The 2011 Libyan Revolution and Gene Sharp's Strategy of Nonviolent Action
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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation. -
Big Sandbox,” However It May Be Interpreted, Brought with It Extraordinary Enchantment
eScholarship California Italian Studies Title The Embarrassment of Libya. History, Memory, and Politics in Contemporary Italy Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9z63v86n Journal California Italian Studies, 1(1) Author Labanca, Nicola Publication Date 2010 DOI 10.5070/C311008847 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Embarrassment of Libya: History, Memory, and Politics in Contemporary Italy Nicola Labanca The past weighs on the present. This same past can, however, also constitute an opportunity for the future. If adequately acknowledged, the past can inspire positive action. This seems to be the maxim that we can draw from the history of Italy in the Mediterranean and, in particular, the history of Italy's relationship with Libya. Even the most recent “friendship and cooperation agreement” between Italy and Libya, signed August 30, 2008 by Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi and Libyan leader Colonel Moammar Gadhafi, affirms this. Italy’s colonial past in Libya has been a source of political tensions between the two nations for the past forty years. Now, the question emerges: will the acknowledgement of this past finally help to reconcile the two countries? The history of Italy’s presence in Libya (1912-1942) is rather different from the more general history of the European colonial expansion. The Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (referred to by the single name “Libya” in the literary and rhetorical culture of liberal Italy) were among the few African territories that remained outside of the European dominion, together with Ethiopia (which defeated Italy at Adwa in 1896) and rubber-rich Liberia. -
Pergher Cover
MAX WEBER PROGRAMME EUI Working Papers MWP 2009/08 MAX WEBER PROGRAMME BORDERLINES IN THE BOR DERLANDS: DEFINING DIFFERENCE THROUGH HISTORY, RACE , AND " " CITIZENSHIP IN FASCIST ITALY Roberta Pergher EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE , FLORENCE MAX WEBER PROGRAMME Borderlines in the Borderlands: Defining difference through history, “race”, and citizenship in Fascist Italy ROBERTA PERGHER EUI W orking Paper MWP 2009/08 This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher. The author(s)/editor(s) should inform the Max Weber Programme of the EUI if the paper is to be published elsewhere, and should also assume responsibility for any consequent obligation(s). ISSN 1830-7728 © 2009 Roberta Pergher Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Abstract The paper discusses the colony in Libya and the province of South Tyrol under Fascism. It focuses on their status as “borderlands” and what that meant in terms of defining the difference between the native populations on the one hand and the immigrant Italian population on the other. In particular, the paper analyzes the place afforded to the Libyan and the South Tyrolean populations in Italian ideology and legislation. It discusses the relevance of the myth of Rome for Italy’s expansion and analyzes various taxonomies of difference employed in the categorization of the “other,” in particular racial and religious markers of difference. -
Socio-Ecological Colonial Transfers: Trajectories of the Fascist Agricultural Enterprise in Libya (1922–43) Roberta Biasillo*
Modern Italy, 2021 Vol. 26, No. 2, 181–198, doi:10.1017/mit.2021.7 Socio-ecological colonial transfers: trajectories of the Fascist agricultural enterprise in Libya (1922–43) Roberta Biasillo* Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy (Received 10 January 2021; final version accepted 27 January 2021) This paper intertwines the two historiographical concerns of migration and colonialism by exploring the case of Italian rule in North Africa from 1922 to 1943 and by adopting the analytic ground of the environment. The role played by the environment in targeting and shaping specific social groups, forming and grounding specific policies, creating and preventing social and natural transfers, has been overshadowed until now, particularly in relation to Italian colonialism. This study articulates the Fascist agricultural enterprise in Libya around the watershed event of the colony’s 1932 pacification. To illustrate its development, it looks at the environment-making processes and transfers entailed in the transformation of the Italian colonial project. This reconstruction contributes to the environmental history subfields of migration and colonialism and invites historians to further explore the first decade of Italian rule in Libya and not to limit historical explorations to the lens of settler colonialism. Keywords: Italian colonialism; environing; migration; transfers; Libya; Fascism. Introduction The livelihood of men in any country is constantly, ineluctably connected to the -
The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943)*
IRSH 63 (2018), Special Issue, pp. 211–231 doi:10.1017/S0020859018000299 © 2018 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943)* F RANCESCA D I P ASQUALE Soprintendenza archivistica per la Sicilia Archivio di Stato di Palermo Via Vittorio Emanuele 31 90133, Palermo, Italy* E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article analyses the practices of deportation and transportation of colonial subjects from Libya, Italy’s former possession, to the metropole throughout the entire colonial period (1911–1943). For the most part, the other colonial powers did not transport colonial subjects to Europe. Analysing the history of the punitive relocations of Libyans, this article addresses the ways in which the Italian case may be considered peculiar. It highlights the overlapping of the penal system and military practices and emphasizes the difficult dialogue between “centre” and “periphery” concerning security issues inside the colony. Finally, it focuses on the experience of the Libyans in Italy and shows how the presence there of colonial subjects in some respects overturned the “colonial situation”, undermining the relationship of power between Italians and North Africans. INTRODUCTION On 23 October 1911, just twenty days after Italian troops landed in Tripoli, a massive revolt surprised the colonial soldiers in the Shara al-Shatt oasis, just outside the city. The Italians had come to Libya1 certain of easy victory, convinced that the native population would rise up against the Turks. As a result of the revolt, the Italians in Tripoli suddenly realized that they had wrongly evaluated the colonial venture: after they had landed, the Arabs formed a coalition with the Turks and organized a common resistance to Italian occupation. -
What Is the Impact of the Libyan Study Abroad Scholarship Programme on Returning University-Level English Teachers?
