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An Analysis of the Theological Justification of Apartheid in South Africa Manavhela, G.F

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An Analysis of the Theological Justification of Apartheid in South Africa Manavhela, G.F VU Research Portal An Analysis of the Theological Justification of Apartheid in South Africa Manavhela, G.F. 2009 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Manavhela, G. F. (2009). An Analysis of the Theological Justification of Apartheid in South Africa: A Reformed Theological Perspective. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT An Analysis of the Theological Justification of Apartheid in South Africa: A Reformed Theological Perspective ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT Ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. L.M. Bouter, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Godgeleerdheid op vrijdag 3 juli 2009 om 10.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Gwashi Freddy Manavhela Geboren te Tshikota, Zuid-Afrika Promotoren: prof. dr. A van de Beek prof. dr. J.M. Vorster North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa copromotor: prof. dr. E.A.J.G. Van der Borght FOREWORD Although I accept full responsibility for this study, many individuals and institutions helped make it possible. Some laid the foundation, while others helped with the actual thesis and provided moral support. I would like to thank them for their support and the energy they spent to help me. Without this help I would not have been able to do what I did. I would like to thank my wife Vhahangwele, who was there for me when I needed her so much. I dedicate this work to her for the encouragement, support and time that she offered me. This work would not have been easy if she did not offer her unreserved time, commitment and efforts. She kept on reminding me not lose focus of what I was doing. My children, Muofhe and Fhumulani also played a major role during these hard times. They missed me as much as I missed them, but they understood what I was going through, and they provided me with their support and gave me time to focus on my work. I would like to thank the following people for their support and wisdom: • Prof. Dr. Bram van De Beek – my promoter, who allowed me to spell out how I conceptualised the production of this work. He deserves a special word of appreciation. • Dr Eddy Van Der Borght – who provided me with all the technical support, and also for his wisdom and guidance. His uncompromising guidance helped me to broaden my insights. • Prof. Dr. J.M. Vorster – my supervisor in South Africa, who gave me all the support that I needed. • Prof. Dr. A. le Roux Du Plooy – without whom I would not have been where I am. I am so thankful that he trusted me during this time and let me continue with my studies. • I express my gratitude to the rest of the teams at VU University in Amsterdam – The Netherlands, and the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus - South Africa, for their logistical arrangements and financial support. A special thanks to the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, for the full utilisation of their resources. My mother Martha Munzhedzi Manavhela was there for me as well, and I thank her for her words of wisdom and encouragement. I thank my in-laws Samson and Mavis Makhado, who kept on reminding me about my studies and provided me with time and support. Samson provided me with valuable information and broadened my horizon throughout my studies. I would like to thank all my friends and family for their valuable support. But above all, this work would not have been produced if God was not my guide. GLORY TO GOD TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 2. PROBLEM FORMULATION.......................................................................6 2.1 Research questions....................................................................................7 2.2. Aims and objectives....................................................................................8 2.2.1 Aims ...........................................................................................................8 2.2.2 Objectives...................................................................................................8 3. Method of research.....................................................................................8 4. CHAPTER OVERVIEW ..............................................................................9 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................... 11 THE DEVELOPMENT OF APARTHEID ................................................................11 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................11 2. SOUTH AFRICAN SOCIETY DURING PRE-COLONIALISM...................11 3. THE AGE OF COLONISATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: 1652 -1910............12 3.1 Dutch monopoly 1652-1795......................................................................14 3.2 The British Occupation 1795-1910 ...........................................................20 3.3. The Great Trek 1835–1840 ......................................................................24 3.3.1 Introduction....................................................................................24 3.3.2 The Voortrekkers ...........................................................................24 3.3.3 The Trek ........................................................................................25 3.3.3.1. The Dutch Reformed church – three churches but one .....................29 3.3.3.1.1 Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK).........................................30 3.3.3.1.2 Nederduits Hervormde Kerk (NHK)................................................33 3.3.3.1.3 The Gereformeerde Kerk: the Doppers..........................................33 3.4.1 The first Boer war (1880–1881) .....................................................34 3.4.1.1. The expansion of the British Empire ..............................................35 3.4.1.2. Problems within the Transvaal Government ..................................35 3.4.1.3 The British annexation of the Transvaal and opposition to it..........35 3.4.2 The second Anglo-Boer war 1899-1902 ........................................36 3.4.2.1 Conflicting political ideology...........................................................36 3.4.2.2 The discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand ..................................36 3.4.2.3 Tension between political leaders..................................................37 3.5 The development of Afrikaans as a language: 1910-1935 ......................38 3.6 Roots of White dominance........................................................................40 3.7. The expansion of Christianity ...................................................................44 4 THE EMERGENCE OF THE IDEA OF APARTHEID (1910–1948) ..........44 5. THE OFFICIATION AND INSTITUTIONALISATION OF APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA (1948–1994) AND THE ROLE OF THE REFORMED CHURCHES IN IT ....................................................................................50 5.1 Officiation of Apartheid .............................................................................50 5.2 The Legislation of Apartheid.....................................................................51 5.3. Separating Black from White ....................................................................54 5.4. The role of the Reformed churches.............................................................55 6. THE SWIFT CHANGES IN THEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL AFFAIRS: THE FALL AND THE HEALING PROCESS.............................................60 6.1 The Cottesloe Consultation: 1960.................................................61 6.2 The South African Council of Churches: 1968 ..............................61 6.3 The Word Alliance of Reformed Churches: 1982..........................62 6.4 The Rustenburg Consultation ........................................................63 7. THE DIVISION AMONG THE CHURCHES ON APARTHEID..................64 8. THE THEOLOGICAL DEFENCE OF THIS PROCESS ............................66 9. CONCLUSION..........................................................................................67 CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................... 69 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ...................................................................................69 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................69
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