Avunculocal Residence on Losap MOLLIEN,G

1024 A men"can Anthropologist [57, 1955]

MINER) HORACE 1953 The primitive city of Timbuctoo. Princeton. Avunculocal Residence on Losap MOLLIEN,G. 1820 Travels in the interior of Mrica to the sources of the Senegal and Gambia, ed. T. E. J. L. FISCHER Bowdich. London. Excerpts provided by D. P. Gamble. Harvard University Moon,:, FRANCIS 1738 Travels into the inland parts of Mrica. London. HE purpose of this paper is to report a contemporary instance of avuncu P AlUC, MUNGO T local residence in Micronesia, on the island of Losap, Truk. District, and 1799 Travels in the interior districts of Africa. Reissued in Everyman's Library (1907). to discuss possible reasons for the presence of this trait on Losap, surrounded SAUGNIER, M. 1791 Relations de plusieurs voyages a la c6te d'Afrique, a Maroc, au Senegal, a Goree, a as it is by matrilocal societies to the north and south. Galam, etc. Paris. Losap Atoll is located about fifty miles southeast of Truk Lagoou iu the SELEcr COM1lollTTEE ON WEST COAST OF AFRICA east central Caroline Islands. The nearest land is the single coral island of 1842 Quotation provided by D. P. Gamble. Nama, about twelve miles to the northeast. Both Losap and Nama lie along THlLENIUS,G. a route between Mortlock (also known as or Nomoi) Islands, 1920 Primitives Geld. Archiv fur AnthropoJogie, n.s. 18:1-33. Truk and the Ku a group of atolls roughly 100 to 150 miles southeast of Truk. TauRNwALD, RICHARD 1932 Economics in primitive communities. London. Culturally, too, Losap is in many ways intermediate between Truk and the WYNDHAM,H. A. Mortlocks. At the same time, it possesses a number of special cultural charac 1935 The Atlantic and slavery. London. teristics not found in the adjoining islands. The local dialect, for instance, re tains an initial k in certain words which has been lost in both Trukese and Mortlockese (e.g., the first person plural exclusive absolute pronoun is ij,iim in Trukese, iimem in Mortlockese, and kitmem in the Losap dialect). The Losap people claim that in aboriginal times the chiefs of Losap Island held dominion over the inhabitants of Pis Island, at the other end of the lagoon, and over the nearby island of Nama as well. Foreigners have tended to assume that all three communities were closely related culturally, because of the geographical proxiniity and perhaps also because of the political rela tionship. However, the natives themselves claim that the people of Nama are more closely related to those of Kutu in the Mortlocks than to those of nearby Losap. They explain that in prehistoric times a typhoon nearly annihilated the true inhabitants of Nama, who were then related to the Losap people, and that settlers from Kutu repopulated the island. The speech and social organi zation of the Nama people, as far as I am familiar with them, are distinct from those of Losap and thus bear out this story, as does the fact that the Nama and Kntu people even today exchange gifts and visit back. and forth with special frequency. One would expect that any typhoon devastating Nama would do considerable damage to Losap, but Losap proper is especially well protected from storms from any direction, as coral islands go, since it is on the inner side of a particularly broad stretch of atoll reef and has another island between it and the sea side. One would expect, therefore, that the Losap popu lation would survive a typhoon with considerably fewer casualties. Pis Island, the other inhabited island in Losap Lagoon, is culturally similar to Losap. Although it is now officially a separate municipality under the Ameri can administration of the Trust Territory, the people and officials have con tinued to look for leadership to the parent island of Losapproper. It is no doubt significant that the name "Pis" is a term widely applied throughout the Greater Truk area to small or uninhabited satellite islands. 1025 1026 American Anthropologlist [57, 1955 FISCHERl Avunculocal Residence on Losap 1027 One of the most striking of the unique characteristics of Losap society is riage, age varying considerably for the individual, he is likely to move to his the pattern of avunculocal residence, the subject of this paper. In 1950 I had mother's brother's house and bring his wife to live there when he marries. occasion to make an extensive. survey of marital residence on all the rnajor Since the entire population lives in a concentrated village On the small island groups of Greater Truk (TInk proper, the Halls, Namonuito, Puluwat islet of Losap proper, the move of a boy to his mother's brother's house is not and nearby islands, the Mortlocks, and Losap and Nama).l This survey such a sharp break for a boy. He can easily visit his parents when he is not .showed that avunculocal residence is practically nonexistent elsewhere in working. Truk District, while on Losap it is the dominant form. A census showed that Concentrated villages are now found on nearly every island in Truk Dis on Losap 53 couples were living in avunculocal residence, 22 matrilocal, 16 trict, but most of them were established within the memory of living people patrilocal, 2 neolocal, and' 1 unknown to the informants. The contrast with following the insistence of foreign administrators. It appears that over most of the nearby island of Nama is especially striking, for Nama proved to be the the district each matrilocal extended family originally tended to have its own most strongly matrilocal island in the whole district (113 matrilocal, 3 patri establishment On lineage land, somewhat removed from other families. But local, 1 neolocal, and 1 unknown to informant). on Losap the village pattern was reportedly indigenou,s. The very names of The