Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 1 Human To Mars? • It’s Expensive!

• Global Cooperation • Human Spirit • Science and Engineering • $20 Billion ‘Mars Direct Mission’ - Zubrin Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 2 Mars Reference Mission

(DUWK5HWXUQ $VFHQW9HKLFOHUHQGH]YRXV 9HKLFOH DHURFDSWXUHVLQWR ZLWK(DUWK5HWXUQ9HKLFOH LQ0DUV2UELW 0DUVRUELW GD\UHWXUQWULSWR(DUWK HQGVZLWKGLUHFWHQWU\DQG SUHFLVLRQSDUDIRLOODQGLQJ

&DUJR 7UDQV0DUV &DUJRODQGHUZLWK 0LVVLRQV LQMHFWLRQDQG SURSHOODQWSURGXFWLRQ /DXQFKHG &UXLVH SODQWSRZHUV\VWHPV &UHZGHSDUWXUH LQIODWDEOHKDEDVFHQW $VFHQW YHKLFOHODQGVRQ0DUV YHKLFOHXVHV ORFDOO\SURGXFHG PHWKDQHDQG /2;

&UHZUHDFKHV0DUV 6XUIDFHVFLHQFHFRQFHQWUDWHVRQWKHVHDUFK &UHZ LQGD\VRQ &UHZ WUDQVLWKDELWDW IRUOLIH'HHSGULOOLQJJHRORJ\DQG IDVWWUDQVLWWUDMHFWRU\ $UULYDO PLFURELRORJ\LQYHVWLJDWLRQVDUHVXSSRUWHG ODXQFKHG E\ERWK(9$DQGE\VXUIDFHODERUDWRULHV Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support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rof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 4 Solar Electric Propulsion Mission Concept

+(2

/(2

(OHFWULF3URSXOVLRQ (3 VSDFH &UHZGHOLYHUHGLQ³VPDOO´ 5HPDLQGHURIWUDQV0DUV 6SDFHWXJUHWXUQVIRU WXJSHUIRUPVORZWKUXVWWUDQVIHU FKHPLFDOO\SURSHOOHG LQMHFWLRQSHUIRUPHGE\ UHIXHOLQJDQGQH[W IRU0DUVERXQGFDUJRWR+LJK WUDQVIHUYHKLFOH; FKHPLFDOO\SURSHOOHGV\VWHP DVVLJQPHQW IDVWHURUPRUH (DUWK2UELW PDQ\PRQWKV GHULYHG IHZGD\V HIILFLHQWUHWXUQVLQFHQR WUDQVIHU UHQGH]YRXVWLPH SD\ORDGSUHVHQW Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 5

2011: One SEP stage delivers 2014: Same SEP Stage is refueled two Cargo MTV/TMI’s to and delivers piloted MTV/TMI to 39,709 x 800 km @ 51.6 deg. 70,761 x 800 km @ 51.6 deg.

2011 2011 2011 2014 2014 2014 HLV HLV HLV HLV HLV STS /LFBB

MTV 52.6MT MTV 55.8MT SPM 16.0MT TMI 29.2MT TMI 20.5MT TMI 21.4MT EPM 60.0MT MTV 80.3MT EPM 47.1MT Taxi 26.8MT Tot. 73.1MT Tot. 77.3MT Tot. 75.9MT Tot. 80.3MT Tot. 76.3MT Tot. 26.8MT

MTV - (Injected) Mars Transfer Vehicle TMI - Trans Mars Injection Stage/Propellant TotalTotal Launches: Launches: IMLEO:IMLEO: SPM - Solar Power/Bus Module 5 HLV 382.9 MT (HLV) EPM - Electric Propulsion Module (wet) 5 HLV 382.9 MT (HLV) Taxi - LEO to HEO Crew Taxi 11 STS STS 26.826.8 MT MT (STS) (STS) Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 6 Nuclear Thermal Propulsion

0DJQXP )OLJKW(OHPHQW &DUJR/DQGHU (59 &UHZ/DQGHU 7RWDOV /DXQFK

0LVVLRQ7\SH '50 %LPRGDO '50 %LPRGDO '50 %LPRGDO '50 %LPRGDO

3D\ORDG         6XUIDFH,Q6SDFH          7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ       

,Q/LQH 3URSHOODQW7DQNDJH         /+ RU/2;

17570,VWDJH  0RGLILHG'50         XVHVELPRGDO175V

7RWDO        

0DJQXPV        

(59PLVVLRQXVLQJELPRGDO175VIRU02&DQG7(,LVOLJKWHUWKDQ'50E\aWDQGHOLPLQDWHV''7 (DQGUHFXUULQJ FRVWVIRU/2;&+7(,VWDJHDOVRUHFXUULQJFRVWIRUN:H39$DQGDHUREUDNH

&RPPRQ%LPRGDO17570,VWDJHSURYLGHVN:HSRZHUFDSDELOLW\WRWKH(59&UHZDQG&DUJRODQGHUPLVVLRQV$OVR VXSSOLHV0&&EXUQVIRUWKHVHPLVVLRQV)RUFDUJRODQGHUWKH%LPRGDOVWDJHUHIULJHUDWLRQKHDWUHMHFWLRQV\VWHPVFDQEHXVHG WRFU\RFRROWRIVHHG/+DQGGXPSZDVWHKHDWIURPN:H',36SRZHUFDUW Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 7

Magnum Launch Vehicle

Payload Fairing 92 ft cyl x 25 ft I.D.

