Parte Seconda La Città Rinascimentale E La Città Ideale Nascita Delle Città Ideale

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Parte Seconda La Città Rinascimentale E La Città Ideale Nascita Delle Città Ideale FILOMENA MASELLA – ALESSIO BUONOCUNTO PARTE SECONDA LA CITTÀ RINASCIMENTALE E LA CITTÀ IDEALE NASCITA DELLE CITTÀ IDEALE In Europa, verso fine 1300/inizio 1400, ci fu uno straordinario sviluppo urbano che caratterizzò molte città europee dell’epoca. Ma a causa di una grande crisi iniziata nel XIV secolo, questo sviluppo subì una brusca interruzione: la peste nera del 1348 aveva causato una profonda depressione economica e un decremento demografico. Tuttavia, l’urbanistica fu un tema molto appassionante per le corti del rinascimento; infatti molti signori volevano creare delle vere e proprie realtà urbane, ordinate e efficienti, a norme di funzionalità che superassero lo stile medievale. ARCHITETTI DELL’EPOCA Tra i famosi architetti dell’epoca rinascimentale fu senza dubbio Antonio Averulino, detto «Filarete». A lui si deve la progettazione della città immaginaria di Sforzinda nel suo «trattato di architettura» e Francesco di Giorgio Martini che proponse un repertorio di forme simmetriche e rigorose da dare alle città, tenendo conto delle nuove esigenze di difesa. Oltre a loro, anche gli architetti Sebastiano Serlio, Andrea Palladio e Vincenzo Scamozzi affrontano il tema della città definita geometricamente. URBANISTICA RINASCIMENTALE Il tratto principale dell’architettura rinascimentale fu quello di dare una forma alla città. L’idea principale era quella di dare alla citta una forma ordinata e razionale. Tra le novità della nuova urbanistica vi sono le «città-fortezza», ovvero città fortificate con nuovi sistemi difensivi. Alcuni esempi sono Palmanova, Casertavecchia, Urbino, Ferrara, Terra del Sole, e Sabbioneta. Nelle concrete realizzazioni emerge, prima in Italia e poi in Europa, la necessità di vie più larghe e spazi pubblici regolari e la ricerca di simmetria e di decoro urbano. Vi è anche la realizzazione di nuovi spazi pubblici o la regolarizzazione geometrica di quelli esistenti. Contemporaneamente migliorano standard funzionali ed igienici della città con la realizzazione di acquedotti e canali e la realizzazione di pavimentazioni lapidee per le strade. Questi caratteri sono legati anche ad esigenze rappresentative ed al diffuso accentramento di potere nella figura del "Signore", che determina anche la definizione anche urbanistica della "sua" città. Nascono anche i "ghetti, ovvero quartieri differenziati per gli ebrei. La struttura urbana si arricchisce anche di nuove tipologie edilizie, ed in particolare dei palazzi signorili, ma anche degli ospedali. In più la nuova concezione degli spazi pubblici può essere esemplificato nella realizzazione di nuove piazze caratterizzate. Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Sforzinda è una città rinascimentale solo progettata da Antonio Averlino detto Filarete per volontà di Francesco Sforza. Questo progetto nasce con l’intendo di creare una città ideale per educare il figlio Galeazzo Maria Sforza, al quale è destinata l'opera. Autoritratto e firma sulla porta di San Pietro di Filarete Francesco Sforza ritratto da Bonifacio Bembo Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Nelle otto punte di questa figura sono poste altrettante edifici destinati torri e negli alle funzioni spigoli civiche più rientranti importanti, cioè otto porte, gli spazi per le attività dalle quali governative, otto strade amministrative che , religiose ed conducono economiche. alla piazza centrale Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Città al riparo dai venti attraverso i Le strade radiali conducono alle piazze di monti che circondano la vallata in cui mercato e sono costeggiate da un sistema di doveva nascere la città. canali collegati al fiume esterno. Esse poi si riuniscono ad anello intorno alla piazza principale: la funzione di queste "vie d'acqua" è quella di permettere in modo economico il trasporto delle merci. E' forse la prima volta che vengono prese in considerazione orientamenti e venti dominanti; si progettarono corsi d'acqua specializzati per il traffico mercantile disposti parallelamente alle vie tracciate sul terreno. Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Palmanova è una città fortezza a forma di stella nata precisamente il 7 ottobre 1593. Questa data fu scelta dai rappresentanti della Repubblica di Venezia perché ricordava 2 eventi molto importanti: Il primo, la ricorrenza a Santa Giustina che è attualmente la patrona della città. Il secondo, la vittoria di Lepanto sui Turchi ( 7 ottobre 1571 ). Questa fortezza fu sotto il controllo della Serenissima per duecento anni, fino a quando il generale Bonaparte la conquistò. Dopo il trattato di Campoformido la fortezza entrò nell’orbita dell’impero austriaco (1798-1805), per poi venire inserita, a seguito di conquista, nel Regno d’Italia (1806-1814). Dopo un susseguirsi di dominazioni, con il plebiscito del 1866, venne sancita la sua unione definitiva al Regno d’Italia Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. 1. Tre porte che consentono l’accesso alla città: Porta Udine, Porta Aquileia e Porta Cividale. 