survey of residence on Losap was conducted by asking several natives the islets suggest this. The large, uninhabited island is named Lee-wiil (Laol of the island, visiting Truk, to tell me who was living in each house on the on charts), literally, l'In-(the)-Forest,H while Losap, the name of the small island as of the date they had left, what were the relationships of each adult, inhabited island, appears to mean l'At-(the)-Inhabited-Place" (native pro and who owned the land on which the house was located. The different in nunciation Loo-sopw, presumably from Lee-sopw). This contrast between resi formants were in substantial agreement where they gave duplicate informa dential and agricultural areas is not absolute, however. The houses have grounds tion, although they did not all know the same people. Avunculocal residence, which are usually large enough to have significant agricultural value, espe the dominant pattern numerically, was said to be preferred. After ascertaining cially in view of the dense population of the atoll (estimated over 1,500 per the pattern of avunculocal residence, I then went back over the data and square mile). Mention has already been made of the frequency of alternative asked the informants to comment on the exceptional cases, and also questioned matrilocal and patrilocal modes of residence. Discussion of specific cases with them on the ideal life-cycle.2 informants revealed that these alternatives are very important in solving The social structure of Losap is in many ways similar to that of the island problems which would arise from attempting to follow the ideal pattern of of Romonum in Truk Lagoon, as has been presented by Goodenough in his avunculocal residence and male matrilineal inheritance of land. recent monograph (1951). There are largely the same matrilineal sibs on Losap One condition under which matrilocal residence becomes preferable is found elsewhere in Truk District. Subdivisions of these of varying degrees of when all the surviving young adult members of a lineage are female. Normally integration are found. Most of the land is held by corporate matrilineages, al these women and their children would be supported from the lineage land by though, as in Truk, if a man is the last member of his lineage, his children will the women's brothers. Only the men are felt capable of doing the bulk of the inherit his land in preference to distant sibmateS (just how distant is a matter agricultural work on this island, including that connected with both bread of dispute). fruit and taro, the two principal foods. Moreover, only men are felt capable of Informants said that a close co-operation was maintained between brother pounding poi from these foods. (This, incidentally, is in contrast to the Mort and sister. Most of the food for a woman and her children is supplied ideally locks, where WOmen pound poi on everyday occasions and help raise taro.) by her brother, even though this man lives in another house. This is not too The women, looking to the future, know that their sons will be able to support difficult for a woman's brother since nearly all the people of the Losap com them from this land when those sons become of age. The SOns will also need munity proper live on a single small islet, a couple of minutes walk away from the land for themselves and their sisters, so the women are reluctant to call any other household at the most. A woman's husband, of course, is ideally on the help of distant sibmates or other relatives who might be hard to evict occupied feeding his sister and his sister's children. Judging from informants',: later when their own children Or nephews needed the land. In these circum statements, this ideal pattern is followed where a group of relatives finds, given . stances young women and their guardians encourage matrilocal residence in the numbers of individuals in the various kin positions, that their property order to bring in men to work the family land, until the women bear new male can be effectively exploited within the pattern, although, for reasons to be dis_,c;' heirs. cussed below and as suggested by the high frequency of alternate modes of Just as women who have too few brothers or male lineage mates wish to residence, there are many exceptions in practice. remain on their own land and bring in their husbands to work it, so in a lineage As a boy grows older and becomes capable of performing useful work, the'Q" with too many males men aware of the shortage of lineage land are inspired claims of his lineage On his labor increase, and the boy's mother's brother:: to look for land from other sources, land of their wives' lineages for one. This exercises increasing authority over him. Sometime -between puberty and mar,;.,' again may result in matrilocal residence. 1028 American Anthropologist [57, 1955 FISCHER] A 'lJunculocal Residence on Losap 1029 Under what conditions are couples likely to reside patrilocally? Informants inheritance is not clearly formulated on Losap, but in practice it tends to be say that some fathers like their sons to stay with them for reasons of personal narrow. One of the great causes of land disputes coming to my attention was affection and also to take care of them in their old age. As long as the father's just this question: if a man has no matrilineal heirs in his immediate lineage, lineage land is not too crowded, the other members of the lineage will not how distant must other matrilineal kinsmen be before the man can ignore press for the expulsion of the son while the father is still alive, although a man them and turn the land over to his own children? Some of the "have-nots" would be expected to leave his father's matrilineage land after his father's give