Circularization Stage LO2 Tank

Payload/ Stage Liquid Flyback Adapter Booster (2)

LH2 Tank

Fwd Booster Attach

Aft Booster Attach Thrust RS 68 Structure Engines (2)

NTR stage and aerobraked Mars payload Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 8 Three-Magnum Combination Lander Scenario

2XWERXQG $HURFDSWXUHDW0DUV (DUWK/DXQFK &RPER/DQGHU (DUWK 0, 6(3 0 &RPER/DQGHU 70, $HURFDSWXUHDW0DUV 0 7UDQVLW+DE7(, 7UDQVLW+DE7(,ZLWK&UHZ 7UDQVLW+DE7(,ZLWK&UHZ &RPER/DQGHU 6(36SLUDO 0DUV 6(3 0DUV2UELW5HQGH]YRXV &RPER/DQGHU 7UDQVLW+DE7(,ZLWK&UHZ 7UDQVLW+DE7(, &RPER/DQGHU +(25HQGH]YRXV &UHZLQ7D[LZLWK (DUWK/DXQFK 7D[LZLWK&UHZ &RPER/DQGHU 'HVFHQW /DQGLQJ 7UDQVLW+DE7(, &RPER/DQGHUZLWK&UHZ

6XUIDFH0LVVLRQ

0DUV$VFHQW $HURFDSWXUHDW(DUWK $VFHQW9HKLFOHZLWK&UHZ 7UDQVLW+DEZLWK&UHZ VHSDUDWHVIURP&RPER/DQGHU 5HWXUQ (DUWK 0DUV2UELW5HQGH]YRXV $VFHQW9HKLFOHZLWK&UHZ (DUWK2UELW5HQGH]YRXV 7(, 7UDQVLW+DE7(, 7UDQVLW+DEZLWK&UHZ 6KXWWOH 7UDQVLW+DE7(,ZLWK&UHZ Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 9 Three-Magnum Split Mission Scenario

(DUWK/DXQFK 2XWERXQGVW2SSRUWXQLW\ 0, 6(3 $HURFDSWXUHDW0DUV (DUWK 0,, $VFHQW9HKLFOH 5HWXUQ+DE7(,  5HWXUQ+DE7(, 70, 5HPDLQVLQRUELW $VFHQW9HKLFOH 5HWXUQ+DE7(, $HURFDSWXUHDW0DUV 6(36SLUDO $VFHQW9HKLFOH 6(3 0DUV $VFHQW9HKLFOH 'HVFHQW /DQGLQJ 5HWXUQ+DE7(, $VFHQW9HKLFOH $VFHQWSURSHOODQWSURGXFHG 2XWERXQGQG2SSRUWXQLW\ (DUWK/DXQFK 0,,, 7UDQVLW6XUIDFH+DE $HURFDSWXUHDW0DUV 70, 7UDQVLW6XUIDFH+DEZLWK&UHZ 7UDQVLW6XUIDFH+DEZLWK&UHZ 6(36SLUDO (DUWK 6(3 'HVFHQW /DQGLQJ 7UDQVLW6XUIDFH+DE 7UDQVLW6XUIDFH+DEZLWK&UHZ

+(25HQGH]YRXV (DUWK/DXQFK &UHZLQ7D[LZLWK 6XUIDFH0LVVLRQ 7D[LZLWK&UHZ 7UDQVLW6XUIDFH+DE 0DUV$VFHQW $VFHQW9HKLFOHZLWK&UHZ

0DUV2UELW5HQGH]YRXV (DUWK2UELW5HQGH]YRXV 5HWXUQ $VFHQW9HKLFOHZLWK&UHZ 5HWXUQ+DEZLWK&UHZ 6KXWWOH 5HWXUQ+DE7(, $HURFDSWXUHDW(DUWK 7(, 5HWXUQ+DE7(,ZLWK&UHZ (DUWK 5HWXUQ+DEZLWK&UHZ Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 10 TemperatureTemperature

Earth Mars

• ~10°K (18°F) between Over 0.75 m (30 in) height 0.65 m (knee) & 1.4 m (shoulder) 15°C 288°K (55°F)

-55°C 218°K (-67°F)

∆T 60°K (108°F) night day • Noon: vertical temperature variation highest • Night: vertical temperatures are very similar ¥ Expansion and contraction of materials, resulting in great stresses Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 11 Life?

