Readings and Case Studies in Sociology Copyright © by the Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc

GLENCOE Sociology &YOU

Readings and Case Studies in Sociology Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families wihout charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Sociology and You program. Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 047 10 09 08 07 06 CONTENTS

Note to Teachers ...... iv

READING 1 Will We Have Any Privacy Left? ...... 1 READING 2 Cheating in American Schools ...... 4 READING 3 How Rude! Manners in America ...... 8 READING 4 The Power of Peers ...... 11 READING 5 Battling Childhood Obesity: Recommendations ...... 14 READING 6 The Curse of Cliques ...... 18 READING 7 Hate Groups and the Internet ...... 21 READING 8 Capital Punishment ...... 24 READING 9 Cybercrime ...... 27 READING 10 Welfare Reform: Is It Working? ...... 31 READING 11 Japanese Internment Camps ...... 35 READING 12 Lucy Stone on Marriage ...... 39 READING 13 Generation Gap ...... 42 READING 14 Mormon and Unmarried ...... 45 READING 15 Genetic Genealogy ...... 49 READING 16 Schooled in Failure? ...... 53 READING 17 Making the Grade Harder ...... 56 READING 18 Mom, Dad, I Want a Job ...... 59 READING 19 The Paradox of Sport ...... 63 READING 20 Medical Ethics: Do You Want to Live a Hundred Years? ...... 66 READING 21 The Right to Die: Euthanasia ...... 69 ANSWER KEY ...... 73 RUBRICS /S AMPLE GRADING SHEETS ...... 77 Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 81

iii Note to Teachers

Readings and Case Studies in Sociology provides both teachers and students with the opportunity to expand on and enrich the lessons learned in the Sociology and You textbook. The readings included in this booklet all focus on the current-day issues of ethics, values, and technology and encourage students not only to test their reading comprehension but also to put their critical- thinking skills to work. Many of the readings in this booklet, such as “Cheating in American Schools,” “Japanese Internment Camps,” and “Mormon and Unmarried,” also may be presented as case studies in sociology. As such, you may wish to invite students to conduct cross-cultural research to serve as a basis for comparison with the case study and further enrich their learning experience. A complete Answer Key appears in the back of the booklet. Following the Answer Key are rubrics and sample grade sheets that will help you evaluate the students’ work. oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

iv Reading WILL WE HAVE ANY 11 PRIVACY LEFT ?

There is little doubt that technology has changed the way Americans live. Computer and telecommunication technology has brought amazing transformations in the way people conduct their daily business—making everything from bank transactions to job searches faster and easier. Unfortunately, technology also has a negative side: it has made it easier for unethical people to invade the privacy of individual citizens. The reading “Will We Have Any Privacy Left?” theorizes how trends in technology will affect privacy by the year 2025. Will Americans of the future be forced to sacrifice privacy for advancements in technology? Read the following passage before you answer this question.

Text reference: Sociology and You , Chapter 1

Our bad dreams about the haunted house accumulate like baroque pearls on an ever called “Privacy, Circa 2025” are likely to focus lengthening string—each arriving phone call on those all-seeing orbiting spy cameras that and e-mail message, each bill and bank are always peering at us. They already exist, statement, each Web bookmark, birthday capable of observing from miles overhead that photo, Rolodex card and calendar entry. your lawn could use mowing and your dog An irresistible convenience: your whole needs a shampoo. By 2025, they will be really life in one place. Tune in anywhere, using any good. Audio spy technology has been computer, phone or TV. Just put your card in advancing fast too. But the biggest threat to the slot, pass a security test (supply your privacy doesn’t even exist yet. By 2025 it will password and something like a fingerprint) and be in full bloom. you’re in. You see your electronic life onscreen Today we are engulfed by the signal- or hear a description over the phone, starting carrying waves of broadcast radio and TV. with the latest news and working back. Come 2025, we will be engulfed by a By feeding all this information into the “cybersphere” in which billions of food processor of statistical analysis, your “information structures” will drift (invisible faithful software servants will be able to make smooth, creamy, startlingly accurate guesses but real, like radio waves) bearing the words, about your plans for the near future. They will sounds and pictures on which our lives depend. find patterns in your life that you didn’t know That’s because the electronic world will have were there. They will respond correctly to terse achieved some coherence by 2025. Instead of spoken commands (“Call Juliet,” “Buy food,” phone, computer and TV networks side by side, “Print the news”) because they will know one network will do it all. TVs and phones and exactly who Juliet is, what food you need and computers will all be variations on one theme. what news stories you want to read. Their function will be to tune in these So it’s 2025, and the living is easy. You information structures in the sense that a radio glide forward on a magic carpet woven out of tunes in station WXYZ. detailed data and statistical analyses. But These cyberstructures will come in many Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by should anyone seize access to your electronic shapes and sizes, but one type, the life story, “invasion of privacy” will take on a “cyberstream,” is likely to be more important whole new meaning. The thief will have stolen than any other. A cyberstream is an electronic not only your past and present but also a chronicle of your daily life, in which records reliable guide to your future.

1 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Outrageously Outrageously naive advice for a high-tech further waters deep venture the into we As And by 2025, the issue will be framed future? future? Think again. It has people leave been the country, All over and it works. field-tested, valuable private papers in unlocked mailboxes Astonishing! Suburban along mail the is street. a vastly cyberspace will be. ever But are our mailboxes easier mark largely safe than because we been startled by pundits have Some technology are anything largely honest. in people’s willingness to confide card their numbers credit- to web sites. But for have years we been reciting those phone. And numbers we have over all sorts the for example) our of standing taxes, habits (paying other long- that reflect our confidence in the honor of our citizens. fellow of technology, temptations increase. When it comes to admittedly not at temptation the top of our game in early resistance, 2000. This is an age we of moral confusion. love to We are talk about law; we hate morality talk. But we will snap out of this dive, as we have snapped out of characteristic others American obsessions, before. two have Among been prominent since 1776—our technological our and inventiveness our stubborn desire to know and do what is right. differently. We are because obsessed we have temporarily with mislaid a more privacy important word: dignity. We talk but “right we to don’t really privacy,” mean about it. our This broken-down, ramshackle idea falls apart the moment on you blow it. to Privacy commit murder? To beat a wife or child? To abuse an animal? To counterfeit money? To be insane, refuse treatment and Privacy suffer is no never-endingly? absolute right; it is a nice luxury little when we necessity And to come fight 2025, life will for. can get it. be Dignity better: is is notrebirththat moral a of because but revolution a because of and inevitable equally far more important. the technology , Vol. 155 Issue 7 (February 21, Vol. 2000), , p. 74. 2 Time Such information structures are just The route will be electronically guarded So what else is new? Technology always You could, after all, get a pair of high- Laws are bad weapons in the fight to David Gelernter, “Will We Have Any Privacy Left?” Privacy Any Have We Gelernter, “Will David beginning beginning to emerge. They are likely to be far safer and more private than anything we have ever put on paper. private Nonetheless, valuable large proportion of the world’s by 2025, a information will be stored on thief a computers if and network, global that a to connected are can connect his computer to that same global network, he electronic route from his machine to willyours. have—in principle—an and nearly impassable, unless target has given out information he should the not intended have—as people electronic thievery and of invasion are privacy do. And jackpots that keep growing. They unfortunately, are just the crimes for clever crooks. shameless, cowardly, No need to risk life or limb; wires and through just keyholes. tiptoe over threatens Those privacy. threats usually come to nothing. They have been defeated and will be before, in the future, by a force that is far Congress, technology—not than powerful more the law or the press, not bureaucrats or federal judges, but morality. power binoculars and start neighbor tomorrow spying morning. on But you your won’t. Not because you can’t, not illegal, because it’s not not because interested; you’re to be human do won’t it because is it to You be a busybody. is beneath you. Because you it know is wrong, and you would be ashamed of yourself if you did it. protect privacy. Once we invoke the law, the bad deed has been ordinarily done, and society has lost. Attempting to restrain technological progress is another bad a strategy—it’s fool’s game and won’t work. The best protecting in privacy 2025 is method the same method for we have used: always teaching our children to tell right from wrong, making it plain that we count on them to do what is right. Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student WILL WE HAVE ANY Worksheet 11 PRIVACY LEFT ?

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

FUTURE TRENDS 1. The article describes some possible changes in how people will communicate, work, and live in the year 2025. Identify some of the future technology trends and innovations mentioned in the article.

2. Describe the safeguards that will be added to future technology to protect individual privacy. Do you think the methods of keeping records in 2025 will be, as the article states, “far safer and more private than anything we have ever put on paper”?

PRIVACY ISSUES 3. According to the author of the article, how will Americans manage to preserve their privacy despite technology innovations? Do you agree with the author’s suppositions about the American moral character?

4. American citizens still have expectations of privacy in their daily lives. What aspects of privacy do you take for granted today? Do you think these expectations represent a basic honesty in the American character? Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by

3 Reading CHEATING IN AMERICAN SCHOOLS 22

Most American students admit to having cheated at least once during their academic careers. Students voice a number of reasons for cheating: parental demands, lack of time, intense competition for scholarships. Sometimes cheating can seem like the only option for overstressed, underprepared students. The following reading examines the moral issue of cheating and student attitudes about academic honesty. As you read this passage, note the statistics concerning cheating and dishonesty and the author’s analysis of the moral climate of schools.

Text reference: Sociology and You , Chapter 2

A growing number of high school kids— rather avoid the hassle of disciplining those desperate for better grades or simply too tired who do. Still others bemoan indulgent parents or too lazy to study harder—are cheating to get who refuse to hold kids accountable. . . . ahead. To many, cheating is simply a survival High achievers—the nation’s future skill in a competitive world. Says one student, business and political leaders—could be the with a shrug: “Cheating is something that just worst offenders. In a 1998 survey of 3,123 happens—it’s like asking directions.” teenagers by Who’s Who Among American High During a discussion about cheating at Hall School Students , in Lake Forest, Illinois, 80% High School, in West Hartford, Connecticut, a of the nation’s best students admit to cheating junior elaborates: Football players trip, hit, and on an exam, a 10-point increase since the hold opponents illegally to gain an advantage. question was first asked 15 years ago. The top It’s all designed to get an edge. “School is like reason for cheating is “competition for good the same thing.” His teacher raises her grades,” and roughly one of every two kids eyebrows, a bit startled by this modern surveyed said cheating “didn’t seem like a big Machiavellian pragmatism. deal.” Of those who admitted cheating, 95% In a 1998 national survey of 356 high said they were never caught. school teachers by The American School Board Across the country, high-tech cheating

Journal (ASBJ), nine out of 10 said cheating is tricks are in vogue . . . . Ready-made term byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright a problem in their schools, and half said they papers are offered on Internet web sites, cyber encounter students cheating in most of their chat rooms are abuzz with kids trading papers classes. In a 1998 nationwide poll of 20,000 and sharing homework, calculators are used to middle and high school students by the secretly store notes to be called up during tests. Josephson Institute of Ethics (JIE), in Marina As for copying each other’s homework, today’s del Rey, California, seven out of 10 high kids say: “That’s all the time.” schoolers admitted to having cheated on an Alan Marcus, a sixth-year North Springs exam. social studies teacher, says, “I walk up and Many educators say the rise in cheating is down the aisles during tests. I check sleeves due to an erosion of ethics in a self-centered and what’s under kids’ desks. I tell them they culture. Some point to habits ingrained in can’t get out of their seats during the exam or students through years of working together in go to the bathroom. I tell them when it comes cooperative learning situations. Others blame to a test, I will not give them the benefit of teachers who don’t care if kids cheat or would doubt.” But one of his students says she knows

4 of kids who cheated in his class. She says she Is there any chance kids will police doesn’t cheat, but she sees it in “just about themselves? For decades, researchers have every class.” examined the effectiveness of school honor What should a teacher do to a kid who codes, particularly those that hold students peeks over a classmate’s shoulder? In the ASBJ responsible for policing themselves. survey, 97% said a student caught cheating Researchers Ellis D. Evans and Delores should receive an F on the assignment. Support Craig, for instance, studied 1,763 adolescents for tougher punishments is less pronounced: at public middle schools and high schools in a Roughly 60% said the student should fail the suburban school district in Washington state. class. Only 40% recommended suspension. Their study, published in 1990, found that And one teacher surveyed said, “You’d be “most students rarely complain to peers who amazed at how many teachers just don’t care if cheat or report cheating to teachers.” Students students cheat.” “were unwilling to disclose peer cheating Battles with parents over cheating because of fear of reprisal . . . . the belief that incidents can be nightmares for everyone disclosure would make little difference in what involved. Teachers worry about wrongfully happens at school, or a tolerance for cheating.” accusing a kid, and they understand why Back at Hall High School, where we parents rush to defend their children. But there began, a junior says, “You wouldn’t turn a is a serious disconnect between what kids classmate in because you may find yourself in admit and what parents believe. In that 1998 a situation needing to cheat on the next test, survey mentioned earlier, by Who’s Who and you wouldn’t want that same person to turn Among American High School Students, you in. It’s almost like a ‘respect’ we hold for roughly 80% of students admitted cheating. each other as students, knowing that school But in a 1997 survey, 63% of parents of Who’s isn’t easy and we each do what we have to—to Who students said they believed their kids had get by or get good grades.” never cheated. One student leader at North Springs High Many parents defend their kids even when school says seeing kids cheat is especially they know they cheated. These parents may not frustrating when a teacher is grading on a bell even question the evidence. Rather, educators curve: Cheaters skew the curve, making it say, parents sometimes cut straight to the tougher for kids who don’t cheat to get a higher excuse, hoping to secure more lenient grade. “[Cheating] bothers me a lot,” she says. punishments. And teachers often buckle under “Honesty and integrity are important to me. pressure: . . . roughly seven out of 10 teachers But the attitude is: That’s the way you get said parental pressure discourages educators through high school.” Rather than expecting from penalizing student cheaters. students to turn in other students who cheat, Parents sometimes offer startling excuses she says, schools should be more aggressive in to defend their children. Said one high school catching and punishing cheaters. teacher, “I’ve had parents say that if they had not cheated, they never would have passed French in college.”

5 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet CHEATING IN AMERICAN SCHOOLS 22

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

JUST THE FACTS 1. The article mentions a number of statistics concerning cheating and American middle and high school students and their parents. On a separate sheet of paper, compose a chart of these statistics, listing the following information: year of study; subjects (age, grade level, other information concerning students); and specific statistics mentioned in the article. What inferences can you make about the American educational system from the information on this chart? Do you agree with the picture these statistics paint? Explain your answer.

2. The author of this article discusses several reasons for the epidemic of cheating and dishonesty in American schools. List the reasons for cheating presented by the author. Do you agree with the author’s assumptions? Can you think of additional reasons for cheating?

3. According to the author, what roles do parents and teachers play in student cheating? oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

6 Name ______Date ______Period ______

WHAT WOULD YOU DO? 4. Imagine that you are a teacher in a high school class. How would you deal with cheating on tests and assignments? Describe the structure, rules, and sanctions you would institute in the classroom to deal with this problem.

THINK ABOUT IT! 5. As a safeguard against cheating, students were once required to sign documents agreeing not to cheat—and to turn in fellow students who cheated. This policy, called the honor system, was considered a strong deterrent against cheating and dishonesty. Do you believe the honor system would work in schools today? Write a statement which supports or opposes the honor system. Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by

7 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , , Chapter 3 Sociology and You Sociology and ! ! MERICA A UDE Text reference: Text lence, lence, shock television, and general R children still their taught elders to respect children Walcott is Walcott not the only citizen alarmed at From one end of the country to the other, “No Rules,” reads a decal on the back the twenty-first the century and reinforces have noticed a definite trend toward crude toward definite a trend noticed have of of a coarse The culture. following passage sed sed in Chapter 3: Culture.

