Varvel Christine Farris Greg Wilson Danny Fry Crystal Yancey Edited by: Travis Longcore with Dr. Rudi Mattoni, Invertebrates Jesus Maldonado, Mammals Dr. Fritz Hertel, Birds Jan Scow, Plants December 1, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................2 GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK.....................................................................................................................................2 LANDFORMS AND SOILS ..........................................................................................................................................2 The West Terrace ...............................................................................................................................................3 Soil Tests.............................................................................................................................................................4 SLOPE, EROSION, AND RUNOFF ..............................................................................................................................4 -
Ambrose Checklist of Assassin Bugs 871 FINAL
REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 21(9): 2388-2406 A CHECKLIST OF INDIAN ASSASSIN BUGS (INSECTA: HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE) WITH TAXONOMIC STATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND DIAGNOSTIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Dunston P. Ambrose Entomology Research Unit, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayankottai, Tamil Nadu 627002, India Email: [email protected] plus web supplement of 34 pages ABSTRACT from Indian faunal limits since 1976 (Ambrose, 1980; 1987a,b; A checklist of 464 Indian species of assassin bugs under 1988; 1991; 1996a,b; 1999; 2000; 2003; 2004a,b; Murugan, 1988; 144 genera and 14 subfamilies with their taxonomical status, Ravichandran, 1988; examinations of Oriental reduviid fauna of their distribution in India and world over and their morphological characteristics are given. Members of the Prof. Carl W. Schafer at University of Connecticut, USA in 1997 Harpactorinae are the most abundant group with 146 species and 1999, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA and and 41 genera followed by the Reduviinae and the Natural History Museum, London, UK in 1999). The information Ectrichodiinae. The subfamilies such as the Physoderinae on biosystematics and diversity are pooled together into a check and the Ectinoderinae are represented each by two and lone list of Indian assassin bugs with their taxonomic status, species. Other characteristics of the family Reduviidae discussed in this overview include the rostrum structure, distribution and diagnostic morphological characteristics. tibial pads, habitat characteristics, microhabitats and