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New Archaeological Research at Liang Bua on the Island of Flores University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 New archaeological research at Liang Bua on the island of Flores: implications for the extinction of Homo floresiensis and the arrival of Homo sapiens in eastern Indonesia Thomas Sutikna UnivFollowersity this of and Wollongong additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Sutikna, Thomas, New archaeological research at Liang Bua on the island of Flores: implications for the extinction of Homo floresiensis and the arrival of Homo sapiens in eastern Indonesia, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4745 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] New archaeological research at Liang Bua on the island of Flores: implications for the extinction of Homo floresiensis and the arrival of Homo sapiens in eastern Indonesia A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy from University of Wollongong By Thomas Sutikna Centre for Archaeological Science School of Earth and Environmental Sciences 2016 i ii CERTIFICATION I, Thomas Sutikna, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any academic institution. Thomas Sutikna March 30, 2016 iii STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP The journal article submissions that comprise Chapters 2, 3 and 4 of this thesis were chosen under an agreement between Thomas Sutikna and the principal supervisor, Professor Richard G. Roberts. All of these journal articles are primarily based on archaeological research that was done by the PhD candidate, Thomas Sutikna, prior to and during his enrolment at the University of Wollongong. As co-director of ongoing archaeological research at Liang Bua, Thomas Sutikna has supervised all of the excavations: in 2001–2004 with M.J. Morwood, R.P. Soejono and R.G. Roberts; 2007– 2009 with M.J. Morwood and Wahyu Saptomo; and 2010–present with M.W. Tocheri, Wahyu Saptomo and Jatmiko. All of these co-directors have contributed in various ways to the overall direction of the Liang Bua research. From 2001 to the present, Thomas Sutikna has been responsible for the direction of all field work components, including selecting the areas for excavation and the methods used, managing all excavated findings and the interpretation of all field data, as well as leading the stratigraphic analyses and chronological interpretations of the Liang Bua sequence. Thomas Sutikna is the lead author of all journal article submissions in this thesis, he wrote the initial drafts and coordinated all input from the co-authors. The journal articles included in this thesis are as follows: Chapter 2 – Sutikna, T., Tocheri, M.W., Morwood, M.J., Saptomo, E.W., Jatmiko, Due Awe, R., Wasisto, S., Westaway, K.E., Aubert, M., Li, B., Zhao, J-x., Storey, M., Alloway, B.V., Morley, M.W., Meijer, H.J.M., van den Bergh, G.D., Grün, R., Dosseto, A., Brumm, A., Jungers, W.L., Roberts, R.G., 2016. Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia. Nature 532, 366– 369. Chapter 3 – Sutikna, T., Tocheri, M.W., Jatmiko, Saptomo, E.W., Due Awe, R., Roberts, R.G., in preparation. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal from Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) reveals significant new insights into the depositional history of the cave over the last 50,000 years. Chapter 4 – Sutikna, T., Tocheri, M.W., Faith, J.T., Jatmiko, Due Awe, R., Meijer, H.J.M., Saptomo, E.W., Jungers, W.L., Roberts, R.G., in preparation. The spatio- temporal distribution of archaeological finds at Liang Bua suggests modern humans arrived on Flores by ~46 thousand years ago. Thomas Sutikna Prof. Richard G. Roberts PhD Candidate Principal Supervisor March 2016 March 2016 iv ABSTRACT The discovery in 2003 of the partial skeleton of a diminutive and primitive hominin species, Homo floresiensis, has generated wide interest and scientific debate. These remains were found buried in cave sediments at the site of Liang Bua on the island of Flores, eastern Indonesia, in association with stone artefacts and the remains of other extinct endemic fauna, such as pygmy Stegodon, marabou stork and vulture. A major reason that H. floresiensis has stirred such controversy is because the associated deposits were dated to between about 95 and 12 thousand calendar years (ka) ago. These ages implied that H. floresiensis survived on Flores long after modern humans (H. sapiens) had arrived in Australia by about 50 ka ago, thus posing a challenge to prevailing notions of modern human dispersals and human evolution in Southeast Asia and Australasia. The research conducted for this thesis is aimed at addressing several unresolved questions arising from the original investigations at Liang Bua. A series of new excavations were conducted at Liang Bua between 2007 and 2014 to shed further light on the history of site formation and the hominin skeletal and cultural remains preserved within the cave deposits. The stratigraphic, chronological, archaeological and faunal evidence gleaned from these excavations is described and analysed in this thesis, and this information is integrated with that obtained in 2001–2004 to culminate in a new interpretation of the time of H. floresiensis extinction and H. sapiens arrival at Liang Bua. A reassessment of the Liang Bua stratigraphy reveals that all known skeletal remains of H. floresiensis are preserved in a large pedestal of remnant deposit, almost 4 m in thickness, which has been truncated by erosion. The erosional surface slopes steeply downward from the rear of the cave to the front, and was not recognised as a stratigraphic unconformity during the original excavations. The existence of this unconformity, and its proximity to the holotype specimen of H. floresiensis (LB1), raises serious questions about the accuracy of previous interpretations of the age of the H. floresiensis remains and the associated fauna and archaeology. Dating of H. floresiensis bones and the pedestal deposits containing them reveals that all skeletal remains of this species are between about 100 and 60 ka in age, while stone artefacts attributable to H. floresiensis range from about 190 to 50 ka. The new chronology does not support the previous age estimate for LB1 – about 18 ka – or the time of last appearance of H. floresiensis, for which a date as recent as 12 ka was claimed. It remains an open question, however, as to whether H. floresiensis survived v after 50 ka, potentially encountering modern humans on Flores or other hominins dispersing through Island Southeast Asia. A further aim of this research is to refine and extend our understanding of when modern humans first reached Flores, and to compare the palaeoecology and behaviour of H. floresiensis and H. sapiens by examining the associated faunal and cultural remains. Previous work at Liang Bua suggested modern humans first arrived ~11 ka ago. However, two isolated human teeth that most likely represent H. sapiens were recovered during new excavations from deposits now dated to about 46 ka, and other evidence for modern human activities is contained in deposits dated here to between about 41 ka and after. A significant shift is observed in the choice of raw material used to make stone artefacts, from volcanic-based rock (silicified tuff) in the H. floresiensis levels to limestone-based rock (chert) in the modern human levels. A major shift is also observed in the composition of the faunal assemblages, reflecting changes in palaeoecology and hominin behaviour. The arrival of H. sapiens on Flores about 46 ka ago is consistent with archaeological evidence for the modern human colonisation of Australia and is among the oldest ages for modern humans in Island Southeast Asia. It is also conspicuously close to the probable time of extinction of H. floresiensis and the associated endemic fauna (Stegodon, giant marabou stork and vulture) at Liang Bua, about 50 ka ago. The preservation of remains of two hominin species in direct association with behavioural and faunal evidence makes Liang Bua one of the most important archaeological sites in Island Southeast Asia and Australasia, as well as Asia more broadly. The existence of H. floresiensis on Flores before 50 ka provides additional evidence that at least one premodern human species had successfully crossed the Wallace Line long before H.
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