OW week with displays confession. and puerile language of violence, sex, foul this prospect. As a February by News U.S. and Bozell Worldwide new poll conducted a reveals, vast majority Americans feel of their in watershed. ill-mannered an reached has country Nine out of 10 Americans think incivility is a serious problem, and nearly half extremely serious. think Seventy-eight it percent is say the has problem in worsened the past 10 years, and their concern goes beyond annoyance rudeness. at More breakdown. Respondents social profound a of evidence see than in 90 percent incivility contributes of to the those increase of polled violence in country; believe the it 85 it see number same the and percent community, national believe it for others. respect like divides values healthy eroding the parents and teachers complain of the lack among civility children and the of disrespect they show their elders. The problem cuts across all class and racial lines. In the recent survey educators of by the School American Administrators, Association the of golden teaching rule—treat of others as the you to necessity. found be an urgent treated—was want to be of window a car parked at Robert E. Lee High School in Montgomery, student population of far is it agree, seniors of handful a where, 1,758, too late to learn At respect for the one another. school’s entrance, a statue of Lee, the 8 H

ANNERS IN M

3 3 “All the world over, it’s easy to see;/People to easy it’s over, world the “All After finishing the song, asks Walcott the “No!” they exclaim in unison. song is an anthem out of season, Walcott’s On the first warm day of spring in Reading Reading everywhere everywhere need a little he courtesy,” sings in an original composition set to tune. “Shout it from the mountain a so everyone 1960s pop can see,/Courtesy can bring har-mo-ny.” sixth graders, back come to promise I if school in courteously “Would you and a play concert for you?” behave more a plea lonely for the virtue of respect in a time when schools use metal detectors to keep out guns and knives, when universities insist speech and on behavior codes to stem the tide of become cases legal when disrespect, and hatred shouting matches, when the Internet is littered with raunch campaigns and resemble food menace, fights, when talk and head butts are the idiom whenof sports, and trash political when popular culture tops itself from week to Montgomery, Ala., Montgomery, Michael Walcott takes his and School Elementary Loveless to down guitar wages war on Speak he clearly, incivility. tells the sixth graders profanity or of chew gum in Loveless; class or answer do the phone not in use an unpleasant voice; respect but for do the show aged, “please” and, most of say all, treat others “thank the way you” you want to plugs be his Then and Walcott treated. the sweetens and amps giant of pair a into guitar struggle to save civilization with a little music. soul Are Americans becoming more rude and insolent? Are Are rude Americans and becoming insolent? more Are sociologists Some you”? “thank and “please” say and and offensive behavior in deterioration in America—noting language and attitude as school symptoms vio examines attitudes Americans about manners enter as study of and discus change mores, folkways, culture Confederate general and quintessential insists. “I call them galk shows. What’s uncivil Southern gentleman, presides over a teenage to me is this idea that the worse thing you could brawl that might be a microcosm of the nation be is not famous.” as a whole. On the other hand, Maher himself admits At this racially mixed school in a middle- he is the last person in the world to start a class neighborhood, getting by means getting manners crusade. While part of his show is mean. Students generally don’t open doors or dedicated to civil conversations between people speak to people they don’t know. In the with different views of the world—“a hallways, it’s shove or be shoved. “If you’re sophisticated cocktail party,” as Maher standing in the hallway, and someone’s coming, describes it—another essential element is if they want to come your way, you better provocation, the attempt, for instance, to get move,” explains Cindy Roy, a senior. “Because creative obscenities by the censor. “It’s just if you don’t, they’re just going to take you down fun,” explains Maher. “It feels good. so I do it.” and keep on going.” As harmless as they may seem, Maher’s Five minutes a day at Robert E. Lee is words reveal a central paradox about America’s devoted to character education, a program approach to its own bad behavior. On the one popular around the country and put into place hand, we do not like to see children talking last year by the Alabama Legislature. As rudely to parents, students disrespecting students gather in their homerooms in the teachers or politicians dragging each other morning, someone reads a poem or a story or an through the mud. Nevertheless, we tend to edifying thought over the intercom, an effort applaud rebels, those who speak and behave that has about as much attention-grabbing honestly, if not properly. We like our rough- power as a sermon at a rock concert. Seniors say hewn cowboys who walk into the saloon loaded character education is widely regarded as a with integrity but short on cultivation. And we joke. By and large, no one listens, and teachers especially enjoy the spectacle of a good fight, as don’t have much say in the matter. They get only the competitiveness of national sports and as much respect as they show to the students, politics, the violence in movies and the and that is precious little in some classes. aggressiveness of pop music from rock-and-roll Provocative behavior has been big in the to rap make clear. entertainment business at least since Elvis In the end, whether American culture is Presley shook his pelvis on national television uncivil or not may be less relevant than how it is back in the 1950s. But even there, times seem to received by the rest of us. The U.S. News/Bozell be changing, as the crudities of Sharon Stone poll suggests that people are worried about the kickbox with the niceties of Jane Austen. For impact of a coarsening culture on others; they the past decade, since the unexpected box office seem confident in their own ability to withstand success of A Room With a View in 1986 and the mean-spirited tide. For instance, one senior culminating last year in the appearance of three at Robert E. Lee, Tamika Crittenden, refuses to widely acclaimed movies based on Austen hold rap stars, athletes and other celebrities novels, moviegoers have flocked to see stories responsible for her behavior. Crittenden grew set in eras when manners and restraint played a up among three generations of family: parents, dominant role in society. . . . grandparents and great-grandparents. All three But the popularity of civility in the popular passed on their beliefs about manners and good culture may have less to do with opposition to behavior, and those beliefs form the basis of violence, sex and bad language, says Bill how Crittenden treats other people, she says, not Maher, host of a popular talk show called what Charles Barkley, Tupac Shakur and Beavis

Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by “Politically Incorrect,” than with the indignities and Butt-head do. If nothing else, Crittenden of public confession. “There is a daily has survived high school with those beliefs monument to the breakdown of civilization firmly in place. every day in all these talk shows,” Maher

John Marks, “The American Uncivil Wars,” U.S. News and World Report , Vol. 120, Issue 16 (April 22, 1996), p. 66.

9 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet HOW RUDE ! M ANNERS IN AMERICA 33

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

RULES OF ETIQUETTE 1. Etiquette, rules of proper social behavior, were once taught to children and firmly reinforced in society. Consider the rules of etiquette and manners you have been taught in your home and school. Make a list of proper manners and rules of behaviors that you feel should be taught and enforced in society. Include manners associated with respect, eating, dating, and other areas that you feel are important.

2. Should proper manners should be enforced in schools? Do you think students should be required to use titles of respect, such as Sir or Ma’am, when addressing teachers? Make a short list of “classroom manners” that should be required in schools.

MEDIA MANNERS 3. Rude, crude and often violent behaviors have become an integral part of television, movies, music, and other media. Shock TV and bloody horror movies are extremely popular among byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright teenagers—a reason, some believe, for unruly behavior and insensitivity to others. In your opinion, should media manners be regulated by the government? Explain your answer.

10 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. eibe td hs hw ta oe id of kind one that shown has study reliable truth in the nurture assumption, says Harris. No personalities kids’ techniques. their child-rearing their through “nurture influence the assumption, parents in that to lay According answer assumption.” the believed have experts childcare psychologistsmanyand genes.bywaytheir parents of their from . . . About half personality.of a person’s personality traits come human determining in role adopted kids have shown that genes play a largeandtwins of Studies thatpuzzling. considered she personality human about findings some on. so and aggressiveness, shyness, humor, of sense all the traits that someone—intelligence,define is Personality of parents. that including else, than anyone stronger a far on influence personality child’s an exert peers that contends Assumption book, new her teammates,In classmates. and friends, peers—your your is say and brothers Your sisters? Your parents? teachers? Your say? wouldyou what personality, your shaping in are personality.human of shapers strongest the are qu followingthis readpassage,the consider you As considers social acceptance in childhood and adoles personality than either parents or genetics. Reject acceptanc and peers with relationships Harris, Rich life—yourstrongerparentyour has in Who influence Reading Reading oee, o eerhr a fud any found has researcher no However, years, For half? other the about What explain to theory her developed Harris According to a new book, what you should people influential most the who asked If parents,not peers, that says theory new A 4 4 ato Jdt Rc Harris Rich Judith author , The NurtureThe T HE P 11 WROFOWER ing both the nature and nurture theories, Harris the group. The experience of assimilating andassimilating of experience The group. the “the another brain,” jock,”clown,”“the third a through forth so “the and becomes kid One speech differentiation— Harris:Explains group. the and in involves place a finding also dress, It of patterns. styles behavior, of group’sthe to codesassimilating—conforming successful writes a be child.” adult,” to is successful goal child’s “A a Harris. become to not most“Achild’s isgroup. goal peer members them—their like with one the is pick children that group the And group. a of part be to need the pull of a force as strong as magnetism—the and playmates personality?feelchildren child’sFromon, classmates.toddlerhood child’s the a answer: of Harris’s half the mold uninherited does what then influence, an have a with homes father.a and mother middle-class in up grow who or gay parents—turn out about the same as kidshippieor nontraditionaldad or mom in single a families—with up grow who Kids Harris. saysHarris. has,philosophy opposite the as kids on effect samethe about has child” the spoil and rod the “Spare upbringing. of kind another have kidswho of those from different significantly are personalities whose kids produces upbringing estion: who has the power in your life?your powerin the has who estion: cence as the primary shaper of the individual. s or your peers? your or s JudithAccordingauthor to e by peer groups are greater influences oninfluences greater are groups peer by e eogn t a ru involves group a to Belonging don’t upbringing and makeup family If adds makeup, family for goes same The Textreference: P EERS Sociology and Sociology You , Chapter 4Chapter , differentiating smooths and shapes a child’s loud and had lots of friends. Then, when Judy rough inherited traits into a human personality, was 9, her family moved to a suburb where the says Harris. girls were snobbish and cared mostly for their You don’t believe it? Consider the appearance. Judy found herself cast out and countless kids born to immigrant parents in the friendless. The active and outgoing girl became United States, says Harris. Instead of picking inhibited and shy. “The kids in the snooty suburb up the foreign accents of their moms and dads, . . . changed my personality,” writes Harris. the children speak the unaccented way their Some people who don’t read Harris’s book friends do. Such is the power of peers over may misinterpret her theory. Some parents may parents. think it gives them permission to neglect or What applies to language also applies to even abuse their kids. They are wrong, though. other forms of social behavior, says Harris. To Harris clearly states that children need their support her case, Harris draws on studies and parents’ love and guidance, especially in the stories from many fields of science. She cites a early years. Kids also acquire valuable study of delinquent boys in England. When knowledge and skills from their parents. boys who were troublemakers moved away Some kids may think the theory gives from their delinquent pals, their behavior them the go-ahead to ignore or disobey their improved. The boys didn’t get new families, but parents. Not so, said Harris. “Kids rule in the they did get new, better-behaved friends. And world they share with their peers, but that that change in friends was enough to change world is part of the adult world,” she told the boys’ personalities. Another study found Current Science . “The greatest power kids have that a child’s attitude toward schoolwork is the ability to choose their friends. It can improved if the child began associating with a make all the difference. Kids who join groups group of kids like Lisa Simpson. It got worse if that ignore or defy the standards of the adult the child switched to a gang of Barts. world are much less likely to have successful Harris also draws on her own experience. and happy lives in the long run.” Young Judy was adventurous, fearless, and

Hugh Westrup, “Who Rules—Peers or Parents?” Current Science , Vol. 84, Issue 16 (May 14, 1999), p. 8. oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

12 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet THE POWER OF PEERS 44

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

PERSONAL INVENTORY 1. Who has the most influence in your life: Your parents? Your peers? Someone else? For each situation or event listed below, indicate the most significant influence on your behavior. If possible, cite a personal example to illustrate your answer.

CHOICE OF CLOTHING:

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS:

CHOICE OF COLLEGE AND/OR CAREER:

DECISIONS CONCERNING ALCOHOL OR DRUGS:

DECISIONS CONCERNING DATING:

ATTITUDES ABOUT SCHOOL AND SCHOOL WORK:

WHAT DO YOU THINK? 2. Many experts reject Harris’ theory concerning the influence of peers. How does Harris defend and support her theory? Do you agree or disagree with the theory? Explain your answer. Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by

13 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. : , , Chapter 4 Given Given that many BESITY Sociology and You Sociology and O Text reference: Text Schools Schools should expand opportunities for School health services should measure Schools should provide physical education physical provide should Schools teenagers teenagers are bombarded by advertisements epidemic of obesity American among young HILDHOOD ity of high-calorie, low-nutritional-value foods low-nutritional-value high-calorie, of ity competitive competitive foods were sold in 98 percent of secondary schools, schools, and 43 percent 74 of elementary schools. percent While of the middle U.S. (USDA) Department requires school of meals Agriculture to Dietary follow its Guidelines beverages and foods forcompetitive on restrictions Americans, federal drinks soft of sale the prohibiting to limited are and certain types of candy in cafeterias while meals are being served; imposed furtherhave 21 restrictions. states, however, all students to in engage at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity day. each classes that last 30 to and abilities of variety a have children Because 60 minutes each day. interests, schoolsopportunities beyond also education traditional classes should intramural physical sports, activity to clubs, walking expand and createbiking to or programs. school, enhance and other venues each and student's weight, height, and body to mass results the provide and annually (BMI) index the students and families. adolescents do not get annual check-ups, this families help aware become informationwould of any weight children's progress. concerns and track their 14 commendations for battling this new health crisis. health new this battling for commendations C ECOMMENDATIONS R ATTLING

There There has been a rapid increase in

5 5 The The report was written by a committee of Among specific steps recommended by Schools should implement nutritional Reversing Reversing the rapid increase in obesity Reading Reading 19 19 experts in child health, a to response in report is The health. public and nutrition, fitness, request from the U.S. Congress for an obesity the and science sound on based plan prevention most promising approaches. While no single intervention or group acting alone can stop the epidemic of childhood recommended in the report aim to increase and obesity, in engage to children opportunities for theimprove steps and activity physical eat a diet. healthy the report are the following: on served beverages and foods all for standards school grounds, including those from vending machines. and the marketing availability of foods such as vending-machine sodas and snacks, and other high-calorie, low-nutrient foods and beverages federal through offered those with compete that A school-meal programs. 2000 report from the General Accounting Office found that among among children and adolescents in the United States will require a multi-pronged approach by schools, families, communities, and industry, comprehensive government and antismoking ambitious efforts, according that to a new report as from national the would Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. . . . be as for “fast food” and “junk food.” The wide availabil wide The food.” “junk and food” “fast for combined with a lack of exercise has resulted in an Every Every day in the United States, young and children re of list a provides article following The people. Food, beverage, and entertainment portion sizes, encourage children to stop eating industries should voluntarily develop and when they feel full, and avoid using food as a implement guidelines for advertising and reward. marketing directed at children and youth. Health insurance companies should Congress should give the Federal Trade designate childhood obesity prevention as a Commission the authority to monitor compliance priority health issue and should include with the guidelines and establish external review screening and obesity prevention services in boards to prohibit advertisements that fail to routine clinical practice. While insurers comply. primarily have focused on the treatment of Parents must play their part as well, by obesity, the high cost of this treatment provides providing healthy foods in the home and insurers with an incentive to prevent the encouraging physical activity by limiting their condition. children's recreational television, video game, Physicians, nurses, and other health care and computer time to less than two hours a day. professionals should actively discuss their Although many societal factors affect patients' weight and BMI with parents and children's eating and activity habits, parents with the children themselves in a sensitive and can exert a profound influence on their children age-appropriate manner. Conversations about by promoting healthy foods and an active weight at the physician's office can be difficult lifestyle from an early age and by serving as because of concerns about stigmatization and role models, the report says. Parents can reluctance to recognize a challenging problem. encourage their children to develop a healthy, Health professionals' training programs and varied diet by introducing new foods in a professional organizations should require that persistent but noncoercive way. Repeated knowledge and skills related to obesity exposure is most critical during the early years prevention be incorporated into their curricula of life, and it can take five to 10 exposures to a and examinations so that health professionals new food before a child will accept it. In have the awareness and skills to tackle these addition, parents should consider smaller issues.

Carrie Morantz and Brian Torrey, “Recommendations to Reduce Obesity in Children and Adolescents,” American Family Physician, Vol. 70, No. 12 (December 15, 2004). Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by

15 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student BATTLING CHILDHOOD OBESITY : Worksheet 55 RECOMMENDATIONS

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

WHAT CAN BE DONE? 1. What can schools do to help fight childhood obesity?

2. How can parents help their children live a healthy lifestyle? oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

16 Name ______Date ______Period ______

THE ADVERTISING INDUSTRY 3. Advertisements for fast-food restaurants tend to feature young, attractive, healthy people having fun and enjoying life. Do you think that advertising has a significant impact on a teenager’s decision to eat high-calorie, low-nutrient foods? Explain your answer.

TAKE A STAND 4. Considering the serious health problems that obesity creates, should vending machines that contain soda, candy, chips, and other high-calorie snacks be banned from American schools? Explain your answer.

PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 5. Write the script for a 30-second public service announcement that would encourage teenagers to exercise and eat a healthy diet. As an alternate exercise, design an advertisement on the same topic that would grab a teenager’s attention. Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by

17 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , , Chapter 6 Sociology and You Sociology and LIQUES C Text reference: Text ool ool violence, caused by cliques? The Each school has its own brand of outsiders of brand own its has school Each But high school outcasts have moved It’s It’s a cliché that jocks and cheerleaders probably been part of the student experience student the of part been probably s s targeted school athletes with deadly fury. s create s memories create of and rejection pain that cceptance cceptance into cliques provides self-esteem, rule, but it is largely true. While through others high plod school, they glide: their exploits celebrated in pep rallies and recorded school in paper and the in trophy cases. “The jocks clout,” most the have yes, cheerleaders, the and Blake McConnell, a student says at Sprayberry High School near Atlanta. “They punishment—even get with out the of police. Joe Blow has a wreck and has been drinking, and he gets the book thrown at him. The quarterback gets and he busted, gets a lighter sentence.” with their own names—nerds, freaks, punks, ravers. And each group has standing its own out. way of At Atlanta’s sophomore Sprayberry, Shawn says Cotter, “the mainly people outcasts who dress are up differently, guys who makeup wear and dress in feminine ways, people black leather who wear and chains.” beyond the chess club and the audio-visual hockey wannabees), kids (gang-member (agangbangers stoners, separate group), skaters preppies, (as in skateboarders) and, as they say, nerds. Other high schools have variations on these themes. California has hicks— the its has surfer cliques, Texas in School High Austin and or show up kickers—who at school in cowboy buckles. belt oversize and hats big boots,

es in American American es schools concepts and in illustrates 18 URSE OF C

HE T

6 6 It It was the first day in Columbine history of version the In 1950s, the schools movie When the shooting finally stopped at Reading Reading support, and camaraderie. For others, school support, clique and For camaraderie. that it was dangerous to be a kind jock—and of that humiliation may have been just what the killers had in mind. Video games and the easy of availability guns may have contributed to the Littleton horror. But what role did ingrained the cliquishness schools play? of Part American of embittered outcasts against the popular kids on the high story is campus. old: But what kind the of new conflagrations should we expect if the Revenge of the Nerds can now be semiautomatics? played out to the firing split into two camps: of the fresh-scrubbed kids (frats, preppies) and the (hoods, greasers). more It’s complicated leather-clad these rebels days. Columbine’s 1,935 students look a alike—mostly white, lot well off and primed for success. But students have no trouble ticking off a startling number of cliques—jocks, Columbine Columbine High School, and students most ran the of out some safety, to places hiding their of hulking male students had stripped shirts. off They their weren’t posing for the Word had cameras. spread through the school that “Trench Coat the Mafia” was hunting for athletes, and at Columbine a polo as a shirt—and jock. the wearer cap—marked baseball a white since since the first school was established. For some, a linger years after graduation. In experienced the the dark side spring of cliques of as two outcast 1999, Columbine High School in Colorado Cliques—exclusive, tight-knit groups of peers—have peers—have of groups tight-knit Cliques—exclusive, Were the Columbine shootings, and “curse” of cliqu the article investigates following other acts of sch of group interaction found in of interaction Chapter group 6. squad. Now they are wearing black T shirts, abuse. Haakon Espeland, 14, switched out of trench coats and hard-kicking Doc Martens. Brooklyn’s Fort Hamilton High, where he was Many are also wearing face powder and black one of the “freaks.” The reason he fled: a eyeliner. “A lot of it is just a front—a mass cry stream of abuse, starting on his first day at for attention,” says McConnell. “Mostly there’s school, when “all these huge people beat on nothing behind it.” me, basically for being there.” Still, the worst of high school fringe Adolescents are psychologically fragile, groups do seem more disturbed than in the and mistreatment from schoolmates leaves past. The awkward kids aren’t just smiling deep wounds. Sometimes, says Augustana inappropriately during science-lab frog University education professor Larry Brendtro, dissections. Some high schools have white “kids who feel powerless and rejected are supremacist cliques. Then there are groups like capable of doing horrible things.” Jason the Straight Edge, a presence at schools like Sanchez, 15, a student at Phoenix’s Mountain Salt Lake City’s Kearns High School. They are Pointe High School, understands why Harris puritanical punkers who are anti-drug, anti- and Klebold snapped: “If you go to school, and alcohol, and anti-tobacco—and they are people make fun of you every day, and you violent. If you smoke or drink in their presence, don’t have friends, it drives you to insanity.” some Straight Edgers will attack you with a There is probably no way to stop high baseball bat. schools from breaking down into cliques. We The so-called good cliques can do just as may be hardwired for it. As early as preschool, much as the outsiders to foment trouble. There researchers have found, kids begin rejecting really is a Lord of the Flies dynamic at work other kids. And even in kindergarten, children among kids. Even nice kids seem to spend a lot have a good idea which of their classmates are of time being cruel to their less socially popular and which are not. But schools can prominent peers. Social science literature is take the edge off the situation through filled with the gritty details—categorized inclusiveness. “I can’t remember ever going to under headings like “the spiral of rejection.” a pep rally and having the skaters show off their Patti and Peter Adler, sociologists who do field talents,” says Curtis Cook, a parent at Phoenix’s research on cliques, found that a 17-year-old Desert Vista High School. Says New York City girl in one group they observed could raise her psychoanalyst Leon Hoffman: “All kids need to status by getting a boy to spend money on her belong, and if they can’t belong in a positive and break up with another girl for her—and way at the school, they’ll find a way to belong then dump him. Another clique member told a to a marginal group like a cult or a gang.” researcher that “one of the main things to do is The Columbine High shootings seem to to keep picking on unpopular kids because it’s have given at least some cliques around the just fun to do.” country pause. At Trumbull High School in The dynamics between cliques are often Connecticut, the Goths have stopped wearing very raw, particularly for the groups at the their trademark trench coats. And students in extremes of the social spectrum: jocks and more mainstream cliques may be a little more outcasts. Even at the relatively well-integrated cautious about taunting students who don’t fit Liberty High School in Bethlehem, Pa., it is not in—if only out of an instinct for self- unheard of for the punks—who often sport preservation. “I’m not going to talk about them black clothing, tattoos and spiky hair—to be anymore,” says Nathalie Kirnon, a Trumbull taunted in the hallways. “They call ’em dirty, freshman. “They might do it here.” say stuff like ‘Why don’t you bathe?’” says a

Adam Cohen, “A Curse of Cliques,” Time , Vol. 153, Issue 17 (May 3, 1999), p. 44.

19 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet THE CURSE OF CLIQUES 66

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

CLIQUES 1. Describe your personal experience with cliques. Do you think that cliques, those exclusive peer groups that are part of most schools, have enhanced or detracted from your high school career? Explain your answer.

2. The article mentions a number of cliques found in many high school environments around the United States. Are these groups present in your school? Can you add any other cliques to this list?

CRUEL SCHOOLS 3. Sociologists Peter and Patti Adler believe that clique members purposely reject and hurt outsiders in order to gain status within the group. Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

4. Some schools have attempted to control cliques by requiring school uniforms or implementing other programs that encourage acceptance. In your opinion, are these policies useful in curbing the negative aspects of cliques? Should schools attempt to control or limit exclusive peer groups?

20 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pohtc eot ild “Computerizedreleasedwas Black Don leader Klan Klux Ku titled formermonth, same report That Hate.” of Networks prophetic or a TVs home as common before blenders, the League releasedAnti-Defamation as word, became household computers a became the question: Should the Internet be censored and c censoredand be Internet the Should question: the Firstand followingrights. l passageThe Amendment images proliferate, with few limits. The Internet h side—it has become a vehicle for hate groups. On do Socio your for topic researcha or tickets, concert neverbefore imagined. Withclicka mouse,a you of comm people way revolutionizedthe has Internet The ilne Ht sec o te nent helps Internet the on speech Hate violence. anddiscrimination actions, hateful to lead can crime.hate violent a commit to co-workersor group hate organized an one’sjoin to towardsdesire attitudes one’s from from of there, array heavy-handed,to subtle presented anythinginfluence can vast The propaganda significant. bigoted quite be to it’s but country, this advance.” significant a certainly in white movement a developing rights to solution ultimate the it’sif know don’t I breakthrough. major it’sa think “I Internet. the of said Black millions,” was name Its creator.wasits Black Don and debuted. Stormfront, the Web on site Wide hate World extremist first the 1995, in later,decade A computers. use to learned had plot.supremacist white violent, a hatching for from federal prison, where he was time serving Reading Reading In January 1985, years before the Internetthe before years 1985, January In Hateful words and images on the Internetthe on images and words Hateful out turned indeed has Internet the on Hate reach to here potential the is “There Blackyears, two over just serving While 7 7 H ATE G OP N THE AND ROUPS 21 as prompted new questions regarding censorship h eprec ad nweg t tl the Web, tell the on to reputable the knowledge from disreputable and experience the e. utemr, eas mn ues lack users many because the Furthermore, Web. on messages haters’ mediate can’t critics Internet. Unlike in newsgroups and chat rooms, theof portion popular and dynamic most the is colors,and sound pictures, display to capacity the of all use offers. too, Internet devicesthe communications extremists, but us, of all benefitadvances These pages. Webown createtheir to novices, for even simple, it making available, readily are tools development Web Web“host” their customers’ pages. Easy-to-use willingly providers service Internet most and all, at nothing costs now online going States, lamppost.”or tree nearest the fromneck the from hung be day,will our they infor beware, should this like “traitors stated, twoandflames in up going governmentoffice a against of site Web image its an posted site governmentThe officials. at threats posted Wilson,Ryan skinhead neo-Nazi and member KKK former by led Alpha, named group Nazi neo-a Philadelphia, In violence. with enemies theirthreaten directly to Internet the haveused violentcrimes.hate spawn can that atmosphere an create logy class. The Internet, however, has a darka however,has Internet, The class. logy can e-mail a friend in another country,another in friend a e-mail can order ontrolled? zens of Web sites, wordshate-filled and racist ooks into this side of the Internet and posesand Internet the of side this into ooks unicate by opening avenues of informationof avenues opening by unicate o bgt ad tes te e, ih its with Web, the others, and bigots For United the in users Internet many For bigotssome Beyondcrimes, hate cheering Textreference: Sociology and Sociology You I NTERNET , Chapter, 6 haters can portray themselves as legitimate widely applicable to hate speech on the voices of authority there. Internet. . . . [T]he case against Ryan Wilson A number of sites promote white and the conviction of members of the militia supremacy in general or espouse some group Republic of Texas for sending targeted e- amalgam of hateful philosophies. The site for mail threats to specific individuals . . . involve White Aryan Resistance, a group led by San regulations protecting state or federal Diego-based white supremacist Tom Metzger, government employees. features crude caricatures of blacks and Many legal theorists have argued that Mexicans while applauding “racial and cultural virtually no online hate speech can be separatism worldwide.” Calling whites successfully prosecuted in a U.S. court of law. “nature’s finest handiwork,” Metzger declares, They have pointed to the extremely slim “your race and only your race must be your possibility that hate speech, both on and off the religion.” Web, can pass either of the two legal measures In light of so much online bigotry, what that determine when speech encouraging can people of good conscience do? Many violence may be legally actionable. The two nations, including Germany, France, Canada measures . . . are the “fighting words” exception and Denmark, have laws against hate speech. to the First Amendment outlined in Chaplinsky On some occasions, these laws have already v. New Hampshire and the “imminent been applied to Internet hate propaganda. For incitement” standard in Brandenburg v. Ohio . instance, Bo Warming, a Danish bigot, was For years, hate groups have created all recently fined for making hateful comments sorts of propaganda. Written materials of every against gays and Muslims on a Danish Internet kind—books, glossy magazines, newspapers, newsgroup. flyers and even graffiti sprayed on homes and Additionally, there are some international synagogues, churches and tombstones—have conventions against hate speech that may be been used to spread their messages of hatred. applicable to the Internet. Human rights As communication technologies advanced, activists have often pointed to Article 4 of the these groups tried to keep up. First, they International Convention on the Elimination of expanded their efforts to standard broadcast- All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which the band and shortwave radio, audiotape, videotape United States signed and ratified. and public access cable television. Yet in the United States the relevant law is Now, bigots of all kinds have recognized the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Internet’s power and rushed to use it, which guarantees protection of “freedom of rallying their supporters, preaching to the speech, expression and association.” The First unconverted and intimidating those whom they Amendment of course protects unpopular perceive as their enemies. Faced with this new speech, including hate speech. way to promote hate, we all have the obligation byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright The legal cases involving threats using the to speak out. Internet all rest on specific laws that are not

Jordan Kessler, “Hate on the Internet,” Community College Week , Vol. 11, Issue 11 (December 28, 1998), p. 4.

22 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet HATE GROUPS AND THE INTERNET 77

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

JUST THE FACTS 1. Describe some of the hate groups currently using the Internet to spread their messages.

2. Why is the Internet more useful to hate groups than newspapers, radio, and television?

3. Name the two Supreme Court cases that contain the “fighting words” exception and the “imminent incitement” standard used to determine whether speech encouraging violence is legally actionable.

TAKE A STAND 4. Many nations, such as Denmark, Germany, and France, have passed “hate speech” laws that can be applied to Internet sites. Do you think the United States should follow this example and pass laws that censor or restrict hate sites on the Internet? Write a letter to your congressperson or senator stating your views about this issue. Include a statement concerning Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by First Amendment rights in your letter. In your opinion, does the Constitution protect hateful speech on racist Web sites? Consider mailing your letter to your state representative or senator!

23 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , , Chapter 7 Sociology and You Sociology and Text reference: Text UNISHMENT ivist ivist and author, penned a letter that P To me, human life seems so sacred a thing, sacred so seems life human me, To The effect of executions on all brought shment in America. America. shment Child in was as horrified inues inues to rage into the twenty-first century,

d the executions as she was by the executions the by was she as executions the d ere do you stand on capital punishment? Read punishment? capital on stand you do ere ore you ore answer this question. picking picking the bones of an be would an appropriate enemy pendant. of his tribe, fills me with always that termination its violent a or individual an by perpetrated whether horror, crowd; whether done custom, or contraryaccording to law and custom. Why to law John and C. Colt ignominious should death be for condemned an altogether act to of unpremeditated, an resentment while and deliberately, men, with malice aforethought, go who out to murder another for some word, insulting and favorite in the land, and senators are judges than more is chair, President’s the for candidates I can There comprehend. is, to say the least, a customs. our in inconsistency strange within their influence is evil, and nothing but evil. For a fortnight past, this whole city had been kept in a state of corroding excitement, either of hope or fear. The stern pride prisoner left little in of his peculiar case to appeal the to the sympathies of society; yet the instinct of our common naturesanguinary spirit manifested toward him. roseThe in divided opinion with moreover, public upwere, against the regard to the legal construction of his distinctions, legal of discussion keen the in and crime; moral distinction became woefully confused. Each day hope and fear alternated; the natural effect of all this, was to have the whole thing regarded as a game, in which the criminal 24

APITAL C

8 8 We We were to have had an execution To-day, I cannot write To-day, of beauty; for I am Reading Reading yesterday; but yesterday; the wretched it prisoner avoided by suicide. The gallows had been erected for several hours, and with a cool refinement cruelty, was hoisted of before the window of the condemned; the hangman was all ready to cut cord; marshals paced back and forth, smoking and whistling; impatiently to spectators see game.” whether Printed were he circulars would abroad waiting “die had to been summon invited respectfully are law:—“You handed by required the number of to witness witness the execution of John trust some of them are preserved for museums. C. Colt.” I Specimens should be barbarous kept, age, for as succeeding generations relics to wonder at. They might be hung up in of a frame; a and the portrait of a New Zealand Chief, sad sad and troubled. Heart, and head, conscience, are all love, of law the in by, and By time. my of customs battle-array against like oil upon the waters, will claim surging my the savage sympathies, and make the current flow more calmly, though none the less deep or But strong. to-day do not ask sheriff me or constable, to or any love man governor, who defends capital punishment. I genuine love enfolds ought even murderers with toremember can I its think I to-morrow, By blessing. do it; for them without bitterness; but to-day, I them; on cannot soul, love my I cannot. On On November 19, 1842, Lydia Child, an expressed her outspoken anguish and concern about capital puni act attende who crowds the of fascination savage the by Wh issue. the of sides both on emotions strong with themselves. themselves. The debate over capital punishment cont letter bef Child’s the excerpt Lydia following from might, or might not, become the winner; and wretchedly poor, that when he hung on the every experiment of this kind shakes public gallows, his rags fluttered in the wind. . . . Yet, respect for the laws, from centre to it was according to law; and men cried out as circumstance. Worse than all this was the vociferously then as they now do, that it was horrible amount of diabolical passion excited. not safe to have the law changed. Judge The hearts of men were filled with murder; McKean, governor of Pennsylvania, was they gloated over the thoughts of vengeance, strongly opposed to the abolition of death for and were rabid to witness a fellow-creature’s stealing, and the disuse of the pillory and agony. They complained loudly that he was not whipping-post. He was a very humane man, to be hung high enough for the crowd to see but had the common fear of changing old him. “What a pity!” exclaimed a woman, . . . customs. “It will not do to abolish these “they will have to give him two hours more to salutary restrains,” said the old gentleman; “it live.” “Would you feel so, if he were your son?” will break up the foundations of society.” Those said I. Her countenance changed instantly. She relics of barbarism were banished long ago; but had not before realized that every criminal was the foundations of society are in nowise injured somebody’s son. thereby. Nations, clans, and classes, engaged in The testimony from all parts of the worlds fierce struggles of selfishness and hatred, made is invariable and conclusive, that crime laws to strengthen each other’s power, and diminishes in proportion to the mildness of the revenge each other’s aggressions. By slow laws. The real danger is in having laws on the degrees, always timidly and reluctantly, society statute-book at variance with universal instincts emerges out of the barbarisms with which it of the human heart, and thus tempting men to thus became entangled. It is but a short time continual evasion. The evasion, even of a bad ago that men were hung in this country for law, is attended with many mischievous results; stealing. The last human brother who suffered its abolition is always safe. under this law, in Massachusetts, was

25 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 88

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

VOICE FROM THE PAST 1. What were Lydia Child’s objections to capital punishment? Explain her arguments against the death sentence and methods of execution used at that time. In your opinion, would Child see twenty-first century methods and attitudes about capital punishment as more humane than those of the nineteenth century?

