Analysis of the Market Structures and Systems for Indigenous Fruit Trees: the Case for Uapaca Kirkiana in Zambia
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ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS FOR INDIGENOUS FRUIT TREES: THE CASE FOR UAPACA KIRKIANA IN ZAMBIA by Kaala Bweembelo Moombe Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Forest Science at the University of Stellenbosch Department of Forest and Wood Science Faculty of AgriSciences Supervisor: Mr Cori Ham Co-supervisors: Ms. Jeannette Clark, Dr Steve Franzel and Mr. Pierre Ackerman March 2009 Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically I, Kaala Bweembelo Moombe, declare that the entirety of the work contained in this thesis is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: 19th Feburuary 2009 Signature: _ ____ Copyright© 2009 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii ABSTRACT This study is about marketing of Uapaca kirkiana fruit in Zambia, a fruit that has great economic value especially among the rural and urban poor. It contributes to general food security. In southern Africa, farmers and other stakeholders have identified Uapaca as a priority species for domestication. Current agroforestry initiatives are promoting integration of indigenous trees into farming systems to provide marketable products for income generation. Domestication of trees however, depends on expanding the market demand for tree products. There is considerable evidence that expanding market opportunities is critical for the success of domestication innovations but farmers have been introduced to domestication with little consideration for marketing. The existing market potential can be achieved through sound knowledge on markets and marketing. Information on the marketing of Uapaca fruit is inadequate. This study, therefore, aimed at generating information on the marketing of Uapaca kirkiana fruit, including the basic conditions of demand and supply of the fruit. The main study was conducted in Chipata and Ndola districts in the Eastern and Copperbelt provinces respectively, while fruit pricing was conducted in Lusaka district in Lusaka Province. Questionnaires and participatory research methods were used to collect the data. A total of 37 markets involving 49 collectors, 59 retailers, 189 consumers and 20 government forest workers are included in the study. The study reveals that there is demand for the fresh and secondary products of the fruit and hence substantial fruit trading exists in Zambia. However, the marketing system is characterised by underdevelopment. There is insufficient capacity to satisfy the demand for the fruit and institutional /policy support to Uapaca fruit market expansion. Currently, only basic technology for product development exists. The results suggest a need to address policy and capacity development for expansion of Uapaca kirkiana fruit industry. To improve the Uapaca trade industry, the study proposes developing and scaling up policy strategies, fruit processing sector, research-extension-trader-agribusiness linkages, infrastructure development and knowledge generation for improved understanding of the Uapaca fruit markets. Keywords: Uapaca kirkiana, indigenous fruits, Chipata, Ndola, marketing, markets, policy, Zambia iii OPSOMMING Die studie handel oor die bemarking van Uapaca kirkiana vrugte in Zambie. Die vrugte het belangrike ekonomiese waarde veral onder landelike en stedelike armes. Dit dra by tot algemene voedselsekuriteit. In suider Afrika aanvaar boere en ander belanghebbendes Uapaca as a prioriteitsspesie vir domestikasie. Huidige agrobosbou inisiatiewe bevorder die integrasie van inheemse bome in boerdery stelsels vir die verbouing van bemarkbare produkte vir kontant. Domestikasie van bome is afhanklik van die mark vraag na boom produkte. Daar is baie bewyse dat ontwikkeling van markgeleenthede krities is vir die sukses van domestikasie innovasie, maar boere is blootgestel aan domestikasie met weinig inagname van bemarking. Die huidige mark potensiaal kan bereik word deur ‘n deeglike kennis van markte en bemarking. Inligting oor die bemarking van Uapaca vrugte is onvoldoende. Hierdie studie het as doelwit die versameling van inligting oor mark strukture, uitvoering en verrigting van Uapaca kirkiana vrugte en ook ‘n ondersoek na die basiese toestande van vraag en aanbod van die vrugte. Die studie is onderneem meestal in die Chipata en Ndola distrikte in die