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A Study Case of Segarra-Garrigues Channel in Catalonia

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A Study Case of Segarra-Garrigues Channel in Catalonia Bioeconomic model to optimize water use: A study case of Segarra-Garrigues channel in Catalonia A Thesis Presented to The School of Agricultural Engineering of Barcelona (ESAB) at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science by Mariem Khalfaoui July 2014 - 2 - © 2014 Mariem Khalfaoui ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - 3 - Mariem Khalfaoui __________________________________ [Lluc Mercade Romeu], Thesis Advisor __________________________________ [José Maria Gil], Thesis Advisor Credits: 30 ECTS Level: Master Course title: Master’s Thesis Course code: 390404 Program/education: European Master in Agricultural, Food and Environmental Policy Analysis (AFEPA) - 4 - Abstract Water resources used in irrigated agriculture are increasingly scarce, in several countries the implementation of new irrigation management seems to be an adequate answer to this critical situation. Segarra-Garrigues Channel is one of the largest water projects carried out in Catalonia-Spain and designed to become a big part of today's cultivated lands in the province of Lleida in irrigated crops. To optimize the limited resources available and use the potential of the channel in an efficient way, optimization models provide useful tools for technical and economic analyses. One of the key inputs of these models is the yield response to water which is often simulated with empirical water production functions. In the present study, Yield functions where obtained from dynamic crop simulation model, AquaCrop (Steduto et al., 2009) taking into account physiological and agronomic specificities in addition to the different irrigation strategies. A model at farm scale was developed and applied to an area in Catalonia related to Segerra Garrirgues Irrigation Channel. The applications of the model to the study area showed in this particular study case that Maize is the most profitable crop, in particular the variety Maize 600, this result still sustainable even with price simulation. - 5 - Table Of contents - 6 - List of Figures - 7 - List of Tables - 8 - Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Research Center for Economic And Agribusiness Development 'CREDA-UPC' and its staff for the enriching experience and the knowledge I acquired during my stay. I would like to thank the Institute of Food and Agriculture Research 'IRTA' and Dr. Joan Girona for their support and for providing us with the necessary information and data to accomplish this study. - 9 - Chapter 1 - Introduction The agricultural sector is critical to social and economic progress, particularly with regard to the creation of employment and livelihood-earning opportunities, and the generation of trade and foreign exchange earnings. It is also at the core of environmental concerns over the management of natural resources – land degradation, water scarcity, deforestation, and the threat to biodiversity. (Fischer & al. 2002, Sauer & al.2008, Tao et al. 2011) Although it's usually low in developed countries GDP, it remains important with regard to the rural development in certain region. In Spain for example, the agriculture accounted in 2011 for 2.0% of the GDP at market prices, and employed 4.1% of the civilian working population, values close to the European averages (1.2% and 5.3% respectively in EU-27) (European Commission, 2012), the concerns about the water use in agriculture and the production efficiency are increasing, despite the fact that the agriculture is not very well presented in the GDP but it still the main source of income and employment in certain rural regions and despite its complexity, the agricultural system is facing a number of obstacles; first natural constraints (climate changes, deterioration of the soil quality, water scarcity..), second the fluctuation of the market prices worldwide. The water scarcity problem is becoming more serious and requiring intervention (Turner et al. 2006), and managing the risk of water scarcity is a challenge to optimize the production reducing the water use. As an answer to this critical situation Irrigation systems are applied to avoid water deficits that reduce crop production and to optimize the use of such scarce resource. The process of crop water use has two main components: one due to evaporation losses from the soil and the crop, usually called evapo-transpiration (ET), and the other that includes all the losses resulting from the distribution of water to the land. (Monteith, 1990; Steduto et al., 2006, Fereres 2006). In the example of Spain, Catalonia (as an Autonomous region is the main contributor to the Spanish economy with nearly 19% of Spain’s GDP), is facing a rapid increase in water demand for all consumption, Agrarian uses, including agricultural irrigation and livestock consumption, account for 72.6% from the total water consumption. The water resources available in Catalonia could become insufficient in order to satisfy the demands placed by society in terms of water quantity and quality. In order to avoid a lack of guaranteed supply, a management improvement was required; increases in water savings, realizing more effective use of the existing resources, and the introduction of new resources. - 10 - In Catalonia, a good example of the debate generated in irrigation and the effects of implementation and management is the Segarra-Garrigues Canal, in the province of Lleida. from a historical claim which is secured in the late 1990s to the transformation of irrigated drylands, the project, with over seventy thousand new irrigated hectares affected six districts,, has been involved in the last decade of economic, environmental and social problems by social agents involved: "Regional public companies Segarra-Garrigues irrigation System"(REGSEGA) and " Waters Segarra Garrigues " (ASG), "State Segarra-Garrigues S.A." (CASEGA) and the " Water Ebro Basin S.A" (AcuaEbro); General Community Irrigation Canal Segarra-Garrigues or signatories of Vallbona Manifest (in 2007 constituted as per Compromís Lleida), three separate but parallel actions around the same concepts. Segarra- Garrigues is considered as one of the largest water projects carried out in Catalonia-Spain (initially covering 70,000ha of irrigation surface) and designed to become a big part of today's cultivated lands , Segarra-Garrigues Irrigation Channel is not yet used in an efficient way, according to IRTA responsibles. It was also a part of most recent Efficiency plans: The Water Efficiency Plan for Agricultural Irrigation, developed in 2008, aimed to draw up a map of agrarian water uses in Catalonia, and to establish a raft of recommendations intended to improve productive water efficiency, to promote the rational use of the resource and to favor savings, while also quantifying the actual potential for savings of resources, and the measures required in order to achieve this, with an emphasis on the reuse of regenerated water. The first sections was opened in July 2009, and it should be ready before 2013, but some section of the irrigation system are not yet functional. Segarra-Garrigues Channel is a very important irrigation project in Catalonia, , given the role it will plays as a part of the water scarcity solution, and in increasing the agricultural activity profitability and the contribution in rural development. However no previous study about the profitability of the crops planted in the area was done to help farmer, improve the water allocation and increase to rural development The question now is if the crops sowing in the new irrigates areas are the most profitable ones to the farmers? knowing that the agricultural products market prices are a very unstable, to what extend can the price variation affect the profitability of the crops? Therefore, the primary research question, Is To find which crop are the most profitable to the farmers in the study area region? and farther how sensitive is the profit when we consider the fluctuation of the market prices? - 11 - This study is organized as follows. In chapter 1, literature is reviewed generally on Water scarcity in Spain and particularly in Catalonia, the importance of agriculture and its vulnerability to water scarcity and the public intervention to face this problem. Another will be dedicated to introduce the methodology used in the study. Chapter 2 explains the , context and the background of the present study. It covers topics like the study area giving a general overview of the economic activities in Catalonia, the agricultural activities ... Another section in the chapter covers the project "Segarra-Garriges", the origin of the project, justification, infrastructure... Chapter 3 describes the methodology of the study and addresses the method of analysis employed in addressing the various objectives of this study. In chapter 4, the bio-economic model is specified. The model is described in details and the various equations involved in the model will be specified. In chapter 5, the results of the study are presented and explanations offered. The results of each objective will be addressed and discussed. The final chapter 6 provides some concluding remarks and recommendations. The major conclusion of the study will be stated and based on these conclusions. The limitations of the study will be the final part of this chapter. - 12 - Chapter 2 - Literature review The chapter is divided into three main parts. The first part covers the general literature review the water scarcity problem and its impact on the agriculture. The second part covers the new action
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