the answer: any sibmate living on Losap or its tributary island of Pis death. Moreover, if the father is the last male of his lineage--if he has no at the other end of the lagoon should be eligible to inherit the land. But the sister's sons to care for him and exploit the lineage property-he will want to "haves" in these circumstances tend to want their own children to succeed to have his own sons stay in his household and help him with the work on the the lineage land on their death, even though while alive they might let remote land. Patrilineal inheritance is automatic if there are no close matrilineal heirs. sibmates make copra on the land or otherwise use it in exchange for a share A man would also find it easier to keep one of his sons if he or his wife's sisters of the products. had a large number of sons, more than his wife's brothers could easily employ The question arises as to why the people of Losap have avunculocal resi or support on their matrilineage land. dence, surrounded as they are by culturally related islands with matrilocal Thus a man from a crowded lineage may be motivated to use his father's residence. Several factors discussed below, as well as theoretical considera lineage land as well as his wife's lineage land. And, conversely, when a lineage tions, indicate that avunculocal residence on Losap has evolved locally from a lacks enough young men to work its land, the old men may seek manpower pattern of matrilocal residence originally shared with adjacent cultures. either by encouraging their sons and sons' wives to stay with them in patrilocal The existence of a rather concentrated village appears to be a facilitating residence or by encouraging their daughters' husbands to join the residence factor in this particular case. The closeness of residence gives a man a chance group. to maintain stronger relations with his sister and her children than on other The above discussion points out some inherent difficulties in an ideal nearby islands, even though on Losap, as on all the islands in Truk District, avunculocal social system. To work according to the ideal pattern, each genera a man and his sister normally live in separate households. The Losap version tion must contain both males and females. A matrilocal extended family will of avunculocal residence, where a man living on his matrilineage land pro cease if no females are born, but it can have several generations without male vides for his sister, who lives on her husband's matrilineage land, would be births. Likewise a patrilocal extended family can go on indefinitely without much more difficult in a scattered community, and a more dispersed residence female children. But if for even one generation an avunculocal extended family pattern seems to have been characteristic of other islands in the area. The lacks sisters for its men, it will become extinct in the next generation. If concentration also permits parents to retain strong ties with their children it lacks males, the matrilineage may continue but the avunculocal pattern can of both sexes, even though ideally children cease residence with their parents no longer be maintained. The probability that children of both sexes will be born at marriage. (A woman generally goes to her own matrilineage land if her in a given generation increases with the number of children included in the hushand dies before she does. She may then be reunited with her adult sons.) family group. In a roughly stable population the number of children in the The concentration of population itself appears to be the result of an effort kin group would depend, on the average, on the initial size of the kin group, to take advantage of the previously mentioned peculiar conformation of the and-this on Losap appears to be fairly small. In any case, since the avunculocal atoll for protection from the occasional devastating typhoons. The low is residence pattern requires the birth of children of both sexes in a given genera landers in the Central Carolines are usually careful to pick the least exposed tion to be maintained, family groups in a culture idealizing avunculocal resi areas for dwelling sites, even though this usually means less sea breeze and dence are twice as likely to fail as those in cultures with matrilocal or patrilocal more mosquitoes. ideal patterns, where family continuity and stability is possible with the birth The geography of the tributary island of Pis does not especially favor a of children of only one sex in a given family. concentration of population, although here too the people live in a single vil Of course these difficulties of avunculocal residence revealed by logical lage, reputed to be aboriginal. But the oldest settlers on Pis with living de analysis do not in practice doom concrete residence groups encountering them scendants are said to have come from Losap. If so, we would expect them to to certain extinction. The Losap people cope with these situations principally bring the village pattern with them. There are traditions of typhoons missing by frankly permitting alternate modes of residence and inheritance. Another Losap proper while washing over Pis and killing most of its people, and even device, little used on Losap, would be to extend kinship ties further, as to washing away completely an adjacent islet. The relative vulnerability of Pis remote sibmates or to paternal parallel cousins, thus creating substitutes for to typhoons may be an important factor in explaining its subservience to the missing relatives. Losap proper. This vulnerability would certainly constitute a major economic The exact degree to which kinship is extended for purposes of land use and and military handicap from time to time. local 1030

