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Digital Image Guide for Media Production U.S

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Digital Image Guide for Media Production U.S National Park Service Digital Image Guide for Media Production U.S. Department of the Interior revised December 2006 Harpers Ferry Center Introduction This document gives guidelines for selecting or preparing digital image files for use by Harpers Ferry Center or by parks for media production. This informa- tion is technology and application dependent, so it will change over time. Also, it does not cover all possible situations. This guide assumes that files are being sup- plied to HFC for use in our projects. If you are working with a vendor who will be providing services to you, seek their advice. Be sure to review the Definitions and Important Details section that follows Guidelines for more information. Content Digital Photography and Scans ................................................. 1 Guidelines for Specific Media .................................................. 4 Definitions and Important Details .......................................... 6 Digital Photography The file type produced by a digital camera is determined by the capability of the camera and the settings chosen by the photographer. The type of file sig- nificantly influences the quality possible in media production. All high-end cameras can make camera raw and JPEG file formats. Many also have TIFF file capability. Because data compression is inherent in JPEG files and it always results in the unrecoverable loss of information, JPEG files are not accept- able for quality reproduction. File Types Digital Negative (DNG) A universal camera raw format that is gaining widespread acceptance. A DNG file is our first choice in file types for digital photography. Files converted from a proprietary camera raw format to DNG files are still camera raw files and pre- serve all the raw attributes. Hasselblad, Leica (M8), and Pentax cameras and backs use DNG as their native raw format. There is more information under File Types in Definitions and Important Details section. Camera Raw (NEF, CRW, CR2, ORF, etc.) The actual name and file extension varies between camera manufacturers. See File Types in Definitions and Important Details section for more information on camera raw files. Adobe DNG files (preferred) or proprietary camera raw formats automatically provide the highest resolution and bit depth for the camera, with the most flexibility, and ultimately the highest possible quality for reproduction. If your camera does not make camera raw files it is not up to the task of making files for reproduction. The quality of the media is dramatically influenced by the nature of the files. Digital Negative or Camera Raw format is highly recommended. Harpers Ferry Center will scale and refine raw files for their final use. Sensor and File Sizes A digital camera sensor’s native resolution is referred to in megapixels. One megapixel is one million pixels. The number of pixels produced by a sensor is determined by multiplying the vertical axis resolution by the horizontal axis resolution. For example 3888 pixels x 2592 pixels = 10,077,696 pixels or 10 megapixels. Harpers Ferry Center http://www.nps.gov/hfc/ 1 Digital Photography The maximum physical image size that can be made at a cameras native reso- (continued) lution for a specific use (output resolution) can be determined by dividing the resolution of each axis by the required final output resolution. For example the same 10 megapixel camera produces a file that is 3888 x 2592 pixels. If we are printing high quality offset we might want a resolution of 350 ppi. 3888 / 350 = 11.1 inches; 2592 / 350 = 7.4 inches. So we can produce an 11.1 x 7.4 image at 350 ppi using the native resolution of the camera. If a larger than native file is needed interpolation of the file in conversion from camera raw to the working TIF or PSD file is necessary. How success- ful this will be depends on the quality of the image (lens, camera, conditions, photographer) and the ability of the software plus the skill of the individual working with the file. There are many “ifs” involved. Scans To ensure a usable scan, two variables must be known: resolution require- ments and final image size. Size must also consider cropping—do not assume the full image is being used. These variables are linked and must be known before the scan is made to assure adequate resolution for the use. Resolution Resolution is the measure of the density of information in a digital image. It is the number of pixels in a given physical space. The more pixels per inch the higher the resolution. Resolution is usually expressed in dots per inch (DPI), pixels per inch (PPI)—which is the same thing, or pixels per millimeter. See pages 6 and 7 for more information. Final Image Size The final image