What is the impact of the Libyan Study Abroad Scholarship Programme on returning university-level English teachers? By Nwara Abdulhamid A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics and Discourse Studies School of Linguistics and Language Studies Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada June 2011 © Copyright 2011, Nwara Abdulhamid Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-83140-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-83140-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Italian Concentration Camps in Cyrenaica: 1930-1933
Mingo 1 Hidden in Plain Sight: Italian Concentration Camps in Cyrenaica: 1930-1933 1 Christopher Mingo Undergraduate Senior Thesis Department of History Columbia University March 29, 2021 Seminar Advisor: Professor Samuel K. Roberts Second Reader: Professor Victoria de Grazia 1 “A Step Towards Civilization.” Photograph of an unnamed concentration camp in Cyrenaica. Rodolfo Graziani, Libia Redenta, Storia Di Trent’anni Di Passione Italiana in Africa (Napoli: Torella, 1948), 97. Mingo 2 Abstract: Over the course of three years the fascist colonial authorities in the Italian colony of Cyrenaica emptied an entire region of its people in an effort to quell an anti-colonial rebellion and prepare the colony for settlement and incorporation into Mussolini’s envisioned Fascist empire. In this short time span, fascist authorities forcibly deported the semi-nomadic peoples of Cyrenaica from their homeland in the Jebel region and interned them in concentration camps on the desert coast. These policies resulted in the deaths of more than half of the semi-nomadic population of Cyrenaica, the decimation of their herds, and the near elimination of their way of life. Italy proudly broadcast this episode of colonial conquest to its fellow Western imperial powers who watched a genocide unfold with relative disinterest. This international neglect provided Fascist Italy with the opportunity to pursue its genocidal policies with minimal consequences or scrutiny, strengthen its geopolitical position in colonial Africa, and elaborate an increasingly radical, violent, and self-assured ideology for Italian Fascist colonialism. Mingo 3 Contents Acknowledgments 4 Introduction 5 Chapter 1 12 Chapter 2 24 Chapter 3 44 Conclusion 62 Appendix 65 Bibliography 66 Mingo 4 Acknowledgements There are many people who I would like to thank for helping me throughout the process of researching and writing this thesis. -
ECFG Libya 2021R.Pdf
About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success. (Photo: The oasis town of Ghadames in western Libya, courtesy of CultureGrams, ProQuest). The guide consists of 2 parts: ECFG Part 1 introduces “Culture General,” the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment. Part 2 presents “Culture Specific” Libya, focusing on unique Libya cultural features of Libyan society and is designed to complement other pre-deployment training. It applies culture- general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location (Photo: Tuareg women of Libya dressed in traditional clothing, courtesy of Culture Grams, ProQuest). For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/ or contact AFCLC’s Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the expressed permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources as indicated. GENERAL CULTURE CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. A culture is the sum of all of the beliefs, values, behaviors, and symbols that have meaning for a society. -
The Kingdom of Italy's Foreign Policy
Prof.Prof. BrunoBruno PierriPierri HistoryHistory ofof ItalianItalian ForeignForeign PolicyPolicy TheThe KingdomKingdom ofof ItalyItaly’’ss ForeignForeign PolicyPolicy:: WorldWorld WarWar OneOne andand itsits AftermathAftermath AprilApril 9th,9th, 20142014 DefenceDefence ofof MediterraneanMediterranean ►► LibyaLibya asas ItalyItaly’’ss fourthfourth shoreshore 1)1) FrenchFrench fleetfleet strengthenedstrengthened 2)2) BalkanBalkan LeagueLeague’’ss victoryvictory overover TurkeyTurkey:: A)A) AlbaniaAlbania independentindependent ,, butbut subjectsubject toto threathsthreaths byby winnerswinners B)B) PossiblePossible collapsecollapse ofof OttomanOttoman Empire:Empire: ItalyItaly hadhad nono accordsaccords withwith greatgreat powerspowers toto partitionpartition OttomanOttoman territoriesterritories C)C) RenewalRenewal ofof TripleTriple AllianceAlliance andand ItaloItalo-- AustrianAustrian--GermanGerman ententeentente onon ItalianItalian zonezone ofof influenceinfluence inin AsiaAsia MinorMinor NavalNaval EntenteEntente ►►JuneJune 1913:1913: conventionconvention withwith alliesallies forfor useuse ofof navalnaval forcesforces inin casecase ofof warwar ►►ItaloItalo--AustrianAustrian tensiontension duedue toto ViennaVienna’’ss ambitionambition onon Serbia,Serbia, protectedprotected byby RussiaRussia ►►GiolittiGiolitti PrimePrime MinisterMinister :: inin casecase ofof EuropeanEuropean warwar duedue toto AustrianAustrian aggressionaggression,, TripleTriple AllianceAlliance casuscasus foederisfoederis notnot validvalid SecondSecond BalkanBalkan -