prehistoric

above 1949:207). stronger raising, rather island wives' made parents."

asked and the

suggestion also chased handicrafts. those

tion there

woven the to especially supplemental low be islands ford

relatives need hardship

for trading

tions maintain readier officially

partment average

Avunculocal

Truk With

of I

question

Food

been

short T surrounding residence other

islands

would

from a more

to was informants, that

than lands, exist of suspect

lavalavas,

this harvesting,

census,

load

such

tendency

partners proper.

access

the

consume

Nama

higher.

imported population

American on periods and

reported

strengthening

a important, handicrafts.

an An here

most

importance compared

on 1949:iii), their

suggest superiority

their of greater Losap

for

the

extensive

food. Losap

examination

children that

closeness

course

residence

to and

the

was It

other then

While response

low wives'

and low

red-coral

and canoes

for

high as an they

seems

from

men

and population

that

over

traders Mortlocks,

Of population

density the islands, of

much

especially

distant

islands. to 1,807 we men

later in occurred Nama

islands

some

It island

of famines

to replied

all lands.

trade

to preparing working

Truk the the

view of more is

a most reasonable can

A close

handicrafts.

the

on beads,

the generally market. merican long

returned from

the of in

and

location of a

Mortlocks

true of

informant sibmates

the

get

foods

Losap between The

heavily of the transit as

strengthening islands comparative

strongly

low these that

density to

high status

the

Namonuito,

when

density

Truk

period

Losap

1,810

is men

their harder a food

that

etc.,

me:

case

food.

supplement low

interesting

islands, Mortlocks, Anthropologist

the

skill to articles

supposed

most

themselves. could such District.

on of

there from

What and considerable

time It

mats, assume respectively,

have the

on their

islanders

Losap work Losap

the told

matrilocal

than women

This men

such

and

Losap

as took

food of

high

island Losap until them more abundance

known are been Puluwat,

me, original

do of

hats, Losap

the their the interest

may

appears

to to

local that men and

The

the to

the

short

back of the

sat production

islands

times

brought "We

develop Atoll population recall

reveals of easily

other and

locally

Also,

is modern

and be

most of

own

cigarette

volume their status

advantage

that Nama at Losap

much do and

shortage

involved

homes.

principally

trip,

all

of inferred.

etc. even

home

improved

nearly to and more

here

of Nama low

transport

(matrilineage) of

Nama

comparable the

trade

in produced

data islands

out

better

in be of

and Truk, design,

The wives

times Truk have to

give

and precontact Nama islands

Losap that

migrated

men cases, and pandanus

and

tied

in production

from three are

they with

over

than

crew

the prior

preparation,

turmeric some quality

the

again. do?

