Distribucija I Dinamika Populacija Najznačajnijih Grupa Polinatora U Agroekosistemima Vojvodine

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Distribucija I Dinamika Populacija Najznačajnijih Grupa Polinatora U Agroekosistemima Vojvodine UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Sonja Mudri-Stojnić Distribucija i dinamika populacija najznačajnijih grupa polinatora u agroekosistemima Vojvodine -doktorska disertacija- Novi Sad, 2018 Zahvalnica Zahvaljujem se mentoru, dr Anti Vujiću, redovnom profesoru PMF-a u Novom Sadu, koji me je angažovao na projektu "Status and Trends of European Pollinators" i time mi omogućio da se bavim ovom aktuelnom i zanimljivom temom, kao i na stručnim savetima i sugestijama tokom izrade doktorske disertacije. Ogromnu zahvalnost dugujem prof. dr Ljubiši Stanisavljeviću, redovnom profesoru Biološkog fakulteta u Beogradu, na stručnim savetima, sugestijama tokom izrade doktorske diesertacije, kao i na konačnom oblikovanju ove teze. Veliko hvala dr Zorici Nedeljković, naučnom saradniku Instituta BioSens, Novi Sad, na determinaciji osolikih muva i na korisnim sugestijama koje su poboljšale kvalitet ove doktorske disertacije. Zahvaljujem se prof. dr Snežani Radenković, vanrednom profesoru PMF-a u Novom Sadu, na velikoj pomoći prilikom rada u laboratoriji, na prenešenom znanju i na korisnim i stručnim savetima prilikom izrade disertacije. Zahvaljujem se Józanu Zsoltu na determinaciji Hymenoptera-Apiformes i na prvim smernicama za prepoznavanje taksonomskih karaktera pčela. Zahvaljujem se koleginici Jeleni Knežević, koja mi je pružila pomoć na terenu i na determinisanju biljnog materijala. Zahvaljujem se kolegama Dimitriju, Zlati, Andrijani i Zdravku na pomoći prilikom kartiranja tipova staništa na terenu i Dejanu Stojanoviću na obradi pomenutih podataka. Veliko hvala koleginici Jeleni Ačanski i Vanji Andriću na tehničkoj i kreativnoj pomoć. Zahvaljujem se svim kolegama iz laboratorije za zaštitu i proučavanje biodiverziteta na podršci. Veliko hvala Marku Rućandu, Tijani Nikolić i Sonji Trifunov što su uvek bili tu kada mi je bilo potrebno i na bezgraničnoj podršci koju su mi pružili tokom doktorskih studija. Ogromnu zahvalnost dugujem svojoj sestri Tatjani koja je uvek bila spremna da me sasluša i da dobar savet, roditeljima Mirjani i Jovgenu što su uvek verovali u mene, na ljubavi i pažnji koju mi nesebično pružaju i na materijalnoj podršci. Zahvaljujem se Andrijani i Momiru koji su uvek bili spremni da pričuvaju Ivana. Posebno se zahvaljujem Nikoli Stojniću čija ljubav, bezgranična podrška i razumevanje su mi olakšali da završim doktorsku disertaciju. Novi Sad, 2018 Sonja Mudri-Stojnić SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Ciljevi rada: .........................................................................................................4 2. OPŠTI DEO ...............................................................................................................6 2.1 Opšte karakteristike adulta Anthophila (pčela) .....................................................9 2.1.1 Familija Colletidae: opšte morfološke karakteristike ................................... 20 2.1.2 Familija Andrenidae: opšte morfološke karakteristike ................................. 21 2.1.3 Familija Halictidae: opšte morfološke karakteristike ................................... 22 2.1.4 Familija Melittidae: opšte morfološke karakteristike ................................... 23 2.1.5 Familija Megachilidae: opšte morfološke karakteristike .............................. 25 2.1.6 Familija Apidae: opšte morfološke karakteristike ........................................ 26 2.2 Opšte morfološke karakteristike osolikih muva .................................................. 28 2.3 Medonosne pčele i oprašivanje polјoprivrednih kultura ...................................... 32 2.4 Bumbari kao oprašivači ..................................................................................... 34 2.5 Divlje (solitarne) pčele kao oprašivači................................................................ 36 2.6 Diptera: Syrphidae kao oprašivači ...................................................................... 38 2.7 Dosadašnja istraživanja fauna Hymenoptera - Apiformes u Srbiji ...................... 40 3. MATERIJAL I METODE RADA ............................................................................ 42 3.1 Materijal ............................................................................................................ 43 3.2 Metode .............................................................................................................. 44 3.2.1 Odabir staništa ............................................................................................ 46 3.2.2 Sakuplјanje insekatskog materijala.............................................................. 