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Photographs of the 19Th Century: a Process Identification Guide

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Photographs of the 19Th Century: a Process Identification Guide PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE 19th CENTURY: A Process Identification Guide William E. Leyshon Copyright 1984-2001 William E. Leyshon Copyright (c) 1984-2001 William E. Leyshon. All rights are reserved. This manuscript may not be reproduced in whole or part for commercial distribution without written consent of Sharlot Hall Museum Archives, Prescott, AZ 86301. Single copies may be made for reference use by individuals. The FOTOFIND V2.7 computer program is provided with no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. Copyright 1984-2001 William E. Leyshon PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE 19th CENTURY: A Process Identification Guide William E. Leyshon Contents Page Acknowledgements........................................... 4 Credits.................................................... 6 Preface.................................................... 7 How To Use This Book....................................... 7 Introduction............................................... 8 Part One - History of the Processes Chapter 1 - Uncoated Paper................................. 13 Chapter 2 - Coated Paper................................... 21 Chapter 3 - Flexible Negatives............................. 27 Chapter 4 - Bichromate, Carbon, and Oil Processes.......... 33 Chapter 5 - Photomechanical Reproduction................... 37 Chapter 6 - Glass Negatives and Positives.................. 47 Chapter 7 - Daguerreotypes, Ambrotypes, and Tintypes....... 56 Chapter 8 - Cases, Paper Mounts, and cartes de visite...... 66 Chapter 9 - Transferotypes and Miscellaneous Bases......... 70 Chapter 10 - Colors of Black and White Prints.............. 74 Chapter 11 - Historical Enlarging and Reversal............. 80 Chapter 12 - Copying Techniques and Restoration, written in collaboration with R. G. Rudd... 84 Chapter 13 - Microscopic Examination and Analysis.......... 87 Part Two - Quick Reference Chapter 14 - 19th Century Processes Section 1 - Attributes to be Recognized............... 92 Section 2 - Process Names and Alternates.............. 94 Section 3 - Condensed Descriptions.................... 101 Section 4 - How To Use the FOTOFIND Computer Program.. 118 Section 5 - Process Chronology........................ 125 Epilogue................................................... 130 Appendix I - A Scanning Electron Microscope Looks At a Daguerreotype............................ 132 Appendix II - Analysis of a Paper Photograph............... 138 Appendix III - Notes on the FOTOFIND Computer Program...... 145 Glossary................................................... 149 Alphabetical Bibliography.................................. 153 Classified Bibliography.................................... 168 List of Illustrations...................................... 185 List of Tables............................................. 187 Index...................................................... 188 Author..................................................... 196 Copyright 1984-2001 William E. Leyshon 4 Acknowledgements Sincere appreciation is due my long-time colleague in scanning electron microscopy, James T. Thrall Jr., who volunteered his time for the analysis of the crayon photograph described in Appendix II; to Leon Jacobson, who introduced me to the fascination of historic photographs; and to the late R. Gilliam Rudd for his many practical lessons on the right way to copy photographs. I am much indebted to Dr. M. Susan Barger for furnishing reprints of many of her papers; they are the definitive work on Daguerreotypes and also on many other contemporary processes. I am most grateful to Nancy Burgess for donating part of her collection of photographs, for loaning her copy of Estabrooke when I was unable to obtain a copy, and for her enthusiastic support during this project. I owe a special thanks to Susan H. Abbey, retired Archivist, Sharlot Hall Museum, Prescott Arizona, who encouraged my writing for more than ten years. She made the ultimate sacrifice: she read and edited an early manuscript. I am particularly indebted to Richard Pearce-Moses for a copy of the Smithsonian Archives Draft Photographic Thesaurus, which has since been included in the Art & Architecture Thesaurus, 1994 edition, published on behalf of the Getty Art History Information Program. Many other friends made my efforts much pleasure. I send apologies to those I have accidentally omitted to mention. The mistakes are all mine; the generosity theirs. Many kind and helpful people in the following libraries and symposia made research a pleasure during more than ten years: 1. Bar Harbor Historical Society, Bar Harbor, Maine 2. Canadian Archives, Ottawa, Canada 3. Gernsheim Collection, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 4. Institute For Creative Photography, and the Library of the Department of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson 5. International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House, Rochester, New York 6. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 7. Rochester Institute of Technology main library, Rochester, NY 8. Seward House, Auburn, New York 9. Syracuse University: E. S. Bird Library, Syracuse, New York 10. Wilmington Historical Association, Wilmington, North Carolina Symposia: PhotoHistory Symposia, International Museum for Photography at George Eastman House, 1997, 1991, 1988, 1985, 1982 International Symposium, The Stability and Preservation of Photographs, Ottawa 1982 Arizona Paper and Photograph Conservation Group, Tucson 1989 Copyright 1984-2001 William E. Leyshon 5 "I have read all of some of the books, and some of almost all of them, and the rest I'll get to, one of these days"... Bookmark inscription, Prescott Public Library, Prescott, Arizona. Copyright 1984-2001 William E. Leyshon 6 Credits: All photographs are by the author. Appendix III: 'MS-DOS', 'Quick Basic', and 'Windows' are regis- tered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Appendix III: "MacIntosh' is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Co. The following are trademarks of Eastman Kodak Company: Kodak Chapter 3: Velox, Azo photographic papers Chapter 13: Kodak Technical Pan film Kodak Contrast Ortho 4154 film Kodak Wratten Filters Chapter 14: Cine Kodak, Ektar Other trademarks: Chapter 11: Munsell System of color measurement Preface, Epilogue: Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, copyright 1970 by the World Publishing Co. The FOTOFIND program uses QBSCR screen routines written by Tony Martin. Copyright 1984-2001 William E. Leyshon 7 Preface This book is a guide to the identification and dating of all the known types of black and white 19th century photographs on all bases. It includes common commercial types as well as rarities and home-made varieties. The aim was to make this a self- sufficient reference for such readers as educators, students, historians, collectors, museums, photographers, antique dealers, and individuals seeking to identify and date family photographs. The book began as a compilation of identification character- istics of historic photographs from local sources, and the search widened as one reference lead to another. Eventually it became apparent that, while many excellent references exist, no single source listed recognition data for all known types, common and rarities. We hope the book fills this need. How to use this book The plan of the book provides several levels of information, varying in depth and technicality. Part One, Chapters One through Thirteen, contains technical and historical information on the processes, with emphasis on recognition of the types of photograph. Part Two, Chapter 14, is a quick reference area that contains five independent sections, including condensed descriptions in Section 3 that are listed according to base materials for quick reference. Section 4 describes an interactive computer program called FOTOFIND, written as a companion to this book. It is intended to be a complete identification database and also a learning tool. Since not all readers have easy access to comprehensive libraries, multiple references are given to improve the chances of finding more information if needed. It is not possible to provide current information on all available books in print; libraries and booksellers maintain up-to-date listings of this information. In addition to contemporary references, a number of 19th century works have been listed, such as original references and reprints of classic 19th century books that are excellent sources of unabridged information. To aid in topical research, the bibliography is also listed in broad categories in classified form. Copyright 1984-2001 William E. Leyshon 8 Introduction Anyone who is interested in the collection, study, and preservation of our photographic heritage is likely to encounter problems in dating and categorizing specimens. For example, are unknown pictures 'collotypes', 'calotypes', or 'kallitypes'? The information may be needed to date them, to determine their market value, or simply to put correct labels on them for display. The literature on historical photography is voluminous, and it can be a tedious task to sort through chronological descrip- tions in narrative history books in search of a description that seems to match a picture in question. There are several very useful flow-chart guides, for example Coe & Haworth-Booth [32], Gill [67], Reilly [122] and Rempel [124]. But such references generally do not attempt to include all known types of pictures with details arranged for identification. Taft [140] remarks " Anyone who finds the profusion of types bewildering should at least be grateful to the author for not mentioning all the
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