Lagoon been

on live of to

the made

famine. their there (Murdock was

the

food

(Navy [57, women

etc.,

because

would

famine Truk

to which stay the work

explana which

times

islands could

When

nearby

with

on matri

noted

farther

closest able

lands

female

1955 is Tradi

mats, times mats

could other than

pur

Truk

our our

with and

has

and

was the

The

not of

a af in

a the

suggestive a the trict an what converted aside dependent tion In of original and cal political While political time and more handicrafts absence would that remain on lation, rarer such Truk, sion of so. the Truk, ties much FISCHER] tionally typhoon culture,

self-confidence

aristocracy)

In the unusually

the

Certain unit same the

The In

Since

Pis

may of leadership

trade

that

higher the from small

mass

summary,

both view emigration,

and little be farther

farther an

Mortlocks,

present

within

aboriginally;

sibs

produce

status

of structure

the

come history,

degree

structure

have

early

men On Losap

is to

island

would Losap of

that that

evidence expeditions

missionary of expeditions for

knowledge

characteristic

status of Christianity work

a need

Losap,

the

large

many low

the into

Losap been islands

higher

was

Losap would this

of are of

export

expeditions

already

and

not

rest, trade

was, and

bolster available

for

of a

men advantageous

men islands

but

however,

natives which Truk proportion

also there

century

higher

take

however,

single

men. the

initiative

Atoll also

producing

geography. the

status

not

(Luukenfonu, the

encourage

to one

goods.

influence of

Avunculocal

On the

could

the

to of

mentioned island

later their in

care

than

sudden

to other Truk,

that

women navigation (even was

and on

Losap

also of the the

contemporary master

same

great

paramount

which of

speak

each speak,

the

Losap.

of Losap

carry

than little

status.

in the of on one

men.3 more the

farther current

islands.

suspects

and

the

location

and

mass

removal

lagoon. This

the expeditions the

the the

were

may the other

inhabited

chief

nearby

of caused or

navigator to

knowledge also

Residence

Soor,

even almost

heavier

and

preparing number integrated that

Apparently foreign last

such

was

same native two

women

Losap

today

population

expeditions.

forced

have low

chief

status Such

nearby

suggests

that

Nama,

seventy of

M of required

the

island

canoes

evidence a many

the

time,

greater

iSlands. Losap

"within

thing aasaalii-these male

on island

rule

men Protestant of been of personal

the

men to

large

(palu,

highest

of was

food

other

the

Puluwat)

islands.

than though

deaths Losap

the exert

have that

years, men's were domestic men aboriginal

which number

difference

for further

themselves Nama Enough felt

appears three

volume

portion

supports

to lasting

commuting

ponii). islands missionaries

make

that

qualities,

trade of

the in

and apparently

common.

necessary

give

themselves

probably it the in control

Although

ministers

they

the

island these

constituted the

appears

men

strengthened

the

duties of

constituted

women

men

of of political

the

one

same to It is in population the

canoes, three

men

the did

the

the partly

trade

would Truk in Mortlocks

have

communities. trip.

would

women

could

distance"

for not the

there, also

not my

hypothesis

course, male time, in Losap that altered

have Mortlocks. traditional

navigation

number

producing

District, subjuga

all

been than

a On

a the

periodic due so

take

impres

find

sensed

always

expect Losap trip

some Losap politi

popu under densi

tradi

much

while

more there

by some

was

dis sort 1031

are

and

the

on in

of of

a that 1032

Losap pattern to residence,

avunculocal have contrast typical

Investigation application matrilocal one terns, Administration

officials were ject as by tenure enough's as

tration,

paper. Truk. 1949-53,

Lagoon emphasis

conclusion

GLADwIN,T.andS.B.S~ON GoODENOUGH, NAVY MURDOCK.

geography

the

thing,

increasing

consequence

3 whole.