2. Supporters of capital punishment in nineteenth century America believed that abolishing capital punishment would “break up the foundations of society.” How did Lydia Child answer this argument for the death sentence?

3. Lydia Child spoke of placing relics of executions in museums so that future generations could marvel at the barbarism of their ancestors. Obviously, Child believed that Americans would eventually abolish capital punishment. In your opinion, why is capital punishment still part of the American justice system in most states? oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

TAKE A STAND 4. Where do you stand on the issue of capital punishment? Write a short paragraph that states your opinion, positive or negative, about the death sentence. Support your opinions with examples and, if possible, current statistics.

26 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. than anything else...... anythingelse. than ofmore combination criminals draws commerce and The U.S.—havebanking accounts. the bank and online user Canada Internet in the population of half North of America—almost residents million Sixty . . . people. million 50 online—roughly is workforce U.S. increase of 24 percent overan 2003. A third of the2004, of end the at U.S. the in billion $70 almost reached it commerce, total of fraction attraction. While e-commerce represents only a wealththeof source the is computers on stored crime. environmentfor return high-low-risk, a it make Internet the of reach of anonymous users. The anonymity and global for economic activity involving tens of millions thearenaexciting newand a into changed Internet growth, massive and commercialization itsWith other. each to known generally were whousers of community a among information science park, used mainly to exchange research technology information as . . . life. economic reshapes grow only will that attraction an criminals, attracts networks and of computers through available part information the integral of the value well. activity.The an social and and business as become have networks, crime Internet computer changed have Computers, they surprise that no be should it so operate, societies cybercrime. in followingexplores articlethis The d one Internet, the of case the In downside. a have purchasing ease, and the spread of information and The Internet has brought many benefits to society, Reading Reading rmnl nw s te nent for Internet the use now Criminals the and activities Internet of value The online of kind a as began Internet The how change technologies Information 9 9 C 27 YBERCRIME o s. h goig oncin between connection growing The to use. kits to virus expertise some require that do-it-yourself tools sophisticated and manuals thehacking on online from range can crime These Internet. commit to need the they weapons cybercriminals inexperienced even give siteswarez or hacker on available cybercrime operate to the absence of adequate capability laws for cybercrime. . . . the todue effectivelyis thiscyberspace.part, lack inIn still police Many forces enforcement. law to serious challenge a is cybercriminals of sophistication growing The ineffective. often are collection and fragile transitory is and pre-digital evidence techniques Digital for theevidence evidence. of for challenges collection difficult theperpetrators andidentification of and new pose compounded by technological developments that differ laws national enoughmaketoprosecution. . and .difficult. evidence, to transactions followgather to police for anddifficult it accounts makes Internet the bank of nature The countries. among rapidly money movewayto aprovides criminalsInternet The convicted. and caught ever are cybercriminals ofpercentonly 5perhaps thatestimatesources Somecriminals. anattractive to is anonymitythat provides identities online or pseudonyms Victimsautomatically.foundbe can of use The out carry these crimes more efficiently them and with less risk. lets technology Information theft. and laundering, money fraud, extortion, including nearly instantaneous communication, creasinglycrime.prevalentof form ideas. New technologies, however, sometimes ownside is the rise of a new type of crime:of type new a of rise the is ownside ohsiae saeae ol for tools shareware Sophisticated is cybercrime of aspect transnational The Textreference: Sociology and Sociology You , Chapter 7Chapter , hackers and professional criminals provides a is identified in a software program, marriage of criminal skills with computer cybercriminals can automatically search for know-how to create a new level of risk for computers with these vulnerable programs companies. . . . (often those that have not kept their updates Before 2000, cybercriminals acting alone current), using specialized tools that comb the committed the bulk of computer-related Internet. Some estimates say an unprotected crimes. For these individual hackers, publicity computer will be found and infected only and notoriety—not profit—were the main minutes after it logs onto the Internet. . . . motivation. Hackers want bragging rights in Social engineering does not require the their online world. The psychology of hackers same degree of computer skill. Social shows the attraction of cyberspace for them. engineering gets around defenses by tricking Hackers tend to be young, disaffected males, computer users into providing information or although an increasing number of young unwittingly giving permission for the criminal women are joining their ranks. Hacking is an program to install itself and reside on their important part of their identity. . . . computer. Some successful attacks blend Hackers . . . will continue to be a feature of vulnerability exploitation and social the Internet. But in the last few years, engineering—an e-mail may use an attractive cybercrime has moved from amateurs and subject line to get a reader to open it, which hackers to professional criminals. Criminals will then launch a hidden program that will have realized the huge financial gains to be take advantage of software vulnerabilities on made from the Internet with relatively little the host computer. risk. They bring the skills, knowledge, and Cybercriminals are becoming more connections needed for large scale, high-value sophisticated in their attack techniques and criminal enterprise that, when combined with technologies, and have moved to using computer skills, expand the scope and risk of automated tools and networks of hacked cybercrime. . . . computers. Criminals take advantage of the The most interesting development may be distributed computing power found on modern the ability of these more advanced criminal networks to launch attacks automatically, at groups to plan and execute long-term attack high speed, and against a vast number of strategies. . . .The multiple releases of the Sobig victims simultaneously. Criminals can implant virus over the course of 2003, for example, programs that run without the owners’ appear to have been an effort by its authors to test knowledge, to disrupt or steal information from and refine the virus. Sobig was encrypted to slow that computer, or to provide a base for attacks defense efforts and once installed, it on another target. A single criminal can send a automatically and without the users’ knowledge million e-mails within minutes for the cost of a downloaded more spyware from another Web few cents, and count on finding hundreds of byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright site. Many viruses or trojans target specific inadequately protected computers to raid or actions or communities. One trojan activated a capture. Criminal Web sites can bundle spyware keylogger program whenever certain words like or virus with legitimate downloads. . . . my account or account number appeared in a Computer users can find their computers browser. It also installed a remote control infected with malware in several ways, program on the infected computer. Another virus including opening malicious e-mail targeted individuals whose company e-mail attachments, downloading programs, or simply address came from one of more than a thousand visiting a fraudulent Web site. Cybercriminals financial institutions. . . . have also begun to use instant messaging and There are two basic avenues for bogus e-mail news services. Peer-to-peer cybercrime: exploiting vulnerabilities in networks (P2P) for file sharing have been a operating systems and other software boon to cybercriminals. . . . programs, or social engineering, where the Viruses have been a leading form of attack criminal tricks a victim into providing access to for cybercriminals and, according to the FBI, their computer or network. Once vulnerability the most costly for business. . . . Virus writers

28 are now very sophisticated and often deploy Internet scams, which trick people through several variants of the virus to test their fake Web sites and tales of woe into providing effectiveness. Virus writers may also share credit card and bank information, are code, so a virus may be relaunched in a threatening to swamp the FBI’s Internet crime different or improved form several times over center with the volume of attacks. And while the course of a year. Virus writers will often these scams used to come primarily from produce new, improved generations of the same hackers in the United States, FBI officials and virus within weeks of the first release. computer experts are seeing growing signs that Advances in computing technology will the culprits are now members of organized probably provide new opportunities for viruses. crime and terrorist groups working from abroad. They will soon target voice mail systems, One leading anti-phishing consortium wireless networks, handheld devices, and game estimates that 75 million to 150 million consoles. . . . phishing e-mails are sent every day on the Currently, the most damaging form of Internet. Another report found that 57 million cybercrime uses a two-phase attack. The first Americans received phishing e-mails in 2004. phase of the attack is to locate and covertly Three percent of the 57 million suffered losses control as many computers as possible. The that totaled to $1.2 million. Even though the second phase is to use this unwitting network response rate is only one tenth of one percent, of computers for criminal purposes. this is still 60,000 victims. . . . The goal of many cybercriminals is to Cybercrime is not going to go away. As infect thousands of computers and turn them computer security improves, the cost of the into a network of devices that attack in unison damage it causes may fall, and it may evolve on command—a bot-net or network of robots. into different forms of attack, but as computers A bot-net is a collection of computers that have become more deeply embedded in daily already been compromised by worms or activity, criminals will continue to use them. viruses. Some malware packages even include Individuals can defend against cybercrime by their own server software to ease the bot’s practicing a reasonable degree of computer surreptitious connection to the Internet. . . . hygiene, by installing anti-virus and anti- Bot-nets are crucial for distributed denial spyware programs and keeping systems of service attacks, spam, and phishing—the updated and by exercising a reasonable degree theft of personal financial data. Spammers and of caution. . . . phishers use the bot networks to contact It is hard to say if we are at the high tide of thousands of potential victims. . . . Bot-nets computer crime and can expect levels to drop enable one form of online extortion. The in the future, or whether cybercrime will cybercriminal uses the computers under their increase even further. What we can say is that control to bombard a company’s Web sites with as long as people use computers, criminals will thousands of e-mails—a distributed denial-of- attack them. service attack. The cybercriminals then send an e-mail threatening renewed bombardment unless the company pays them. . . .

29 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet CYBERCRIME 99

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

JUST THE FACTS 1. What types of Internet crimes do criminals pursue? About what percentage of cybercriminals are caught and convicted?

2. What are the two basic avenues for cybercrime?

3. How can individuals defend themselves against cybercrime?

TAKE A STAND oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright 4. Would you be willing to give up many of the freedoms you have on the Internet in order to make it easier for law enforcement to catch cybercriminals? Why or why not?

30 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. matched with an employee mentor who helpedwhoemployee mentor an with matched database.computer our into newhires our all jobon information employment inputting includes her where department, human-resources year as a personnel clerk. She now works in our thisof March Talanihired in we headquarters, Unitedat interviews successful Followingtwo success. on-the-job affect can ultimately that puttingcare—issueschild and transportation, training, and interview an together a resume. It also covered for how to obtain preparing as such skills, employment core stressed session agency.the The and United by offered trainingsession two-day special, a for up signed she hiring, was United that agency social-service Earlier this year, when from a local she learned of raising her daughter and holding down a job. for welfare responsibilitythe offjuggled she as and years several on going herself found shechild, first her of birth the After Chicago. United is Airlines. company the And Wilson. is Talani person The company. one and person one talk I of story the tell work, wheneverwelfareto liketo about I why understandable, That’s one. an enormous is reform certainly welfare of problem the because It’s solutions. sweeping and numbers, huge ideas, grand on from welfare to work, discussion tends to focus innovativeprogramturn i to “hand-outs” hopes that humane a in necessity a be to strongwelfaresystem fluctuate has laziness to invitation an opinion as welfare see Americans public of pendulum the 1930s, o of introduction the Since years. the over changes The welfare system and America’s poor have been sub Reading Reading on fe se ond ntd aai wasTalani United, joined she after Soon from parent single a is Wilson Talani patha creating to turns talk Wheneverthe 10 10 W I ELF ARE S I 31 T eore, t os ofdne n self-worth.Anywayyou look at and it, welfare charges way too confidence robs it resources, welfare.”wecan’t.But, our And low. nation is at peace. So we can afford is to live with Unemployment are along. dropping. rates crime Serious humming check. in is is Inflation economy The bebother? never might otherwise resolved. that problem stories, own we’ll be on our way their to making a difference in a creating each companies, joined by hundreds and then thousands of isother company that and stories, of thousands for rollscompanyresponsibleone become If can 2,000. millennium the time around, the we expect to be able to share more than by and, tell Talani’s to like stories 400 have will Airlines United year’s end, by But, company. one just involved.get to responsibility but also why every company has a reason and a demonstrates why welfare to work is important, our joining and workforce. system welfare the leaving employeesUnited new other for opportunities an job, that is developing and implementing mentoring new her teamtask internal an on sit mentor her and she Now, of invaluable. found both ropes they experience the her show and generational poverty—others consider aconsider poverty—othersgenerational and W nation. The following reading looks into aninto looks readingfollowingnation. The nto salaries.nto fficial government welfare programs in thein programswelfare government fficial ject to numerous programs, plans, and legal efr nt ny ris u national our drains only not Welfare “Why say, may people some course, Of story.one just is True,this involvesit And vividly only not story Talani’s me, To fo oe xrm t aohr Some another. to extreme one from d ORKING Textreference: R EFORM ? Sociology and Sociology You : , Chapter 8Chapter , steep a price—for our country and the Monsanto is testing its welfare-to-work individual. We can never be the kind of country program in four cities. It’s not only hiring we want to be if we’re content to leave people welfare recipients, but encouraging its key behind. The fact that times are good only means contractors, suppliers, and vendors to do so as that now is precisely the right time to attack the well. problem. We have the resources. We have the UPS has placed more than 80 welfare time. We have the expertise. We also have the recipients at its regional air facility in momentum. This past February, the Welfare Philadelphia and established a bus system to Reform Act gave a new sense of direction and help these new workers reach their jobs. urgency to welfare reform. The cause went from Sprint has teamed with two other a collection of programs to a national goal. But companies in Kansas City to fund a special we know one thing, taking people off welfare center that provides welfare recipients with the rolls won’t accomplish the goal. They must also training they need to interview successfully for have meaningful jobs to go to. jobs. That’s exactly the aim of a fast-growing The fact is, the overwhelming majority of effort called the Welfare-to-Work Partnership, welfare recipients want to work. Consider that: which I have the privilege to chair. The Almost 60 percent of people on welfare Partnership is a national, non-partisan group of have completed high school or possess a higher companies that are dedicated to moving people level of education. off the welfare rolls and onto the payroll. Two-thirds of the women on welfare have Together, United Airlines and our four other recent work experience. charter members—Burger King, Monsanto, More than 40 percent of families on Sprint and UPS—have accepted the challenge welfare have received benefits for less than two issued by President Clinton to energize and years. These people are employable. We can mobilize the U.S. business community to hire help them, and they can help our business. and retain welfare recipients without displacing Right now, our country is clearly facing a existing workers. challenge of historic importance. Welfare as we As an organization, we have two objectives. knew it has come to an end. Welfare reform is First, we are promoting the corporate adoption underway, with its renewed emphasis on of welfare-to-work programs through public moving people off the welfare rolls and into service announcements, competitive challenges, productive, long-term employment. and award ceremonies. Second, we are The Welfare-to-Work Partnership is a providing solid technical support to help unique effort designed to help those individuals companies establish their own welfare-to-work seeking to make the transition from projects—including a best-practices manual, a dependence to independence, to forge the list of service agencies willing to help transition from welfare to work. byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright corporate America, and a resource database of Working together to recruit, train, and programs that can be broken down by employ former welfare recipients, we can build geography and industry. a stronger American work force, stronger Burger King is creating 10,000 to 15,000 American companies, stronger American jobs a year that can be filled by welfare families, and a stronger America. United recipients, many in urban areas. Its welfare-to- Airlines is proud to be a charter member of the work program provides child care, job Welfare-to-Work Partnership. We invite your preparedness, and transportation assistance. company to join us in this worthy endeavor.

Gerald Greenwald, “A Farewell to Alms,” Chief Executive , Issue 129 (November 1997), p. 34.

32 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet WELFARE REFORM : I S IT WORKING ? 1010

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

FROM WELFARE TO WORK 1. Describe the welfare-to-work story of Talani Wilson. Do you think programs that require training and provide jobs will be effective in reducing poverty in America? Explain your answer.

2. What social and economic problems are caused by welfare programs that hand out money without requiring work or job training? Do you agree with the author’s opinion on this issue?

33 Name ______Date ______Period ______

TAKE A STAND ON WELFARE 4. What is your personal opinion of welfare? Do you think the government should continue to send money and other forms of aid to poor families—or should the government eliminate all “hand-out” programs? Explain your answers.

5. What innovative programs, other than the Welfare-to-Work Partnership mentioned, would be useful in getting people off of welfare? oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

34 Reading JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS 1111

In 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt, in the name of national security during wartime, interned 120,000 Japanese American citizens in desolate, barren camps across America. The constitutional rights of these Americans were sacrificed for the safety of the country—at least, that is how the government rationalized this decision. One of the internees, Yamato Ichihashi, was a 64-year-old college professor from California at the time of his imprisonment. Ichihashi documented his camp experience in diaries and letters, describing in detail the day-to-day activities and emotions of prison life. His words provide a stark glimpse into the personal pain of the internees.