0DUV2EVHUYHU&DPHUD,PDJHV • High resolution images identify interesting places for exploration. 0DJQHWLF6WULSHV ‡2OGHVWSODFHRQ0DUVLGHQWLILHGXVLQJPDJQHWLFVWULSHV ‡6RXWKSRODUFDSPD\KDYHSUHVHUYHGRUJDQLFPDWHULDO Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 12 WindWind

• Wind direction – blows from all directions within one day • Daily repeating wind direction and wind speed pattern.

• Highest turbulence in the morning • Greatest wind speeds early morning and around noon • Numerous dust devils each day Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 13 Surface Materials

1 Sol = 1 Mars day = 24 h 37 min 22.66 s ¥ Regolith ¥ Dust: 40µm–large boulders several m in diameter ¥ Harder than Aluminum & softer than Nickel • Abrasion: blowing dust will wear down solar panels, other equipment • Dust adheres to solar panels, 0.28% per Sol - decreases efficiency of solar panels • Dust is magnetic - sticks to everything - charges equipment and produces electrical discharges which interfere with operations Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 14 System Mass Design

/RQJ'XUDWLRQ6SDFHIOLJKW ¶7HVW&KDPEHU 3KDVH,,,  7RWDO9ROPFUHZ 5HIPLVVLRQ 9  

6N\ODE ,66 0LU  7RWDO 6DO\XW 3UHVVXUL]HG $SROOR 676  $SROOR 9ROXPH /(0 &0 6R\X] P FUHZ 0HUFXU\ 9RVWRN  *HPLQL 9RVNKRG

     0LVVLRQ'XUDWLRQ GD\V Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 15

Science Manifest

6XUIDFH6FLHQFH(TXLSPHQW '50 '50 )LHOG*HRORJ\3DFNDJH  NJ  NJ NJQRWDFFRXQWHGIRU *HRVFLHQF/DERUDWRU\(T  NJ  NJ NJQRWDFFRXQWHGIRU ([RELRORJ\/DERUDWRU\  NJ  NJ 1RFKDQJH 7UDYHUVH*HRSK\VLFDO,QVW  NJ  NJ NJGLVFUHWLRQDU\PDUJLQUHPRYHG *HRSK\VLFDO0HWHURORJ\,QVW  NJ  NJ NJGLVFUHWLRQDU\PDUJLQUHPRYHG 0HWHU'ULOO  NJ  NJ 1RFKDQJH 0HWHURORJ\%DOORRQV  NJ  NJ 1HHGVEHWWHUGHILQLWLRQ %LRPHGLFDO%LRVFLHQFH/DE  NJ  NJ 1HHGVEHWWHUGHILQLWLRQ 'LVFUHWLRQDU\6FLHQFH  NJ  NJ 5HPRYHG 7RWDO  NJ  NJ

&UXLVH6FLHQFH(TXLSPHQW 3DUWLFOHV )LHOGV6FLHQFH  NJ  NJ 1RFKDQJH $VWURQRP\,QVWUXPHQWV  NJ  NJ (VWLPDWHRQO\ 6PDOO6RODU7HOHVFRSH  NJ  NJ 1RFKDQJH %LRPHGLFDO,QVWUXPHQWV  NJ  NJ 1HHGVEHWWHUGHILQLWLRQ 7RWDO  NJ  NJ

1$6$5HIHUHQFH3XEOLFDWLRQ Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 16 Martian Space Walks

• Beyond ISS humans will go to Mars • EVA primary activity to search for life • Revolutionary technologies/methodologies needed – Optimize human performance in partial gravity • Promise of engineering analyses and design Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 17 Space Suits Apollo Shuttle/ISS Mars Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 18 Why? ISS “The Wall”

 5HY($VVHPEO\6HTXHQFH 7RWDO86(9$'XUDWLRQ 7RWDO5XVVLDQ'XUDWLRQ ZLWK+67$% 5866,$1  6+877/(+67'72,66 $32//26.



                     &$/(1'$5<($5 We are here. Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 19

Mars: “The Mountain”

   5HY($VVHPEO\6HTXHQFH  0$56  :LWK+67DQG6XUIDFH([SORUDWLRQ 5866,$1  6+877/(+67'72,66  $32//2  6.nasa.gov/marsref/contents.html • Launch Strategy

&$5*2 +$% $VFHQW9HKLFOH 'U\  /DQGHU +DE0RGXOHDQG/DQGHU ,6583ODQW +)HHGVWRFN 6XUIDFH1XFOHDU3RZHU 6XUIDFH3RZHU6\VWHP 8QSUHVVXUL]HG5RYHU 3UHVVXUL]HG 5RYHU 'D\&RQVXPDEOHV 7HOHRSHUDWHG6FLHQFH5RYHUV 8QSUHVVXUL]HG5RYHU ',36&DUW6FLHQFH

P P

P P

P P

W W

(59 3LORWHG 5HWXUQ+DE/2;&+7(, 6XUIDFH+DEDQG/DQGHU 'D\V&RQVXPDEOHV 8QSUHVVXUL]HG5RYHU 'D\V&RQVXPDEOHV

P P

P P

P P

W W