similar

prehistoric

This

and On

been

Gladwin

Yale

throughout

DEPARTMENT and

1953

1951 1949 1949 in

and as

indicate

aboriginally

notable

on at

PoJiape.

yet the survey

interviewed number

The in

GEORGE CTh:[A

which the that,

residence

land

facilitated

also of

preferred

these

Truk:

Property, unpublished. Report York. pology, Social ton, field.

certain

the residence

and Unit

general Micronesian

and

time

a information

the

monograph

AlID

consistent was

disputes.

relative amount

Truk D:C. I

economic

team following

the

Samson's

Second,

PETER asked man structure.

they

topography, serve

ideal H. on key

No. other

held

Trok.

Losap

usefulness

kin, a

under the

District oceur

pattern

respects

matrilocal

double

46.

psychological questions by and

Infor:rnation

the

with

occasions

of continue

other

administration the Anthropology

paradise.

as and

(1951).

This

findings reliable

New people

New

Dr.

position avunculocal American a

this,

and

related residence land with

the

solutions

to sense community

concentration of

and

Haven. G.

islands

Yor~

findings determine

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on the

the

favored on

political

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information

tenure

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moderately

similar

from of

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Murdock,

own

natives

variety

Anthropological customs census

people,

indirect

Macmillan.

(CIMA),

of NOTES

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and

some gathered in

on visits

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supplemental

positions

residence.

data

factors, the

employment

interpretation

Truk.

Romonum was inherent

of of

Trust

heightening

what on

of outcome residence

who

to over

of Publications standard

the conducted

CITED at as to

to these

general the

the part great

Losap

Yale Territory the the in

was extent

matrilocal

practiced

present.

one

native

men

the time,

Field

perhaps

interviews the

administration

study in

also

difficulties

frequency

University in population itself

ethnographic

Yale

the

vis-a-vis Trust Truk which

here. shortly area. the

general Consultant the

cultures

director of shifted in

Navy-sponsored

was

preferred

and

island

other

team

Trust

the Anthropology, Lagoon,

The

the

Territory on

ultimately

Both

after seems

the

while

Pacific extensive also

Publications

Losap

report

available

of status islands

Territory

as from

in development women

and

subjects

with

the presented

World

incorporated

Romonum

studied

patrilocal

they

alternate

the

to were Islands. 'avunculocal

had a

eIMA

the

an in

appears

study

village, [57, have

were

(1953). to the Coordinated

War

No.

referable

in as with

practical

naval the established

intensively

original men

in American

the

their

adminis

program

Washing4

1955]

in 20. II.

visiting district

An·

been

special

in Good

pat

and

years

Civil

Tru.k.

land

For

to ob this in of

lectual he opment

Peru,

1941 an of Laboratory out received which research his whom abilities. he bia attended traveled from and himself At himself,

College. Mishkin Tigers, ties, the of gain Plains brilliant wavered with business thropologists was B Bernard

traveled the

his

area

was his

After

Mishkin

field abilities University,

ERNARD United potentially

and not

the

and

carefully

Columbia

generation,

later he death,

Columbia

Cooperation. warfare

two

engaged abreast

which

The work to

even returned

Main, a career.

receiving a widely was monograph, finally

studied. career.

both

social

between

fellowship

ethnology

grant New

Mish~in, to

years resulted States,

was were

1933,

anthropology

devoted

knew in

Anthropology, when

South

became,

primary

collected as

Germany,

and

a of

into

MISHKIN During

when known

Guinea

status Kauri,

born

from

University

scholar

year old early

he Furthermore,

recent his

transporting and

"game"

in him an

occupied

He in business.

America,

was example

Peru from

his Rank

doctoral

in received to

1937

he the

his

differentiation. 19 an and

recognized

where academic-intellectual people had the

field as Peruvian

Theodhosia,

anthropology

developments

of parents diverted

was received a

Indian the

monograph

Committee

as the lost

and sense,

considerable and

summer he

secondary

July

a died

Council doing

man

data in

When

Visiting but of

particularly he

this field

degree

was

Social

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