Text reference: Sociology and You , Chapter 9

In the spring of 1942, military authorities, permanent relocation of Japanese Americans acting with the authority of the President of the onto Indian-reservation-like areas, using them United States, incarcerated all persons of for prisoner-of-war exchanges, and even Japanese ancestry in the western part of the wholesale deportation. country: 120,000 men, women, and children; Other than a handful of Japanese young and old; citizen and alien alike were American women married to Caucasian men, required to turn themselves in and live in there were no exemptions from internment— federally operated internment camps. There Yamato Ichihashi, a respected member of the were no charges, no due process, no formal Stanford faculty for thirty years, included. accusations; unspecified internal security Ichihashi and his wife Kei experienced the concerns were the official rationale. The only war in several different federal facilities. The thing the internees had in common was their first of these was the Santa Anita racetrack in ancestral tie to a belligerent nation. German Pasadena, California, one of the “assembly and Italian Americans, however, suffered no centers” for Japanese Americans, where such fate. thousands of internees were housed in horse Most of the Japanese Americans spent the stalls. In May 1942, Ichihashi (age sixty-four) war years in ten internment camps located in and Kei (age fifty) left Stanford for their desolate and remote locations from Arkansas to unknown future. The following excerpts are eastern California. The camps were prisons, from his first two entries in his “blue book” with armed soldiers around the perimeters, diaries: barbed wire, and controls over every aspect of life. These were not death camps, such as in MAY 27 Nazi Germany, but, then again, America was [We] left the house at 11:00 AM Tuesday; supposed to be fighting for democracy. Sam Anderson [of the American Friends, one Nevertheless, life in America’s camps was of the few organizations that offered support tough, physically and emotionally. Internees for the Japanese] drove us to Mayfield where

Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by lived in roughly constructed barracks, suffered we assembled at the Japanese Language the extremes of weather, ate in mess halls, and School. . . . We were supposed to leave there at endured the isolation and tedium of prison life. 12:00, but due to the inadequacy of trucks to They also suffered the anxiety of not knowing carry luggage, we were detained until after 1 what was to be done with them. Well into the PM; we did not reach San Jose until 2:00. A war, officials discussed proposals for the medical examination was held and we did not

35 get on the train until 3:00. It was a hot day, but absence of windows. A stable is generally we had to walk quite a distance with heavy partitioned into 2 parts, the back-part is dark. luggage; it was cruel hardship on old people These are not only unsanitary, but mentally and like ourselves. All this was done at the San Jose morally depressive; they are bound to produce Freight Depot. evil results and therefore should be We entrained at 3:00; the cars composing condemned. The present occupants should be this train were all old day coaches, dirty and removed. smelly—no light in the lavatory which people, especially children, dirtied in no time. Ichihashi kept up an active Upholstered chairs showed moth-eaten spots. correspondence with his Stanford colleagues Basket supper [with] sandwiches, 2 cup-cakes, and his letters provide exceptional insight into an orange and milk at 6:00 PM. This was the internal life of the camps. He wrote the repeated for breakfast (Wednesday). At night, following letter from Santa Anita to University heat was turned on and it got too hot, so that President Ray Lyman Wilbur in July 1942: electric fans were turned on; thus passengers No formal education is permitted until the suffered either from heat or draft. This was the fall, and what is being attempted is informal in worst-managed train [I] experienced in the character; this is confusing to children 16 years U.S., in addition to the above characteristics. and under. Nothing is being done for youth Each car was guarded by an armed soldier. beyond that age group. This is exceedingly Beside him there was a doctor and a nurse. unfortunate socially and morally, but the management does not appreciate this fact and MAY 28 remains indifferent about these phases of life I am informed by 12 persons that foods and others. I need not tell you about the danger served at present show a vast improvement over of allowing youth to have nothing constructive what was formerly served. The first evacuees to do and forced to loaf; youth are in the most reached here 2 months ago. dangerous period of life. [T]hese were given foods impossible to Though completely isolated in this desert, eat. Hard army bread and water. But the I know more or less life in general in the individuals were allowed to prepare and eat outside world is full of sad occurrences; it is foods in their own sheds. There were bad foods difficult even for a habitual optimist to remain served twice: once canned salmon and once optimistic. . . . I am hardened about [death]. In canned spinach which both caused bowel the camps, including this one, the death-rate is troubles. . . . These created a havoc in lavatory very high due to many reasons. I have attended facilities. Foods were served by contractors more funerals in the camps than I have in [the who are said to have indulged in [graft] by rest of my] life time. Even death has its reducing to a minimum both the quantity and redeeming feature; the deceased will not know byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright quality. sadness any more. Those of us blessed with life Each district is provided a lavatory which continue to be confronted with sad events and is kept in order and cleaned by care-takers; must bear the burden of spiritual suffering in some of the users are careless. There is no cumulative form as time progresses. privacy. Pots are arranged in a row and are In April 1945, almost three years to the open. Washing is provided with cold water day they left, Yamato and Kei Ichihashi were only. The men’s shower place only is provided allowed to return to their campus home. with hot water. Gradually, other Japanese Americans also left The major portion of evacuees are housed the camps to rebuild their lives outside. The last in newly constructed barracks (wood-sheds), internees did not leave until mid-1946. When but thousands are housed in stables which Ichihashi finally saw his house after the long retain smells of the animals. A stable which journey home, he told a friend that he “almost housed a horse now houses from 5 to 6 wept” at the sight. humans, its ventilation is poor due to the

36 But the emotional toll of internment was Notably, most refused even to talk about their heavy and weighed long after the ordeal was wartime experiences until just the past few over. The family was never the same. Ichihashi years. Perhaps the passage of time has given did not reconcile with his estranged son them the distance to now unburden themselves. Woodrow for twenty years, until just before his Publishing the Ichihashi account may help own death. Kei Ichihashi suffered a nervous encourage coming to terms with the injustice— breakdown shortly after her husband’s death both for the Japanese Americans who went and died a few years later in a mental through it, as well as for the rest of us who institution. Yamato Ichihashi’s career and should know about this past and how the power scholarly contributions were largely forgotten of the state was terribly misused under the until his work was rediscovered in recent years. pressures of war. Many other Japanese Americans suffered in similar ways, personally and professionally.

37 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS 1111

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

QUESTIONS 1. Yamato Ichihashi wrote of the difficult conditions of camp life. Describe some of the difficulties of day-to-day life in the camps. Why were the internment facilities especially difficult for teenagers and young adults to endure?

2. American citizens of German and Italian descent were not placed under the same restrictions as Japanese Americans. In your opinion, what aspects of American culture explain this discrepancy?

3. What long-term effects did the years of internment have upon Japanese Americans? Was Yamato Ichihashi able to return to his successful teaching career at Stanford University? oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

TAKE A STAND 4. During times of war, governments often take drastic measures to ensure the safety of citizens. Sometimes the rights of a few citizens must be sacrificed for the “good of the nation.” Was this the case with the Japanese Americans during World War II? Write a statement of support for the United States government and the Japanese internment policy OR write a statement opposing the policy. Justify your stand with legal and/or moral reasoning.

38 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. but women claiming the right to smoke cigarssmoke to right the claiming women but was it that idea; [fleeting] ephemeral an only practical one. The notion has prevailed that it is rights. their them of wouldask bonnet,newgayest and latest the brothers and walking being fatherstheir of begging of of instead show-cases, instead women, I longer. that no it wish to down bows she until heart of in woman’s every in lot disappointment this to deepen life religion, the my of business the is be in shall It woman. In disappointment marriage, housekeeper. everything, in the and education, seamstress, was the teacher,the of I those except me, to closed was men. being—everyworthyemployment immortal an white enjoy profession could a seek to came I when disappointed with Negroes and opportunities women States United where the in first Ohio—the of state youngthe in opened was one go, to prepared have found my way there, but by the time I was wouldI Brazil. in was that and admitted,were worldthe collegein wasone where but women therewomen.”Then to belong doesn’t it you; for fit isn’t “It with [scolded] reproved was I knowledge,of sources the after forth reached I mybrothers,woman.with disappointed When, abeen have I stretches, memory my which to years first the From women. disappointed few aof that being as movement this to reference] women’ssuffrageand Cady Elizabethrights leaders This Cincinnati. in held conference rights women’s fromexcerpt an words.is followingpassageher The being a woman in a world dominated by men—and endure Sh eccentric. and revolutionary time, her for were, courageous,of leadership the under outspok century 196 the in not beganmovement feminist The American Reading Reading h qeto o Wmns ihs s a is Rights Women’s of question The indirectan speaker[made last alluded The 12 12 L UCY S OEONTONE 39 fine shirts for twelve and a half cents apiece;cents half a and twelve for make shirts womenfine that stated has Philadelphia in oneSome men. as much as one-third paid are We courtesies. want rights. . . . mere Women working in are tailor-shops these but [flattery]; adulationstheir and to-night, hall this in stand menwhile rights—seats for men of politeness ashamedsay,amto so.tellus Theymistake the wants;she rights eventhe and all has women, I Webuttons. womanon told sew are and socks, theireven,provincedarnour dinners, that cook to is born are find we before us tell to not do And sphere. then, women, the Leave a gives make blunder. not He does He anything when do to that capacity believe the to in confidence Father have I sphere.” his is that not are doing,capableof is one thing greatest and best animals, impure permitted to enter.” other Wendell Phillips says, “The and and in “Women dogs, worship], but of [places etc., mosques meetings, prayer theirwrittenMohammedanuponiscountries it hold women not country is may this country In another. one in in tolerated woman is what in that fact tolerated the in seen is This age. the ofprejudices and usages the in except basis no haveto found be will they and source their to ofdoctrinesthe all writtenwomen’sTrace sphere. about and question said been already a has sphere. much Too of it still, others bar-rooms. intellect; supposed comparative frequent have to and Others streets, the in e spoke of the injustices and frustrations offrustrations and injustices the of spoke e en women such as Lucy Stone.Stone’sLucy suchas women en views a speech given by Lucy Stone at a nationala at Stone Lucy by given speech a Stanton and Susan B.Susan and Anthony.Stanton peh a icue i a ok dtd by edited book a in included was speech 0s as many assume, but in the nineteenththe in but assume, many as 0s d the contempt and anger of society for Textreference: M ARRIAGE Sociology and Sociology You , Chapter 10Chapter , that no woman can make more than nine a horrible perversion of the marriage relation. It week, and the sum thus earned, after deducting is asked of a lady, “Has she married well?” rent, fuel, etc., leaves her just three and a half “Oh, yes, her husband is rich.” Women must cents a day for bread. Is it a wonder that women marry for a home, and you men are the are driven to prostitution? Female teachers in sufferers by this; for a woman who loathes New York are paid fifty dollars a year, and for [hates] you may marry you because you have every such situation there are five hundred the means to get money which she cannot have. applicants. I know not what you believe of God, But when woman can enter the lists [fields of but I believe He gave yearnings and longings to competition] with you and make money for be filled, and that He did not mean all our time herself, she will marry you only for deep and should be devoted to feeding and clothing the earnest affection. body. The present condition of woman causes a

Lucy Stone, “Lucy Stone Calls for Woman’s Rights (1855),” History of Woman Suffrage, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda J. Gage, eds. (North Stratford, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, 1979). oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

40 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet LUCY STONE ON MARRIAGE 1212

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN—THEN . . . 1. Lucy Stone mentioned some specific injustices concerning education and career choices for women. What were her observations about opportunities for women in these areas?

2. Stone’s views of marriage were considered particularly shocking in her time. Describe Stone’s ideas about women and the institution of marriage. According to Stone, how would women working and earning a wage affect marriage?

3. Stone believed that society, not nature, placed women in inferior positions. What examples did Stone give to illustrate this point?

AND NOW 4. Would Lucy Stone be pleased with the gains women have made in the twentieth and twenty- first centuries? From information in Chapter 10: Inequalities of Gender and Age and from your own knowledge or experience, list positive changes in women’s rights in the following areas: education, career opportunities, marriage, and politics.

41 Reading GENERATION GAP 1313

The older generation sees the younger generation as lazy and unmotivated. Members of the younger generation consider their elders to be intolerant and inflexible. The chasm between baby boomers—those born between 1946 and 1964—and Generation Xers, the group born between 1969 and 1977, seems to be especially deep. The following passage describes the gap between “boomers” and “Xers,” their points of friction, and their common ground.

Text reference: Sociology and You , Chapter 10

“Today’s twenty-somethings expect too Yet the elimination of much of business’s much.” old hierarchy (at least on paper) is key to why “They’re so inflexible.” these two groups are butting heads. “They don’t want anyone to tell them what “The way people structurally relate to one to do.” another has changed, and there isn’t a lot of “Senior management can’t make a protocol,” Mr. Zemke contends. “When there decision without forming a committee.” isn’t protocol for communication, we see These are the volleys flying between baby differences in each other.” boomers and Generation-Xers at work. And Indeed these two generations appear to they are echoing through the corridors of differ on just about every management point in virtually every company, large and small, in the book—from how to hold meetings to how corporate America. many hours to clock. Generation gaps in the workplace are “We started hearing rumblings from store nothing new. But this argument is much more managers about young managers two years than just a disagreement over white versus blue ago,” says Deborah Masten of JCPenney, dress shirts. Rather, the divide between today’s headquartered in Plano, Texas. “They’d say, twenty- and forty-somethings represents a ‘When I started out, I worked long hours. I did fundamental shift in the way people must work whatever they wanted me to do. They come in byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright in the new just-in-time economy. at 8 and leave at 5.’” With firms struggling to attract and retain Boomer managers, she says, also talent, they are paying closer attention to the complain that Xers constantly question their murmurings. The issue has even spawned a decisions—and their authority. new industry: cross-generational management. Generation-Xers (dubbed baby busters) “There comes a point where you can’t gripe just as much about their senior have an internal war and still compete in the marketplace,” says Ron Zemke, co-author of counterparts. the upcoming book Generations at Work Renee Manchester, an Xer who managed (Amacom). baby boomers and Xers for five years at a Differences between generations are semiconductor manufacturer, says the biggest nothing new. Older workers often think complaint Xers had about boomers was that younger workers need to be more patient; they based promotions on tenure rather than younger ones think their bosses are burned out. performance.

42 Boomers on the other hand complained They also need workers who understand that Xers had “unrealistic” promotion tracks. that a job for life doesn’t exist any more. And if they didn’t get what they wanted they’d And that’s what Xers bring to the leave—they’re just not loyal. workplace, many argue. “There is an element of envy that this “Xers bring flexibility; they bring comfort crowd of people can do what they want and get and an ease with change. People my generation it,” says Denise Brouillette, a senior partner at struggle with change. When you look at what The Innovative Edge, a cross-generational the world of business is like today, Xers are the consulting firm in San Francisco. “The friction perfect fit,” says Ms. Masten. is enormous.” Adds Ms. Brouillette at The Innovative The two also differ on how to Edge: “Boomers waited until they were given communicate and learn. the opportunity. Xers seize the opportunity. Xers “Baby boomers say Generation Xers won’t believe that if you wait your turn, you are lost.” stick with something long enough to get deep The problem is many companies, while enough into it,” says Bruce Tulgan, founder of they’ve changed the rules, are still managing Rainmaker Thinking, a Gen-X consulting firm the same old way. in New Haven, Conn. “Instead of trying to get people to pay their Xers say boomers are too slow to make dues and climb the corporate ladder,” Tulgan decisions. “They say, ‘Can’t they just get on says, “I urge companies to get really good at with it,’” Zemke says. managing a fluid talent pool. The big thing Part of the key to solving the puzzle, is with Generation X is that they want to know: knowing where each generation is coming from. ‘What’s the deal?’” he says. “So make a deal Baby boomers, for example, grew up with them every step of the way.” during enormous economic prosperity. Schools This generation likes immediate were safe, divorce was low. And they launched gratification—and knowing the rewards for a their careers at a time when hard work job well done in advance is a big motivator. translated into a job for life. Ms. Manchester, for example, says she Generation-Xers, on the other hand—the would personalize awards for her Xers. She’d latch-key generation—were the first generation give free movie passes to some or an extra day to grow up in two-income households. They off to others. watched their parents sacrifice for their Xers also like a lot of feedback and access companies only to be downsized. The result: to as much information as possible. They are fiercely independent. “They like to be very direct, very bold and “Generation-Xers have come of age to cut to the chase and not window dress during the most profound changes in the conversations,” Tulgan says. economy since the Industrial Revolution,” says “Baby boomers tend to see this as a short- Mr. Tulgan, an Xer. “All of the forces shaping term problem—that the likelihood is that these the economy and the workplace are the forces kids will grow up and settle down,” he says. that have shaped Generation X.” “We look at it as the work force and the What’s happening is that companies need workplace of the future.” flexible, adaptable workers who are techno- literate.

43 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet GENERATION GAP 1313

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

GENERATIONS APART 1. Describe the background and attitudes of baby boomers. How did the culture in which “boomers” were raised affect their beliefs and choices?

2. Describe the background of Generation Xers. How did the culture in which “Xers” were raised differ from that of the baby boomers?

3. What are the major differences in the attitudes and lifestyles of baby boomers and Generation Xers? How do these differences translate into misunderstandings and conflicts?