Oos en Koperbelt provinsies. ‘n Deel van die studie, wat handel oor vrugte pryse, is ook in die Lusaka distrik in Lusaka provinsie uitgevoer. Inligting is versamel aan die hand van ‘n literatuur studie, ontleding van sekondered inligting en deur die gebruik van vraelyste en deelnemende navorsings metodes. Data is ontleed aan die hand van beskrywende statistieke en mark aandeel en mark marges modelle. In totaal is 37 markte met 49 versamelaars, 59 kleinhandelaars, 189 verbruikers en 20 regerings bosboubeamptes ingesluit in die studie. Die studie het bewys dat daar aanvraag is na vars en sekondere vrugte produkte en dat daar ‘n substansiele handel in vrugte in Zambie bestaan. Die mark stelsel is egter onder ontwikkeld. Daar is nie voldoende kapasiteit on vraag na vrugte te bevredig nie en ook nie beleids ondersteuning om Uapaca mark ontwikkeling te ondersteun nie. Tans bestaan daar slegs basiese tegnologie vir produkontwikkeling. Die resultate wys op ‘n behoefte om beleid en kapasiteit ontwikkeling vir die uitbreiding van die Uapaca kirkiana vrugtebedryf. Die Uapaca vrugtebedryf kan verbeter word deur die ontwikkeling en verbetering van beleid strategieë, verbetering van die vrugte vervaardigings sektor, navorsing oor agribesigheid, infrastruktuur ontwikkeling en kennis ontwikkeling vir ‘n beter begrip van Uapaca vrugte markte. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The effecting of this study project for a Master of Science degree in Forestry was dependent on many institutions, groups of people and individuals who made effectual and invaluable contributions in their distinguished provinces. I take the honour to express my sincere gratitude to them. Without disregarding the others, I make particular acknowledgment to the institutions that provided the funds for the study: the Zambian Government, the Federal Ministry of Economic Co-operation (BMZ/GTZ), Germany, through the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) under the project on Domestication and Marketing of Indigenous Fruit Trees for Improved Nutrition and Income in Southern Africa (Project No. 2001.7860.8-001.00) and the Commercial Products from the Wild Consortium Project (Department of Forestry Sciences, University of Stellenbosch), the African Network for Agroforestry Education and the Cannon Collins Educational Trust for Southern Africa. I also thank Mr C. Ham, Ms J. Clark, Dr S. Franzel and Mr P. Ackerman my supervisors for their effective and indeed insightful and effective guidance and support at various stages of the study. Dr M. Kidd’s keen assistance with statistical analysis of data is greatly appreciated too. My examiners helped me attain the acceptable standards for a scientist at my level! The Uapaca kirkiana fruit traders and end consumers who participated in the study deserve special mention too. They most kindly accorded me opportunity, time and wisdom during data collection. The same goes for my fellow Zambian Foresters in Ndola and Chipata who participated in the study in many enumerable ways. I am also thankful to the staff at ICRAF - Msekera in Chipata, Zambia for their general hospitality, support and co-operation during the fieldwork. I particularly thank Messrs A. Mkonda, E. Tembo and M. Lungu for practical assistance with fieldwork. Many thanks also go to my research assistants in Ndola (Mr Charles Mufwaafwi, Mr Geofrey Kapungwe, Ms Angela Mwape and Ms Valerie Moombe) and Lusaka (Mr Choongo Bweembelo) for their help and hard work. I am also indebted to my wife Mirriam and the girls: Valerie, Bwela, Matimba and Mutambala for their unequalled special support, motivation, understanding and patience with my many efforts in life, some of which have been at their expense. v The many that I am privileged to call collegiate friends who provided company and motivation in many ways including humour. They made me remain in the academic ‘kitchen’ even when the heat was almost too much to bear! Stellenbosch, December 2008. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. iii OPSOMMING.............................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF PLATES...................................................................................................................... xiv ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................. xv Chapter One: ................................................................................................................................