54 3.2.2.1 Sakuplјanje insekatskog materijala u polu-prirodnim stalištima (na stepskim fragmentima) ......................................................................................... 54 3.2.2.2 Sakuplјanje insekatskog materijala u masovno-cvetajućoj kulturi ........ 55 3.2.3 Cvetna pokrovnost i diverzitet bilјnih vrsta na stepskim fragmentima ......... 55 3.3 Statistička obrada podataka ................................................................................ 56 3.3.1 Regresiona analiza lineranih mešovitih efekata, model I ............................. 56 3.3.2 Regresiona analiza lineranih mešovitih efekata, model II ............................ 57 3.3.3 Analiza razlika u sastavu i brojnosti vrsta i jedinki polinatora kroz sezone i lokalitete .................................................................................................................. 58 3.3.4 Shannon-Wiener indeks diverziteta ............................................................. 60 4. REZULTATI ........................................................................................................... 61 4.1 Pregled faune Hymenoptera - Apoidea: Anthophila i Diptera (Syrphidae) registrovanih u agroekosistemima ................................................................................ 62 4.1.1 Prikaz zastupljenosti familija divljih polinatora reda Hymenoptera, na stepskim fragmentima .............................................................................................. 68 4.2 Diverzitet i gustina populacija insekata oprašivača na stepskim fragmentima ..... 69 4.2.1 Zastupljenost vrsta polinatora na stepskim fragmentima .............................. 70 4.2.2 Zastupljenost jedinki polinatora na stepskim fragmentima .......................... 72 4.3 Sezonska dinamika polinatora na stepskim fragmentima sa prolećnim transektima ...............................................................................................................................76 4.4 Shannon-Wienner-ov indeks diverziteta insekata oprašivača na stepskim fragmentima ................................................................................................................. 80 4.5 Distribucija polinatora reda Hymenoptera – Apiformes - Anthophila na stepskim fragmentima ................................................................................................................. 81 4.5.1 Distribucija familije Andrenidae ................................................................. 81 4.5.2 Distribucija familije Halictidae ................................................................... 82 4.5.3 Distribucija familije Megachilidae .............................................................. 85 4.5.4 Distribucija familije Colletidae ................................................................... 86 4.5.5 Distribucija familije Melittidae ................................................................... 87 4.5.6 Distribucija familije Apidae ........................................................................ 88 4.5.7 Status ugroženosti zabeleženih vrsta ........................................................... 90 4.6 Distribucija polinatora reda Diptera: Syrphidae na stepskim fragmentima .......... 92 4.7 Sastav i brojnost insekata oprašivača u poljima suncokreta (H. annuus L.) ......... 93 4.7.1 Uticaj udela suncokreta i udela polu-prirodnih staništa u predelu na sastav i brojnost polinatora u suncokretu ............................................................................... 96 4.8 Korelacije sastava i brojnosti insekata oprašivača u stepskim fragmentima sa udelom suncokreta u predelu po sezonama ................................................................... 97 4.9 Testiranje hipoteze da suncokret svojim obimnim cvetanjem privlači insekte oprašivače u predeo i na polu-prirodna staništa ili odvlači sa polu-prirodnih staništa .. 100 4.9.1 Man-Vitnijev U-test za nezavisne uzorke .................................................. 100 4.9.2 Vilkoksonov test sume rangova za lokalitete koji imaju visok udeo suncokreta u predelu, prelivanje polinatora, razlike u sastavu i brojnosti polinatora tokom i nakon cvetanja suncokreta ......................................................................... 102 4.10 Uticaj karakteristike predela: udeo polu-prirodnih staništa na sastav i brojnost insekata oprašivača u stepskim fragmentima .............................................................. 105 4.10.1 Koeficijenti korelacije udela polu-prirodnih staništa na sastav i brojnost polinatora u stepskim fragmentima ......................................................................... 106 4.10.2 Korelacije sastava i brojnosti insekata i karakteristika prostora: veličina i udaljenost sledećeg stepskog fraagmenta ...............................................................
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