YOUR GENERATION 4. How does your generation differ from the baby boomers? Describe some of the major conflicts between people your age and those born in the previous generation. Do you see any major differences between your age group and Generation X? oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

5. Name your generation. List some attributes, strengths, and weaknesses of your age group.

44 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. edn, huh tl te oet nationally, lowest the first still the though at wedding, age than median more Mormon—the is 60% Utah—which in marriage, for statisticsage keep not does it says church Whilethe decreased.” has few couples last married toLDS born the children of in number the and increased decades, has marriage at ageaverage year.“The this earlier speech a in hierarchy,LDS the in levels highest the of one a Oaks, member of the of Quorum the Dallin Twelve said Apostles, adults,” young LDS our postpone to adult responsibilities … tendencyis surely visible among “This later. marrying Likeother Americans,men church. Mormon and women are the of leaders the for challenge married.”arewho people for up set of kind “is says. he church,”“The single. is Mohan 40, orplace.”At wards, says, ofMormon, out little a feel I “Sometimes Even units. Which is why Michael Mohan, a lifelong familial around activities. organized are congregations, other Home bond over and Family pray Scripture, for study to Evenings, weekly gather children andParents eternity. for but part” us do death “until just not pledged sacred are ceremony, a temple in sealed when vows, Their young. marry often called, formally is denomination theas (LDS), Latter-daySaints of Christ Jesus of Church the in couples So children. having and marrying byachievedivinity can they that Mo be to like is followingexploresarticleit what family-centeredMormon culture,affectsingle then, marr early on placed value high a is however,there than to marry. Among the members of the Church of J of number increasing an addition, In States. United and men both for marriage first at ageaverage The Reading Reading u ta stp s einn t ps a pose to beginning is setup that But and married is God believethat Mormons 14 14 M RO ANDORMON 45 rmon and unmarried.and rmon groups filled with older divorcedwidowedolder and with filled groups small be can those but members, single their Home FamilyEvenings home alone. spends now she Still, new friends. making and school Sunday teaching by year,Morrison onlyhas integrated into her new ward the pastperiod,”mourningthe is of says.In kindshe she athrough go did “I where age. her personunmarried ward, family area turned 31 in October 2004, she transferred organizingto her and substituteFamily Home group Evenings. Butafter she women’s the running Wis., Milwaukee, outside ward singles her of mainstaya wasMorrison Jodywards. oriented most who haven’t wed by then move intoso family-30,over those fornationwide dozenwardssingles a around only are there But those 300. 500,from of than more number to the jumped has years congregations five past the In 18-to-30-year-olds. unmarried for specifically congregationswards,singlesthrough members itself. Since the 1970s, it has ministered to singl Mormon of babyboomers. offspring assimilated culturally morethe of generation a and converts adult of numberrising bythe part in explained figure a over 22 (including those widowed or divorced), Latter-dayof singles30% are than Saints more for men, after remaining flat since 1985. Today, from period the in 2000 to 2003, to year21.9 years for women a and 23.9 about by up went Textreference: s who wish to remain true to their faith? faith? Thetheir to remaintrue to wish who s people are choosing to remain single rathersingle remain to choosingare people esus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), iage and large families. How does such asuch does How families. large and iage women has been rising for decades in thein decades for rising been has women Some family wards sponsor programs forprograms sponsor wards family Some adjustingsome do to triedhas church The U Sociology and Sociology You NMARRIED , Chapters 11 and 14and 11 Chapters , e people, particularly in areas where the Mormon the country took heed. Even in Manhattan— population is low. Marie Wilson, who with a vast support network of unmarried converted to the LDS faith 10 years ago, is the Mormons—Jeffrey Jackson, 27, says he and his only never married member of the singles friends in his singles ward immediately put group in her Winston-Salem, N.C., ward and, at “more focus on one-on-one relationships,” 35, the youngest by at least a decade. Her proposing more dates and trying to consider church friends, she says, “can’t relate because their female friends as potential wives. Many most of them have been married since they wards hold dances regularly. Wilson sometimes were in their early 20s. I’ve lived alone my travels two hours to attend them in Raleigh, entire life.” N.C. Michael Mohan went to one in Denver on Finding a spouse remains the priority. a recent Friday and another in Colorado Internet dating sites, like LDSHearts.com, are Springs, Colo., the following night. He was popular. But the church prefers to encourage excited to see how well members encouraged more traditional courtship. When Oaks, the one another to connect at the Saturday affair. Mormon leader who fretted about the rise of He did his part too, securing phone numbers singles, declared in May, “It’s marriage time,” from four women that night. “I’m not going to imploring young people to lay off group stay single forever,” he vows. activities and date more, single Saints across

Jeninne Lee-St. John, “Alone in the Pews ,” Time , Vol. 166, No. 24 (December 12, 2005), p. 53. oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

46 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet MORMON AND UNMARRIED 1414

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

JUST THE FACTS 1. What information provided in the reading supports the view that the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a family-oriented faith?

2. What percentage of Latter-day Saints over the age of 22 is single? What is the average age at first marriage among Latter-day Saints today?

3. Some family wards sponsor programs for their single members. What difficulty do young adults who are single find with involvement in these programs? Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by

47 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. lain. Then 20 use years. this information to data confirm your hypothesis? onse onse in this the form Test of a hypothesis. long to long marry? who people Should o o find the rates divorce for both Latter-day ts ts is than higher the or rate divorce lower 48 choose to remain single be encouraged to marry? be encouraged single to remain choose Exp for the U.S. population for in the general? U.S. State your resp using by hypothesis library or Internet resources t Saints and the population the past over general U.S. create a line graph that compares the rates. Do the TEST TEST A HYPOTHESIS 5. Do you think the rate Sain divorce for Latter-day YOUR YOUR OPINION 4. too are waiting in general Americans think Do you Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. how DNA testing is being used to tell us moreaboutus tell to used being is DNAtesting how moreabout familytheir lineage, sur with sometimes DNAtestingmade DNA,technology has testing.Modern The term The olc 1000 N smls from samples DNA indigenous populations around the 100,000 world over $40 collect Society's to aims which Project, Geographic Genographic million National a the fifth-century be is far legendary by may effort ambitious most The a warlord. Ireland of northwest descendant five in in four one males that just reported from another women; descend Jews of group Ashkenazi one month world'sthe of percent 40 that found scientists Last map. the over alldiscovered being are otherforebears intriguing and Africa, to back traced been have "Eve"— common and "Adam" recent genetic most ancestors—a Our population humankind. of narratives, storylarger the tell to seeking are geneticists family personal . . . ishuge." interest the "Now customers. 52,000 has Bennett Familyof sayshead Greenspan, TreeDNA,which meaningless, was geneticgenealogy term the ago years Six overturned. beingare legends family other; each finding arecousins Far-flung testing. for nationwide cheeks and mailed in their DNA to companies their swabbed have Americans of thousands Tensofdisease. for propensity our even and migration human all of roots the ancestries, ourto clues holds difference percent 0.1 tiny diverse.than thatsimilar But more we far are identical; percent 99.9 are genomes Human genetic using are know.already wedon't what us tell to testing scientists research and families individuals, increasingly, and, are, Reading Reading 15 15 s niiul tak on their down track individuals As wewho to secrets the holds blood Our eei genealogygenetic refers to the tracing of family lines of descent th descent of lines family of tracing the to refers G ENETIC 49 Alvy Ray Smith, 62, uncovered roots tracinguncoveredroots62, Smith, Ray Alvy him. in bloodViking any has he if wonders Scandinavia.hepartiallyNowto least at him matched test chromosome Y a but ofEnglish, 42, Goff, Phil pureheritagewashisthoughtNaperville, Ill., identities. their rethink .. . from. hail you tree, human the ofbranch major or "haplogroup," which you tell then haplotype, a called pattern genetic yourmap microscope, markers yourinto own a up, and yourDNAitsput companyunder will testing $100 for and times, few a cheek theyyour places of inside the Scrape the world. the in lived to but links and ancestors paternal to maternal genealogical just not markers—providing as time, in backward serve or that signposts T's and C's andG's of and sequences A's unique creating regions,these in arise mutations or mistakes spelling Occasionally, daughters). both and to sons mother (from DNA mitochondrial andson), to father from down (passed the Y DNA:mate's a of influence the by untainted pure, remain genome the of father. parts two and Only mother of union the by thecreated material genetic of contains mix a entirely also almost is it eyes, genomechild's ancestors. A our of footprints our of color DNA in each of our cells not only dictates the history." humanof museum virtual Wells,"a Spencer of our species. To create, says project director originthe to back day present the from roots humantrace to goal: years. The five next the prising results.prising followingThe article explores our families, ourselves, and humankind.and ourselves, families, our N tsig s ocn sm pol to people some forcing is testingDNA Thegenes. our in lives history Human G a reality for all those who wish to learnto realitywhowish a those for all Textreference: ENEALOGY Sociology and Sociology You rough genetic, orgenetic, rough , Chapter 11Chapter , back to the Puritans in 1633. "It was Some of their DNA matched the Cohan astonishing," says Smith, who thought his signature. "We share a common paternal closest relatives were Irish potato farmers. "It ancestry," says Skorecki. . . . gave me a whole different model of myself." Testing family roots through the Y Nick Donofrio, executive VP of innovation and chromosome and mitochondrial DNA has technology at IBM, which is partnering with serious limitations, too: it tells you only about National Geographic on the Genographic your direct paternal or maternal lineage, not Project, is a proud Italian. He was stunned the ancestor footprints hidden in the rest of when his Y test came back saying he was a your genome. Go back 10 generations, and member of haplogroup J2, meaning his that's 1,024 ancestors, says Stanford ancestors had lived in the Middle East some bioethicist Hank Greely. "Your Y might be 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. . . . from Japan, your mitochondrial DNA from Armed with their haplotypes, which Mexico and all other 1,022 ancestors from function as genetic blueprints, genealogists Sweden." Greely worries that customers may can now join Surname Projects on the Internet. not fully understand what they're getting. One These online communities bring together other company, DNAPrint Genomics, does test Doolittles or Sanchezes or Epsteins, allowing markers outside of the Y and mitochondrial people to compare genomes. Find a match, and DNA, then maps them to four regions of the you may be able to fill in branches on your world (West Africa, Europe, East Asia and the family tree. Looking for relatives without your Americas). . . . But the percentages are only surname? You can also search within estimates, not certainties. Some scientists are individual testing companies or in public more than a little bit uncomfortable with the databases like the Sorenson Molecular test. "I think the science of genetics is too Genealogy Foundation, funded by Mormon important to become an entertainment," says philanthropist John Sorenson, which has Stanford geneticist Marcus Feldman, who collected 60,000 DNA samples and ancestral also worries about the potential for racial charts over the past 41⁄2 years. . . . stereotyping. With DNA tests, people may The science can also uncover links to begin to link behaviors or characteristics with ancient cultures, even religious heritage. race, an idea that has been reviled in recent Dr. Karl Skorecki was told from childhood that history. "I'm worried the more this is done, he was one of the Cohanim, descended from the more of that there's going to be." Moses' brother Aaron, a high Jewish priest. He The mutations in our DNA not only was sitting in synagogue one day when he point to long-lost ancestors and homelands, noticed that another Cohan who was called to they may also be markers for genetic disease. the Torah looked nothing like him. "He was a It's known as the founder effect: populations

Jewish male of African ancestry, I am a Jewish with marked susceptibilities to certain byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright male of European ancestry," Skorecki, of the illnesses tend to be descended from a small Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, group of ancestors who bred only within their remembers thinking. "If he has that tradition own community. Sticking together meant a and I have that tradition, perhaps there's a higher chance of inheriting a disease. The greater chance that we share similar markers Amish, for example, are more likely to carry a on the Y chromosome." Would the oral history genetic mutation for a condition called passed down from Cohan father to Cohan son polydactyly, which causes extra fingers or also be inscribed in their DNA? After studying toes. Ashkenazi Jews have an unusually high DNA samples, Skorecki and geneticist risk of certain cancers, as well as Gaucher and Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona Tay-Sachs diseases. Men and women who uncovered a genetic Cohan signature. inherit the mutation that causes Tay-Sachs are The research led Skorecki's team to unaffected, but if they mate, they have a one- Africa, where they tested members of the in-four chance of having an afflicted child. Lemba tribe, a group that believed they were That's why Jewish parents-to-be are offered a descended from the Biblical land of Judea. panel of genetic tests before conceiving.

50 In rare instances, genetic mutations can 110,000 individuals have purchased swabbing offer medical benefits. Sickle-cell anemia is kits for $99.95. But the project's overarching one of these double-edged swords. Patients goal is to collect DNA from indigenous who inherit a gene for the hereditary blood populations worldwide whose DNA could hold disease, which is common among people of clues to our origins and global migration—and African descent and causes red blood cells to to do it fast, before whole populations die out lose oxygen, are also more likely to survive and leave their ancestral homelands. Early malaria. And the gene is highly prevalent in testing has already started in Southern Africa, malaria-infested areas of Africa. Why? where collaborator Dr. Himla Soodyall has Scientists believe the gene has been naturally collected blood samples from a small group of selected for its protective effect. Genealogical- the San tribe. Genetically the San have among testing companies aren't in the business of the oldest roots on earth and, it is believed, they medical testing, but if you happen to discover provide a direct chromosomal link to ancestral an African ancestry you didn't know you had, Adam and Eve. . . . should you be tested for sickle-cell? Possibly. Last fall, Wells packed up 500 blood- In the brave new world of DNA testing, it collection tubes, needles, alcohol wipes and would be a circuitous route to take. The express cheek swabs and headed off to Chad, one of the highway: submitting your genome for medical, project's first testing sites, where he took 300 not genealogical, analysis. In the future, this DNA samples from towns and villages around could be as routine as a physical. . . . the country. Thirty-five to 40 came from The more we learn about our families, members of the isolated Laal community, the more we learn about our beginnings. whose population, at fewer than 750, is Using DNA markers and mathematical time- declining. Wells fears that this community will clock calculations, researchers have die out within the next 10 to 30 years, taking identified our ancestral Adam and Eve. with it valuable DNA and cultural traditions Scientists say that by using Y and and an ancient language—information that mitochondrial DNA, they can date the earliest could provide critical insights into the first female to 150,000 to 250,000 years ago and people to live in Central Africa. . . . the earliest male to 60,000 to 100,000 years The more we discover our differences, ago. Until DNA testing, scientists debated the more we find connections. Wayne Joseph whether humans originated in Africa or in a grew up a black American in Louisiana and number of different places around the globe. Los Angeles. . . . He heard about DNA testing These recent findings support the theory that several years ago and, seeking details about his humans descended from a small group of mixed ancestry, sent away for a kit. "I figured people who lived in Africa tens of thousands I'd come back about 70 percent African and 30 of years ago. percent something else," he says. When the But when did groups of travelers leave results arrived in the mail "I was floored," he that continent? Whom did they encounter and says. The testing company said he was 57 mingle with along the way? (At Arizona, percent Indo-European, 39 percent Native Hammer is investigating the question of American, 4 percent East Asian. No African whether Homo sapiens and, say, Neanderthals blood at all. For almost a year, Joseph searched mated and bore children.) Do major historical his soul, sifting in his mind the decisions he'd events, such as Alexander the Great's conquest made based on his identity as a black man: his of Central Asia, leave a genetic trail? These are first marriage, his choice of high school, his questions National Geographic's Spencer interest in African-American literature. Before

Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by Wells hopes to answer. The Genographic the test, "I was unequivocally black," he says. Project, launched last year, is inviting the "Now I'm a metaphor for America." And not public to test its own DNA, and already just for America, but for all of us.

Claudia Kalb, “DNA Testing: In Our Blood,” Newsweek, Vol. CXLVII, No. 6 (February 6, 2006), pp. 46–55.

51 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet GENETIC GENEALOGY 1515

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

JUST THE FACTS 1. Why is it correct to say that humans are far more similar than diverse?

2. How is DNA testing helping people trace their family lineage?

YOUR OPINION 3. Wayne Joseph, one of the people who had his DNA tested, said that he is “a metaphor for America.” What do you think he means by this? oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright 4. Do you see any disadvantages to DNA testing? How could the results of DNA tests be used to label or discriminate against people?