Women, Resistance and the Creation of New Gendered Frontiers in the Making of Modern Libya, 1890-1980
WOMEN, RESISTANCE AND THE CREATION OF NEW GENDERED FRONTIERS IN THE MAKING OF MODERN LIBYA, 1890-1980 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Katrina Elizabeth Anderson Yeaw, M.A. Washington, D.C. November 15, 2017 Copyright 2017 by Katrina Elizabeth Anderson Yeaw All Rights Reserved ii WOMEN, RESISTANCE AND THE CREATION OF NEW GENDERED FRONTIERS IN THE MAKING OF MODERN LIBYA, 1890-1980 Katrina Elizabeth Anderson Yeaw, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Judith E. Tucker, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Women, Resistance and the Creation of New Gendered Frontiers in the Making of Modern Libya, 1890-1980 examines the gendered transformation in the territory that became Libya from the late Ottoman period until after independence. Questioning the official version of Libyan nationalism that understood colonialism as a masculine, and at times violent, interaction between male Italian colonists, soldiers, and administrators and colonized men, I demonstrate the multi-faceted ways in which Libyan women interacted with the modernizing Ottoman, Italian and later British states, whether through the introduction of new forms of education, the policing of community boundaries, or through the military suppression of armed resistance. I found that European colonial governance dismantled existing local institutions including the Ottoman education system. Consequently, Italian policies undermined previous Ottoman attempts at modernizing reforms while distorting many of the existing social structures. My dissertation utilizes a variety of Arabic and Italian sources from archives in Italy, the US, and the UK. -
UC Berkeley Lamma: a Journal of Libyan Studies
UC Berkeley Lamma: A Journal of Libyan Studies Title “The Whole Shadow of Man”: Alessandro Spina’s Libyan Epic Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jc583n9 Journal Lamma: A Journal of Libyan Studies, 1(0) Author Naffis-Sahely, André Publication Date 2020 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California A!"#$ N%&&'(-S%)*+, 75 “!e Whole Shadow of Man”: Alessandro Spina’s Libyan Epic T)#** -.!/)( %&/*# %+*((%!"#. (0'!%’( "*%/) in July 2013, Ilario Bertoletti, his Italian editor, published a memoir where he described his 1rst near-encounter with the notoriously reclusive writer: “It was June, 1993. 2e bell rang in the late afternoon; moments later, a colleague entered my o3ce: ‘A gentleman dropped by. He looked like an Arab prince, tall and handsome. He left a history of the Maronites for you.’” 2e editor made some enquiries and discovered that Spina had been quietly publishing a number of novels and short stories since the early 1960s which charted the history of Libya from 1911, when Italy had invaded the sleepy Ottoman province, all the way to 1966, when petrodollars sparked an economic boom, exacerbating the corruption and nepotism that eventually paved the way for Muammar Qadda1’s coup d’état in 1969. It took Bertoletti, who runs an independent imprint based in Brescia, 1fteen years to persuade Spina to let him reissue his books, or rather to assemble them into a 1250- page omnibus edition entitled I con!ni dell’ombra: in terra d’oltremare / "e Con!nes of the Shadow: In Lands Overseas (Morcelliana, 2007), a cycle comprising six novels, a novella and four collections of stories, which Spina, who’d only settled on a de1nitive structure and title in 2003, summarized thus: 2e sequence of novels and short stories takes as its subject the Italian experience in Cyrenaica. -
Images of Colonialism and Decolonisation in the Italian Media
Images of Colonialism and Decolonisation in the Italian Media Images of Colonialism and Decolonisation in the Italian Media Edited by Paolo Bertella Farnetti and Cecilia Dau Novelli Images of Colonialism and Decolonisation in the Italian Media Edited by Paolo Bertella Farnetti and Cecilia Dau Novelli This book first published 2017 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by Paolo Bertella Farnetti, Cecilia Dau Novelli and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0025-X ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0025-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Paolo Bertella Farnetti and Cecilia Dau Novelli Part One: Cinema, Radio, Television and New Media Chapter One ................................................................................................. 8 Fragile Heritage and Digital Memory in Africa Livio Sansone Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 22 The Warm Sand of the Desert: Italian Colonial Cinema and the Image of Islam Patrizia Manduchi Chapter Three ...........................................................................................