2. Piazza Grande: Piazza a forma esagonale con il centro in pietra d’Istria dal quale s’innalza lo stendardo, simbolo della fortezza e testimone delle vicende storiche, chiamato comunemente Mario dai Palmarini. Su di essa si affacciano tutti i principali edifici. 3. Duomo di Palmanova: Si affaccia sulla Piazza Grande e rappresenta il miglior esempio di architettura veneziana. All’interno di esso è possibile vedere la pala dell’Annunciazione. 4. Civico museo storico di Palmanova: importante punto di partenza per avere una visione generale della complessa struttura urbana e del sistema fortificatorio della fortezza, dove le raccolte sono esposte in ordine cronologico dall’anno di fondazione alla prima Guerra Mondiale, allo scopo di creare un racconto storico che riassuma i quattro periodi della storia di Palmanova: veneziano, napoleonico, austriaco, italiano. Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Porta Udine Porta Cividale Porta Aquileia Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Piazza Grande Duomo di Palmanova Civico museo storico di Palmanova Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. La fortezza di Palmanova è stata concepita e realizzata come struttura fortificata di confine e, per diverso tempo, ha mantenuto il suo ruolo dissuasivo. Venezia dà vita a un eccezionale complesso monumentale, una delle più ambiziose realizzazioni della cultura rinascimentale. La grandiosità, la bellezza architettonica delle linee, la funzionalità e anche la modernità della "macchina militare" rendono Palma unica ed esemplare nei confronti di altre città "stellate" che vengono costruite in Europa fino alla metà del Settecento. Le tre cerchie fortificate, che rendono la fortezza di Palmanova simile ad una stella, non sono state realizzate contemporaneamente, ma bensì in tre fasi, ovvero: Le prime due (1593-1623 e 1658-1690) sono state realizzate dai Veneziani,invece, le ultime due (1806-1813) sono state realizzate da Napoleone. Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. PIENZA LA STORIA Stato: ITALIA La città di Pienza nasce come un piccolo borgo sotto il nome Regione : Toscana di Corsignano nel 1462. L’uomo che ha rivoluzionato l’ambiente di questo borgo era un certo Enea Silvio Provincia: Siena Piccolomini, che in seguito a 53 anni divenne Papa Pio II. Durante un viaggio a Mantova rivide borgo di Corsignano totalmente abbandonato, affidò il progetto all’architetto Bernardo Rossellino, che riportò allo splendore il borgo con forme tipiche del quattrocento. Con la morte prematura del pontefice la città di Pienza non ha subito che lievi modifiche. Pienza è stata una città premiata in campo militare per i sacrifici costati alla popolazione durante le lotte partigiane durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Pienza nel 1996 entra a far parte dei patrimoni naturali , artistici e culturali dell’Unesco. Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Pienza ‘città ideale’ Il progetto di Pienza o Corsigliano è stato elaborato dall’architetto Bernardo Rossellino, il quale è stato incaricato dal papa Pio II. Con la morte dell’architetto Rossellino il progetto della città resta incompiuto .Pienza è identificata con il concetto di ‘città ideale’, vuol dire che il progetto rispetta i criteri di razionalità o un’impostazione scientifica. Il tema di ‘città ideale’ inizia già nell’antichità ma affiora maggiormente nel rinascimento. Questo tipo di architettura fa capo alla sensibilità estetica e la riflessione artistica dell’architettura rinascimentale. Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Urbanistica di Pienza Pienza, piccola città del senese, è un esempio raro di urbanistica rinascimentale portata a compimento. Definita di volta in volta la 'città ideale', la 'città utopia', essa rappresenta oggi concretamente una delle modalità costruttive attraverso le quali in età rinascimentale si cercò di realizzare un modello di vita e di governo 'ideale' sulla terra, elaborando un'idea di città che fosse in grado di dare risposte concrete al desiderio di convivenza civile pacifica e operosa degli uomini. Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Di Ronza Dello Stritto Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. Federico da Montefeltro, uomo coltissimo e raffinato, progettò il Palazzo Ducale della città e contemporaneamente, sistemò l’ urbanistica di Urbino, facendone la città "del principe". Prima degli interventi di Federico la residenza ducale era un semplice palazzo sul colle meridionale. Quando il conte Antonio da Montefeltro decise di sistemarsi di fronte al Duomo, suo figlio, Guidantonio, fece approntare un palazzetto con il cui lato lungo corrispondeva alla facciata sulla piazza Rinascimento. Il centro storico di Urbino, dichiarato Dalle Torri ai Palazzi - classe 3^ A C.A.T. patrimonio mondiale dell’Umanità, risale principalmente all’epoca rinascimentale e trattandosi di città collinare, è provvista di strade e di piazze convenienti proprio agli uomini, ma assolutamente inadeguate alle automobili e agli altri mezzi di trasporto contemporanei. Si tratta di un problema della viabilità risalente addirittura allo stesso Cinquecento, avvertito specialmente nei collegamenti con la costa: una faccenda che a tutt’oggi non è stata ancora risolta.
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