52 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. o eces n aaeis ae uhn their pushing are academics, and teachers to 30 and accordingparents, respectively.More 37 percent, climbed have colleges women’s and schools girls’ at applications 1991, Since status. conventional-wisdom almost attained from science—and and fields. those in careers math like subjects ego from away turn such gradually They of adolescence. early in erodes years self-esteem girls’ by pummeling, Buffeted neat and projects. handwriting well their for early- be praised most, to the atbackground, the tend into fade in they Girls so behaved, grades. attention elementary teachers’ devour typically louder and more aggressive than girls, when spirit. It starts boys, who arebreaks girls’ schoolthat doubt apparent no leave books and even aren’t girls and the adventure burners.”Bunsen lighting comfortable of of Most sense excitement. a with view boys chemistry “the Atlanta, getting suburban in classes about chemistry 11th-grade worried Nolan’sand Marie 10th- more creative.”less inare But and wrong something much are make a mistake, they just keep trying. The boys theyFayetteville,veteran“If teacher. N.C.,the saysup,” speak to afraid aren’t “They decade. the in girls ninth-grade English classes she has taught for a the about talks Wise Vina when Education.12: Chapter in found an schools differencesin gender of myths and facts followin results.The conflicting with decade, last l ha syndrome” “shortchanging the and as known self-esteem phenomenon low to girls girls than predispose teachersclassroom from attention more get boys Do Reading Reading h “hrcagn snrm” quickly syndrome” “shortchanging The studies Recent up? adds picture Which outpop “spunky” and Words“tough” like 16 16 S HOE INCHOOLED 53 hlegd ad ercos ru ta the that workplace argue the in women of presence growing detractors being are and it challenged, supporting studies The attack. stayboys.competitivethem with help to clubscomputer join and camps science attend sports,competitive in participate to daughters to boys because they act out more, not becausenot more, out boysacttheybecause to self-esteem. at“Teachers awaygirls’ pay more attention eat gradually may that girls, against use to control them, rather than a pervasive bias teachersmethods the and boys of misbehavior favorschools Do boys?• issues:the are Here sloppyresearch. andzealousness by obscured been have cause eventheand extent the But subjects. academic certainin performance their hamper could that problem self-esteem a have indeed may girls thatconclusion the yield teachers, and parents, with students, interviews psychologists, academics, and of dozens studies, recent at look anything?A doing—if be parents should what truly connected to academic success at all? Andself-esteemIs screen? radar science social the ordecayblipdebate a onthe schools into will Or classes? single-sex attending off better be nowenrolledcollege in graduateschool. and arenote, they men, thanwomen More esteem. and on campus defies the notion of lagging self- g article, “Schooled in Failure,”in thearticle,“Schooled discusses g d reinforces concepts of educational equalityeducational reinforcesof d concepts u te ovninl idm s under is wisdom conventional the But ay xet nw eiv ta i i the is it that believe now experts Many What is myth and what is fact? Would girls s aaei sces Te educational The success? academic ess o De ti lc o atnin n the in attention of lack this Does do? Textreference: s been extensively studied during theduring studied extensively been s F AILURE Sociology and Sociology You ? , Chapter 12Chapter , of some widespread sexism,” says Jere Brophy, personal appearance in third grade, but every a professor of teacher education at Michigan year thereafter, girls’ opinion of their looks State University who has studied teachers and drops; boys’ stays about the same. their students for more than 20 years. Educators need to switch their focus, he says, from trying • Is self-esteem tied to academic success? to eradicate sexism directed against girls to If there is a connection, it is elusive. training teachers to better discipline boys. Several studies have shown that girls consistently get grades equal to or better than • Does girl’s self-esteem suffer more in early boys’ from elementary school through college. adolescence? Even in math and science, boys no longer Probably, although it depends on what is outshine girls by that much. On the National being measured. Most research on adolescent Assessment of Educational Progress test, last self-esteem does support the . . . findings of a given in 1992, 17-year-old boys outperformed significant slide for girls during adolescence— the girls by a barely significant 4 points in math. but much of it relates to physical appearance. In science, the boys were 10 points higher, but Studies by Susan Harter, a professor of that compared with 17 points in 1982. And girls psychology at the University of Denver, are bettered boys by 12 points in reading typical in this regard. She has found that boys proficiency and 17 points in writing proficiency. and girls feel equally positive about their

Amy Saltzman, “Schooled in Failure?” U.S. News & World Report , Vol. 117, Issue 18 (November 7, 1994), p. 88. oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

54 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet SCHOOLED IN FAILURE ? 1616

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

DO TEACHERS FAVOR BOYS? 1. According to the article, why do teachers “favor” boys over girls? Have you found this situation to be true in your educational experience?

2. Do you agree with the following statement from the article: “Recent studies and books leave no apparent doubt that school breaks girls’ spirit”? Explain your answer, using personal examples if possible.

3. What evidence cited in the article seems to challenge the shortchanging syndrome?

FACT OR MYTH? 4. The article mentions three assumptions made about gender issues in school. List each of these issues and the myths and facts about each. From your own experience, do you think these issues have affected you in any way?

TAKE A STAND 5. Do you think that girls would be better off in single-sex classes? How would you feel about this type of classroom environment for yourself? Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by

55 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , , Chapter 12 ARDER Sociology and You Sociology and H RADE Text reference: Text demanding requisites for graduation. ol ol systems have begun to toughen up, G Studies have shown that it’s better to The 425,000-student Chicago public and and teachers alike. The following passage nds nds discussed in Chapter 12: Education. of school of success. school Recent have years seen a omotion, omotion, passing students had who failed to rs rs of social promotion have led to “dumbing lding students back, the experts warned, could warned, experts the back, students lding school school system was among the first to abolish social promotion as part of sweeping reforms introduced three years ago. “We were giving educators a pass for lack of performance—and we were putting kids on the street with pieces of paper that were essentially worthless,” says Gery Chico, president board. of Social promotion was the also driving top city’s school students out of explains Chicago’s Paul public executive. Teachers faced schools, Vallas, with huge numbers the of system’s underachieving chief studentsdown were their dumbing promotion standards instruction. in place in grades three, Now, six, eight, and with nine, both and student test scores are new rising in Chicago. attendance promote an underachiever than to keep him or her in the same subpar Dawson of the classroom, Association National of School says Peg Psychologists. So Chicago struggling sought students to extra summer give attention school through improvements were classes. minimal. Then the The staff first year, advancement advancement to achievement, have made the end of social promotion part speeches of their stump in elections. the run-up to November’s 56

AKING THE M

17 17 This tearful outburst was doubtless Francesca Francesca . . ., a 14-year-old with long Reading Reading replayed replayed many times around past the spent nationwide students the of thousands country as summer in academic purgatory preparing for exams that advancing they’d to have the departure from a decades-long practice, school to next grade. pass systems from In Boston before to a Seattle are trying sharp respond to to demands for tougher standards educational by strategy of “social abandoning promotion,” the advancing of the students traditional of learning. of their regardless level Last week, from grade Gov. to grade Pete California almost Wilson the latest signed tougher jurisdiction promotion standards in to a bills system that require seriously most the only back hold to tended has making And a students. troubled host of state and local candidates, drawn to the logic of tying student black black hair and a soft voice, had a bad case of the butterflies when her principal and called her three classmates graduation into rehearsal. his Her grew officeworse once nervousness she heard the The news: four only after would not be part of the they graduation because had failed advancement to the a city’s high schools. mathThen the Chicago eighth-grader crying. broke testdown required for damage a child’s self-esteem and destroy any chance chance any self-esteem and destroy a child’s damage change in complain this Teachers that attitude. yea For decades, education experts encouraged social decades, pr education experts encouraged For Ho level. grade her or his of requirements the meet down” the curriculum and grade inflation. Many demanding scho higher educational standards of students examines the issue of social promotion—and new, more education “Making illustrates tre the Harder” Grade spent a year drafting a curriculum that would An impressive near two thirds of the centers’ reinforce material found in the city’s students graduated to regular high schools last standardized tests; it hired and trained teachers year. to use it. As a consequence, some 54 percent of The New York City school system, the summer school students cleared the promotion nation’s largest, abandoned social promotion in hurdles, which included passing grades and no the early 1980s and saw achievement and more than 20 unexcused absences a year. attendance rise until budget cuts wiped out Chicago also had to tackle the tricky small classes and tutoring for repeaters. The question of what to do with students who fail a gains quickly reversed themselves. grade twice. Double repeaters, research reveals, Despite their enthusiasm for the reform, tend to have many more behavior problems and Chico and Vallas view the abolition of social drop out at higher rates than nonrepeaters, in promotion as only one piece of a complex large part because they are much older than reform puzzle. For example, they have helped their classmates. Chicago’s solution: “transition the city’s largely disadvantaged students (84 centers,” a network of nine special schools for percent qualify for public subsidies) start older eighth-grade repeaters. school strongly by enrolling 22,000 children in With only a few hundred students each, preschool programs and offering classes in the these schools focus on core subjects and offer summer for struggling first and second students a lot of personal attention that’s graders. At the other end of the educational reinforced by a strict code of conduct. Double system, they’ve restructured high schools and repeaters stay in the schools for up to six years, introduced teacher-advisers for every student, a taking both remedial and high school courses. new curriculum, and end-of-course exams.

57 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet MAKING THE GRADE HARDER 1717

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

WHAT DOES AN “A” MEAN? 1. Explain the concept of social promotion. Why was this policy accepted by many school systems? What effect did social promotion have on educational standards?

2. Do you agree with the teachers and other education officials who believe that classes have been “dumbed down”? Do you approve of the more stringent requirements implemented by many school systems?

YOUR OPINION 3. How would you feel about a grading policy at your school that replaced letter or number

grades with a pass-fail scholastic rating or written teacher evaluations? Would eliminating byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright grades decrease stress or increase student apathy? Explain your answers.

58 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. col urclmmkn i, n at a fact, students. from feedback regular requiring and in controls imposing but it, requirement graduation curriculum—making high- the pilotschool into a work integrates test learning that will program State the York New like example, more for fall, This mind. in have parents experience something into work turning for settle would educators Many force.work teenage the in dent a of much put tounlikely are they realize downside—and the of aware well are educators grades, slumping delinquentandstudents sleepy with other behavior.Confronted and use drug of rate higher a and activities extracurricular fewer grades, put in more than 20 hours a week—have poorer whowork students during the school year—especially if they high-school positives. that the show outweighStudies often negatives the weekends.on and school workafter to offtroop now seniors and juniors high-school 4of out 3 that is result intentions. The hunting job- announces daughter or son teenage their whenopposition token than more offer parents few that it’s understandable So insurance. car sky-high and jeans grunge designer sneakers, learns moremooching off momanddadforhigh-tech job and no means paycheck responsibility a a Besides, independence. about down lessons holds important who teenager of health physicalAmerica’s and mental the upon young.have can jobs school, a job, and a social life. This passage discu per teenagers exhausted of millions America, across after work,school grades,extracurricular and activities jobs part-time down holding by expenses their t prom—it’sexpensive the clothes, insurance, Cars, Reading Reading But contrary to parental wishful thinking,wishful parental to contrary But a that believe to like would Parents 18 18 M OM D, 59 AD sses the issue of teenage workers and the effects justincreased her time on the job from about 20 has senior 17-year-old entertainment.The and worksafford“basics”:tothe clothes, cosmetics parents. andtheir andstudents the both money for struggle ongoing an for isother the on sleep and school on takes job desire a the thattoll the and hand one the on independence with terms toComing life. worksocial school, and among act oftenjuggling grueling a Mills performing be to seem Owings of two-career students their the like parents, And do. them of most and teenagers need to work, but school sayofficials apartments pristine minimansion developments. Few subsidized of the subdivisions, 850 school’s The students live in a diverse suburb of comfortable Baltimore. 10 outside about school miles public Maryland High a Mills School, Owings at teachers and students U.S. News parents—afor ideas helpful some glean to and in Washington, researchgroup D.C. nonprofit a Learning, and Work for Shore Bryna says Fraser,InstituteNational the of director deputy problem,” a there’s until jobskids’ their to whatsoever attention no pay parents “Most involved. more were parents if contend that they could be met as well or better are often sacrificed for a paycheck.dayEacha for sacrificed areoften o be a teenager today! Many students meetstudents Many today! teenager a be o ,I W,I om guln jgln at f handling of act juggling grueling a form ie ot f e pes Jnie Hellman Jennifer peers, her of most Like workingat look To teens— firsthand a get experts goals, such laudable However col n o weed. Unfortunately, weekends. on and school Textreference: reporter reporter spent several days talking to N AANT Sociology and Sociology You J OB , Chapter 13Chapter , to 30 hours a week after school and on weekends classes are electives, and many senior students selling shoes at Lady Footlocker and sporting interviewed choose generously from the likes of goods at Champs, an affiliate. She has held nine cooking, art and weight training. jobs since she entered the work force at age 13 A strict limit on hours is, of course, the best as a file assistant for her mother, an way to ensure that a job doesn’t interfere with administrative manager at an insurance school. Although most of the students company and president of the Baltimore County interviewed work 20 or more hours a week, Board of Education. “My husband and I feel that experts agree that unless a teenager is helping working instills a sense of responsibility and his or her family pay the rent or put food on the maturity that is as important as what Jennifer table, that is too many. The ideal, says Fraser, is learns in the classroom,” says Rosalie Hellman. eight to 10 hours—no more than one weekend Jennifer would agree: “I may not have straight afternoon and one evening a week from about 4 A’s, but I do have a head on my shoulders.” But p.m. to 8 p.m., leaving time for extracurricular she quickly admits that less time spent selling activities, homework and sleep. Steinberg agrees shoes at $4.50 an hour and more time studying that 10 hours a week is plenty for teenagers who would help boost her B-minus average. “I could are working for pocket money only. “At $5 per definitely do better,” she says. hour, that’s $200 a month,” says Steinberg. “A Most job-holding teenagers could. In a new parent should point out that that’s more than they study, published in the March issue of the may have left over many months after paying the Journal of Developmental Psychology , bills.” Laurence Steinberg, a professor of psychology Teenagers can have a hard time saying no at Temple University, found that whether to an employer who pressures them to work teenagers were good students or poor ones more hours, so parents will need to monitor before entering the work force, taking on a their child’s schedule closely. job—especially for more than 20 hours a Child labor laws aren’t much of a week—decreased interest in school. Consider deterrent. In Maryland, for example, a 16- or 16-year-old Robert Belton, who’s repeating his 17-year-old cannot spend more than 12 hours a freshman year. For three months last winter, he day in school and work combined, and the child spent 38 to 43 hours a week taking orders, must have at least eight consecutive hours free. cooking and cleaning at a local Roy Rogers But enforcing the law is impossible, since restaurant. His grades plummeted even below budget problems led to elimination of all of the their previous marginal level, and he lost state’s labor investigators 19 months ago. When interest in the one school activity he enjoys— the state’s Division of Labor and Industry playing baritone horn in the band. “I would fall receives complaints about a business, usually asleep in band class with trombones blaring in involving hours violations at fast-food my ear,” says Belton, who is looking for a job restaurants, the department’s only recourse is to byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright with shorter hours. Sharon Lutz, an Owings write a letter informing the management that it Mills English and drama teacher, says few is breaking the law. If a serious pattern of students who work long hours can keep up abuses emerges, the case is passed on to the academically. “They come to school late, fall federal Department of Labor, itself swamped. asleep in class and don’t care as much about . . . Although a few states, including Washington their grades.” and Maine, have recently limited 16- and 17- Even students whose grades stay high are year-olds to no more than 20 hours of work a suspect. Steinberg found that many working week during the school year, financial cutbacks teens, especially seniors, protect their grades by like those in Maryland have led far more states picking easier teachers and courses. Schools to stop enforcing such laws, says Dorianne often make that an irresistible option. At Owings Beyer, general counsel for the National Child Mills, the only subjects required of seniors are Labor Committee, a nonprofit advocacy group English and social studies. The remaining in New York.

60 For most students, however, the true lesson mean working well over the 10 hours a week of work is the paycheck it yields. While a advised by experts. majority of the Owings Mills students say they I earn, therefore I am. Purchasing power are trying to save for college, few actually do is, of course, a crucial reason for working. so. Asked what they do with their paychecks, Almost all the students said that having their most put clothes and car insurance at the top. own income buys them cherished A car, in fact, is what propels many teens independence from their parents. Says Chonita into the workplace in the first place. At least a Butterworth, a 16-year-old sophomore who quarter of Owings Mills juniors and seniors puts in about 35 hours a week at Roy Rogers: drive to school, say school officials. The “Last week I cut off a pair of jeans to make student parking lot is packed with Celicas, shorts and my father got angry. He said I was Civics, Tauruses and Saturns. Their cars are far wasting his money. But I don’t care, because I more than a convenience for working teenagers have a job now and can buy my own clothes. I (and for their parents); they are nearly crucial feel more like an adult.” symbols of status and independence. But few Laying out an income-allocation plan parents simply buy a car for their child and before a teenager starts working will force him hand over the keys. At the very least, most or her to manage the paycheck more seriously. parents stipulate that the teenager foot the Hellman, for example, has to put 25 percent of insurance bill. That tends to lead inexorably to her income into a savings account, with the a paying job. For teenage boys, whose funds earmarked for extra expenses when she premiums are especially high, it is also likely to goes to college next year.

61 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet MOM , D AD , I W ANT A JOB 1818

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

DO YOU REALLY NEED A JOB? 1. According to the article, how do parents often view their teenager’s after-school job? Why is this attitude incorrect or impractical?

2. Using information from the article and your own experience, create a list of the positive and negative aspects of holding a part-time job in high school. Which aspect of working seems to have the most powerful influence?