size is the physical size of the individual image when it is output. A usable scan cannot be ensured without including the final image size when calculating the resolution. Also check a graphic print-out (comp) for cropping. Scale Calculation for Use this method if your scanner software calculates the scan resolution from Percent Enlargement or Reduction the required final resolution and the size change: • Measure the distance between two points within the image in an actual size comp. Then measure the same distance in the original transparency. Divide the comp dimension (final size) by the transparency dimension (original) to get the enlargement or reduction factor (you can add two zeros to this number if you need a percent). It does not matter what unit of measure you use as long as it is the same for both measurements. Millimeters are good because they are small increments and you can avoid converting odd fractions to decimal. Scale Calculation for Some scanner software requires the calculated scan resolution to be entered Required Scan Resolution by the user. Use this method for them: • Make the same measurements as above. Multiply the comp dimension (final size) by the required resolution and divide the result by the transparency dimension (original size) to get the required scanning resolution. 300–400 DPI (120–160 pixels per centimeter) at the final output size is required for high quality printing on coated paper. 160 pixels per centimeter (res 16 or ~406 ppi) is the preferred resolution for publications at HFC. Be sure you understand the relationship between physical size and resolution —see definitions and important details starting on page 6. All resolution requirements stated in this document are at the final output size for the media being produced. Please refer to a supplied cropping guide when calculating the size and resolution of a scan. Scans are often used at less than full frame. If this is not taken into account the resulting resolution will be lower than required. Harpers Ferry Center http://www.nps.gov/hfc/ 2 Scans Be aware that a quality scan involves more than having adequate resolution and (continued) that a good scanner must meet several additional criteria. Bit Depth Save 16 bit per channel files if your scanning software allows it. This provides dramatically more tonal data. Most image editing is destructive, so having a data cushion is helpful. Color Mode All scanners scan in RGB. If you are scanning a black-and-white original, please scan and save an RGB file to send to us. This gives us more to work with even if we eventually convert it to grayscale. Color Management Convert files other than camera raw to the Adobe RGB (1998) color space and save with this same profile embedded. Review a companion document called Color Management for Harpers Ferry Center Designers and Cartographers for more information on how the Center uses color management: http://www.nps.gov/hfc/products/imi/imi-docs.htm File Types Tagged Image File Format (TIFF or .tif) This is the catch-all file format for uncompressed raster data (see definitions) and is preferred. PSD or uncompressed PDF are also acceptable. JPEG files are not acceptable for quality reproduction. Sharpening Do not sharpen the files. We can always sharpen more but we can not remove excessive or inappropriate sharpening. Harpers Ferry Center http://www.nps.gov/hfc/ 3 Guidelines for Specific Media For offset printing, the rule of thumb is that resolution should be 1.5 to 2 times Commercial Offset Printing the screen ruling (LPI) being used. Coated paper (gloss or dull), 150-200 LPI screens Resolution: 300–400* ppi (120–160 pixels per centimeter) Please see Definitions Color Space: RGB preferred if coming to HFC and Other Important File Type: TIFF, PSD, or PDF with no compression Information beginning Profile: Adobe RGB (1998), US Web Coated (SWOP) v2, on page 6 if there are or Gray 20% Dot Gain ** terms or acronyms here you are not familiar with. Uncoated paper (offset paper), 100—150 LPI screens Resolution: 200–300* ppi Color Space: RGB, CMYK, or grayscale —talk to your service provider File Type: TIFF, PSD, or PDF with no compression Profile: Adobe RGB (1998), US Web Uncoated v2, or Gray 25% Dot Gain ** Newsprint, 60—120 LPI screens Resolution: 150–200* ppi Color Space: RGB, CMYK, or grayscale — talk to your service provider File Type: TIFF, PSD, PDF with low compression, JPEG high quality (low compression) Profile: Adobe RGB (1998), US Web Uncoated v2, or Gray 30% Dot Gain ** Inkjet Printing Park wayside displays or other large inkjet exhibits Resolution: 200* ppi Color Space: RGB preferred by HFC, CMYK or grayscale OK File Type: TIFF, PSD, or PDF with no compression Profile: Adobe RGB (1998), US Web Coated (SWOP) v2, or Gray 20% Dot Gain ** Making highest quality photographic inkjet prints, printing on a high
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