YOUR OPINION 3. What should be done about employers who coerce teenagers to work long or late hours? Should laws concerning high school students and after-school jobs be strictly enforced? Explain your answers. oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

4. Do you think schools should attempt to control or limit student jobs? Why or why not?

62 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. hts oet n rgt Pol fre the forget People right. and honest what’s do to “You’ve got said, Stroud forfeited. thewas notified the result, school’sthe in championship onlystate history a Stroud As infraction. scored, the of authorities not in had player and the basketball two or minute a onlygame the in wasquestion Although player. state ineligible the ClevelandStroud,unknowinglyhad he that found anused coach, the 1987, won in championship (Georgia) win.the forfeited wasan undeserved victory, the Dartmouth president it acceptthan Rather drive. winning films, its on down the reviewing receivedhad establishedfifthDartmouth a that after Later, Cornell.with game football a won Dartmouth high ethical road is sometimes taken. Years ago drugs.and delinquencyovercome to it used have who or been denied because of economic circumstance havewould they that education an get to sport used have who athletes of biographies the by camaraderie genuineamong teammates. We by are uplifted touched great are We overcomes succeed. athlete to odds an or team a when Weroutine. impossibleexult the makes athlete giftedtruly thethe when or does impossible seemingly athlete an when moments great the with identify Weheroes. savor sports Weour and teams athletic us. inspires and excites It followingpassagebeforethe answer Read you sport? d a there is But respect. recogniz and work team peoplecooperation, Most defeat. in sportsmanship ear learn an From sports. a of lovecamaraderiecompetition the and in participate Americans doubt, a Without Reading Reading mnh r o fe Rcdl County Rockdale after so or month A play, fair promotes asometimes and Sport We celebrate for sport many good reasons. 19 19 T HE P RDXOFARADOX 63 ditd ht hy a gvn tnod an Stanford given had they that admitted refereesthe films, the reviewing After tie. 41 41-a played Northwestern inand Stanford 1994 Similarly, cochampion. national todeclared refused Colorado wasseason the of conclusion the at and game), forfeit the after until thatofficialsby noticed (not down drive fifth a included a winning on Missouri its against scored touchdown Colorado the that of When play. sport University fair about of ideals much the also disregards is there sport, up wound we level.”higher a to other and each taking win, to racing together. both were lap a webut “We’refriends, said: jogged Kennedy Winner then and embraced competitors two the Kennedy, by fierce won a battle, After Williams. Todd and Kennedy two-mile the two Classic, featured Bobcompetition runners, premier Prefontaine 1995 the In another. one for respect show competitors rule violation when leading a minor1990 tournament. a for himself disqualified he when did ThisNormanGreg as themselves, on penalties call turn. is hadplayers victory when golf, professional wrong in tainted found often leader a accept a to the unwillingness taken because Toledo accidentally in 10K a race in second finish and up hold to chose ever don’t theyyou’re whatforget of.”made games; basketball of scores thletics—to experience the joy of victory andvictory joyof the experience thletics—to this question.this arker side to the American obsession withobsession American the to side arker But for all the honor and integrity found in where examples countless are There Indiana, Bloomington, of Herr Andy ta ivleet n prs a instill can sports in involvement that e Textreference: y g, hlrn r ecuae to encouraged are children age, ly S Sociology and Sociology You PORT , Chapter 15Chapter , undeserved touchdown, yet Stanford did not every positive psychological or social outcome forfeit. in sports, there are possible negative outcomes. A widely held assumption of parents, For example, sports can offer a child group educators, banquet speakers, and editorial membership or group exclusion, acceptance or writers is that sports participation prepares rejection, positive feedback or negative young people for success in a competitive feedback, a sense of accomplishment or a sense society. According to folk wisdom, they will of failure, evidence of self-worth or a lack of take on a number of desirable character traits evidence of self-worth. Likewise, sports can through playing sports. They will learn to strive develop cooperation and a concern for others, for excellence, to persevere, to sacrifice, to but they can also develop intense rivalry and a work hard, to follow orders, to work together complete lack of concern for others.” with others, and to be self-disciplined. But are Thus, the paradox of sport. On the one these really the lessons learned? The answer is hand, it inspires as it fosters the admirable traits complex and paradoxical. As philosopher of courage, determination, hard work, fairness, Charles Banham has said, many do benefit, but respect, sacrifice, selflessness, and loyalty. But for many others sport “encourages selfishness, is also promotes rule breaking, selfishness, envy, conceit, hostility, and bad temper. Far greed, contempt for opponents, and violence on from ventilating the mind, it stifles it. Good the field as well as deviant behaviors off the sportsmanship may be a product of sport, but field. so is bad sportsmanship.” Sport psychologist Terry Orlick also points to the contradictory nature of sport: “For

D. Stanley Eitzen, “The Paradox of Sport—The Contradictory Lessons Learned,” The World and I , Vol. 11, Issue 7 (July 1996), p. 306. oyih byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright

64 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet THE PARADOX OF SPORT 1919

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

GOOD SPORT—BAD SPORT 1. Describe the positive aspects of sports participation. What can young people gain as part of an athletic team? Describe some of your personal experiences with sports in school. Do you think your life has been enriched or improved by participating in sports?

2. Describe the negative aspects of sports in America. Use examples from the article or your personal experience to illustrate your answer. Do you think that the negative aspects of sports could be changed or eliminated?

PARADOX? 3. Do you agree with the comments in the article made by sports psychologist Terry Orlick? What are the contradictory outcomes of participating in sports? In your opinion, does the good outweigh the bad in American sports? Explain your answers. Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by

65 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , , Chapter 16 ? . They They . lived ANT W EARS OU Sociology and You Sociology and Y Y Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s O : D Text reference: Text citizens of the 21st century. Diseases that Diseases century. 21st the of citizens ral ral burdens upon The society. morality of Medical researchers promise a An example of immense burden is the UNDRED as as been and improved and prolonged, DNA, cerpt. H s s of human Despite heredity. these marvelous forever but had “no remembrance of anything.” of remembrance “no had but forever The king of Laputa bring suggested a few struldbrugs that to his Gulliver own country to “arm people against the fear of death.” technological fix, a magic bullet preemptive (other suicide), but there than is no reason for bounds bounds of our species, lest we become like the sailor climbed who up the mast to only capsize the boat. Yet medicine, driven financial gain as as moral idealism, is much constantly by moving away from responding its to disease toward an limitedenhancement purpose model. of medicalization of old age. With the extension of the human life lifesaving span, benefits partly through of created the technology, a new we demographic have group gerontological those literature known as the “old-old,” in eighty-five years old or more. Epidemiologists these of half a and third a between that indicate people have us liberates probabletechnology that myth the Ironically, Alzheimer’s disease. from toil gives way morbidity to in a the deep forgetfulness prolongation stripped future and present, of of past, between glue temporal selves. . . . challenging Arnold Toynbee predicted “death how become by the close of before this century. Jonathan death”Swift would “struldbrugs,” in described the “immortals,” or THICS 66 E

IVE A L

EDICAL TO M

20 20 One burden is cultural: These For another example of cognitive and Medical Medical technologies do sometimes seem Reading Reading technological technological miracles constantly disrupt our settled assumptions about right and wrong and the human good. technology fueled For debate example, over definitions of procurement the require can it because death of transplant vital organs, but can we harvest such from organs a human being whose higher brain brain and stem are we Can ventilator? mechanical a on maintained “dead” while though that the someone heart is dead say even the body is still beats and the body looks perfectly alive? Of course, we have technology for has developed two to the decades. point where determine Now may that we the higher brain is dead even if the brain stem is revise alive. Shall we definitions re- people in a topermanent coma? harvest organs from cultural disruption, shall we allow geneticists to move beyond the goal of gene therapy for diseases to human enhancement through germ nature that modifications? out turns gene It cell and human nature are quite malleable. Do we we Do “perfect”? more ourselves make to wish trust ourselves to modify the species? Perhaps we are better off to live respectfully within the miraculous miraculous in the powers they confer over the human body humanity are and as numerous as the stars—and so mind. Theare the burdens. benefits to Medical technology has produced amazing miracles for miracles amazing produced has technology Medical once the ravaged world have been eradicated, life h achievements, medical technology has also placed mo medical technology is discussed in the ex following the the mysterious key to genetics, is revealing secret optimism. Meanwhile, people with even end- because during the post-World War II decades stage dementia fill too many nursing homes medicine did create miracles, including such and intensive-care units with tubes in their obvious goods as the polio vaccine. But the every orifice, natural and unnatural. Swift’s time has come for a second and more critical world is more the current reality than the look at some elements of the medical-industrial heralded “compression of morbidity” that complex that, rather than benefiting human would allow us to live with all our capacities to beings within reasonable economic limits, the very last of our lives, suddenly bursting all seem only to reap financial profits. at once like a bubble. Americans tend to embrace all medical advance as medical miracle. This is partly

67 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student MEDICAL ETHICS : D O YOU WANT TO Worksheet 2020 LIVE A HUNDRED YEARS ?

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

MORAL DILEMMAS 1. The article discusses a number of medical miracles and subsequent dilemmas. Describe two of the moral questions created by medical technology. In your opinion, would society be better off without these advancements? Explain your answer.

2. Who were the “struldbrugs” mentioned in the article? What lesson could these mythical creatures teach to the modern world?

3. What role does financial profit play in medical technology? Do you think that medical miracles should be made available to all people instead of only the people who can afford the expense of new treatments and medicines? What role should the government play in providing advanced medical care for citizens?

MEDICAL MIRACLES OF TOMORROW 4. Although medical technology has made life for most Americans longer and healthier, many byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright diseases and debilitating conditions still exist. Make a list of the medical advancements you hope will occur in your lifetime.

5. If medical science provided a way for people to live to be 125 years in relatively good health, would you take advantage of this technology? Why or why not?

68 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. as as loig ec klig Te olwn rea following The killing? princip illustratesthe and movementeuthanasia for mercy allowing laws pass Unit the Should patient? the family,doctor,or the t long how decide should Who dilemma. a with public en nlecd y goig es i many in sense growing narrowly a by has influenced a been it and in indefinitely; almost life, form, defined supporting of capable technologiesmedical of development the with artificial terminallyill. intensifyingbeen has debate The the aretheywhen told not often are patients Japan countries in luxury; rare a best at is poor life of prolongation in because rich Westthe for mainly debate so—a doing in assistancemedical to right the and die to right Westthe thein about debate legal and public a has He blood. convicthim. whosehaveto juries refused ghoulish own his Michigan;of state the in suicides 20 “assisted” creating pathologist using include paintings former eccentricities American be gave to tubes dayslater.20 died He disconnected. authority, feeding Bland’s for judicial permission highest Britain’s ofLords,of hope House the 1993 no March recovery.In with state vegetative persistent aain left at was and 1989, in April stadium pileup sports crowd a in injuries brain terrible their refused have consent. courts Spanish two far, wants someone to help him commit suicide. SoHehead. his only move can Sanpedro Ramon Jack Kevorkian and his “suicide machine,” the eutha machine,”the “suicide his peop and KevorkianJack ill terminally of controversyhi by Fueled decades. twoover last the killing mercy Euthanasia—the Reading Reading Such are the cases that are driving forward an Death”—is Kevorkian—“Dr. Jack Tony Bland, a British football fan, suffered 1968,in accident swimming a in Crippled 21 21 T HE R GTTOIGHT 69 Decisions Near the End of Life, which provides organizationcalledMassachusetts a of founder co- Solomon, Mildred to according so, aEven if even necessary as doctor believes that doing so may hasten death. relief pain much overridingas an as provideto ethical considered is recognized it and priority; is relief acknowledged. now Pain is live to left time a short with someone in addiction about worrying ofabsurdity The addiction. of risk to patient a wayexposea to such as in administered be not The ill. shouldpain-relievers that terminally be to used the principle in pain of treatment theon consensus a haveestablishmentreached established. “passiveas to euthanasia,” referred nowis well be thetreatment. The right to pull the plug, sometimes machines refuseto refused; surrogate his or patient a establishingof right the judgment the court hospital a won Quinlans the that disconnected, asked parents that doctors judged to be irreversible. When hercomaa in while machines by alive kept wasbeing young who a Quinlan, Ann of Karen tragedy called woman the were by form 1976 in present defined its in debate euthanasia patient.to doctors from transferred beshould treatment over,medical control and for, responsibility more that societies western ed States follow the lead of other nations andnations other of lead the follow States ed gh profile stories and individuals, such as Dr.suchas individuals, and profilestories gh les behind social movements.social behind les oe eety ehcss n te medical the and ethicists recently, More the of terms the of many America, In nasia debate has presented the Americanthe presented has debate nasia he life of a dying patient should last: thelast: should patient dying a of life he D ig xmns h prlxn social perplexing the examines ding ehs en h sbet f heated of subject the been le—has Textreference: IE E: UTHANASIA Sociology and Sociology You , Chapter 17Chapter , training to carers for the terminally ill, four out Campaigners for voluntary euthanasia of five doctors surveyed in 1993 said that argue that some ethical distinctions between under-treatment of pain among the dying was a what is and is not taboo are already untenable. more serious problem than over-treatment. Withdrawing life-support, for example, is An even more contentious area is “doctor- considered a form of passive euthanasia. But it assisted suicide,” in which a doctor helps a is not really passive. To unplug a machine is a patient to take his own life. This has been Mr. deliberate action. Kevorkian’s specialty. In each of the 20 deaths The case for euthanasia is gaining a more he facilitated, the patient took the final step in sympathetic hearing as modern medicine and the process—by connecting a hose, say, or institutional care make dying a more pushing a button. Most western countries, and prolonged, impersonal and often agonizing 44 American states, have laws against assisting business. To see a loved one shrivelled in pain suicide; in those that do not, such as for weeks or months can be a devastating Switzerland, medical tradition is against it. experience for friends and family; but it is one That record, however, suggests a unanimity that may become more commonplace as quick absent in practice. and relatively easy cardiac deaths decline as a In America, a widely remarked article in percentage of deaths in rich countries, and the New England Journal of Medicine in 1991 proportionately more people die of cancer and created something of a turning-point in AIDS. Nor may all hospitals be equal to the attitudes. Timothy Quill, a former hospice task of maintaining some measure of decency director, told the story of “Diane,” who had and comfort for the dying. been diagnosed as having leukemia. Diane had Some arguments for euthanasia insist on previously recovered from vaginal cancer. She parallels with abortion, which the American did not want to undergo another series of Supreme Court declared to be a legal right on painful and debilitating treatments with only a the grounds that the decision to bear a child 25% chance of surviving. She preferred to was a matter of private choice. An American choose the time of her death, and asked Dr. district court made explicit use of this rationale Quill for barbiturates. He gave them to her and in May when it overturned a statute prohibiting advised her of the amount needed to commit assisted suicide; now under appeal, the case suicide—which she later did. Legally, may reach the Supreme Court. This line of American doctors can provide patients with argument sees a decision to end one’s life as the drugs that might kill them provided that the ultimate act of self-determination. In doing so, drug has a legitimate medical purpose other it raises legal and philosophical questions than suicide. To provide drugs knowing that about the state of mind of any person taking their likely application will be in suicide is such a decision; and it probably invites the frowned on. question of whether such a right, were it to byInc.McGraw-HillCompanies, The © Copyright A still more difficult question is whether exist, should be restricted to certain classes of society should approve, tacitly or otherwise, person. Could the young, or the healthy, or the the next step in the logical sequence, namely clinically depressed, be denied a “right to die” the practice of active euthanasia—i.e., a doctor that was conceded to the old or the desperately administering a substance for no reason other sick? than to cause death. Those who favour A further problem arises in applying this legalization of active euthanasia point to logic of self-determination to cases where the anecdotal evidence from surveys of doctors practical issue is not the right to commit showing that it already happens. Better to have suicide, or to be left to die, but to be helped to the decisions made after open discussion with die by a doctor. A patient does not have a right some sort of institutional safeguards, it is to demand, say, a voodoo cure from a doctor; it argued, than to leave them to the conscience of is not obvious that he should have a right to individual doctors. demand death.

Timothy Quill, “To Cease Upon the Midnight,” Economist, Vol. 332, Issue 7881 (September 17, 1994), p. 21.

70 Name ______Date ______Period ______

Student Worksheet THE RIGHT TO DIE : E UTHANASIA 2121

Directions: Using information from the reading, answer the following questions.

RIGHT OR WRONG? 1. Describe the case that began the euthanasia debate in the United States in 1976. What precedent did this case set? Do you agree with passive euthanasia? Explain your answers.

2. What effect has medical technology had upon decisions about treatment of terminally ill patients? Do you think medical technology should be used to prolong life?

TAKE A STAND 3. Who should make the decision to stop treatment of a terminally ill patient—the doctor, the patient, or the patient’s family?

4. In 1999, Dr. Jack Kevorkian was convicted of second-degree murder after assisting in the suicide of a terminally ill man. Kevorkian was sentenced to 10 to 25 years in prison. Write two statements, one supporting the court’s decision in the case and one opposing it. With which statement do you most agree? Why? Copyright Copyright © The Companies, McGraw-Hill Inc. by