17730-289 Rev F SOFTEK NXT Technical Procedure for Peterbilt
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Adaption and Evaluation of Transversal Leaf Spring Suspension Design for a Lightweight Vehicle Using Adams /C Ar
ADAPTION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSVERSAL LEAF SPRING SUSPENSION DESIGN FOR A LIGHTWEIGHT VEHICLE USING ADAMS /C AR FLORIAN CHRIST Master Thesis in Vehicle Engineering Vehicle Dynamics Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering Royal Institute of Technology TRITA-AVE 2015:09 ISSN 1651-7660 Adaption and Evaluation of Transversal Leaf Spring Suspension Design for a Lightweight Vehicle using Adams/Car FLORIAN CHRIST © Florian Christ, 2015. Vehicle Dynamics Department of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden ii Abstract This investigation deals with the suspension of a lightweight medium-class vehicle for four passengers with a curb weight of 1000 kg. The suspension layout consists of a transversal leaf spring and is supported by an active air spring which is included in the damper. The lower control arms are replaced by the leaf spring ends. Active ride height control is introduced to compensate for different vehicle load states. Active steering is applied using electric linear actuators with steer-by wire design. Besides intense use of light material the inquiry should investigate whether elimination of suspension parts or a lighter component is concordant with the stability demands of the vehicle. The investigation is based on simulations obtained with MSC Software ADAMS/Car and Matlab. The suspension is modeled in Adams/Car and has to proof it's compliance in normal driving conditions and under extreme forces. Evaluation criteria are suspension kinematics and compliance such as camber, caster and toe change during wheel travel in different load states. Also the leaf spring deflection, anti-dive and anti-squat measures and brake force distribution are investigated. -
Safety Implications of Various Truck Configurations
SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS TRUCK CONFIGURATIONS VOLUME 111 SUMMARY REPORT Paul S. Fancher Arvind Mathew January 1989 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Actereion No. 3. Recipient'r Catalog No. FHWA-RD-89-085 4. Tit* and SubtiUc 5. Report Dete SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS TRUCK January 1989 CONFIGURATIONS - Vol. 111 6. Performing Organization Code 8, Performing Organlzation Report No. 7. Author(*) Paul S. Fancher, Arvind Mathew UMTRI-88-42 9. Performing Organization Nam and Addnr 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) The University of Michigan 11. Contract or Grant No. Transportation Research Institute DTFH61-85-C-00091 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48 109 13. Typ of Report and Period Covmd 12 Sponroring Agency Name and Addnu Summary Report Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D 8-8511-89 Federal Highway Administration 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 22101-2296 14. Sponroring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notee FHWA Contract Manager (COTR) - Justin True Subcontractor: Texas Transportation Institute (Dan Middleton) 16. Abrtrlct The purpose of this study is to examine changes to size and weight limits in order to determine their effects on the designs and configurations of heavy vehicles, the performance capabilities of the resulting vehicles, and the ensuing safety implications thereof, The summary report provides results and findings fiom an analytical investigation of the influences of size and weight limits on trucks. In an analytical sense, pavement loading rules and bridge formulas are the inputs to the analyses and vehicle performances are the outputs. Ultimately, the work shows the manner in which size and weight rules influence the safety-related performance of vehicles designed to increase productivity. -
Caster Camber Tire-Wear Angles
BASIC WHEEL ALIGNMENT odern steering and ples. Therefore, let’s review these basic the effort needed to turn the wheel. suspension systems alignment angles with an eye toward Power steering allows the use of more are great examples of typical complaints and troubleshooting. positive caster than would be accept- solid geometry at able with manual steering. work. Wheel align- Caster Too little caster can make steering ment integrates all the factors of steer- Caster is the tilt of the steering axis of unstable and cause wheel shimmy. Ex- Ming and suspension geometry to pro- each front wheel as viewed from the tremely negative caster and the related vide safe handling, good ride quality side of the vehicle. Caster is measured shimmy can contribute to cupped wear and maximum tire life. in degrees of an angle. If the steering of the front tires. If caster is unequal Front wheel alignment is described axis tilts backward—that is, the upper from side to side, the vehicle will pull in terms of angles formed by steering ball joint or strut mounting point is be- toward the side with less positive (or and suspension components. Tradi- hind the lower ball joint—the caster more negative) caster. Remember this tionally, five alignment angles are angle is positive. If the steering axis tilts when troubleshooting a complaint of checked at the front wheels—caster, forward, the caster angle is negative. vehicle pull or wander. camber, toe, steering axis inclination Caster is not measured for rear wheels. (SAI) and toe-out on turns. When we Caster affects straightline stability Camber move from two-wheel to four-wheel and steering wheel return. -
Release Date 6/29/18 This Page Is Intentionally Left Blank
Release Date 6/29/18 This page is intentionally left blank. BODY BUILDER MANUAL CONTENTS SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION SECTION 2: SAFETY AND COMPLIANCE SAFETY SIGNALS 2-1 FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS AND COMPLIANCE 2-2 NOISE AND EMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS 2-3 FUEL SYSTEM 2-4 COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM 2-5 EXHAUST AND EXHAUST AFTER-TREATMENT SYSTEM 2-5 COOLING SYSTEM 2-6 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 2-7 AIR INTAKE SYSTEM 2-9 CHARGE AIR COOLER SYSTEM 2-9 SECTION 3: DIMENSIONS INTRODUCTION 3-1 ABBREVIATIONS 3-1 OVERALL DIMENSIONS 3-1 SLEEPERS 3-8 FRAME RAILS 3-9 FRAME HEIGHT CHARTS 3-10 REAR FRAME HEIGHTS "C" 3-13 REAR SUSPENSION LAYOUTS 3-16 LIFT AXLES (PUSHERS AND TAGS) 3-28 AXLE TRACK AND TIRE WIDTH 3-31 FRONT DRIVE AXLE, PTO’S AND AUXILIARY TRANSMISSIONS 3-33 EXHAUST HEIGHT CALCULATIONS 3-40 GROUND CLEARANCE CALCULATIONS 3-41 OVERALL CAB HEIGHT CALCULATIONS 3-42 FRAME COMPONENTS 3-43 FRAME SPACE REQUIREMENTS 3-45 567/579 FAMILY 2017 EMISSIONS 3-51 SECTION 4: BODY MOUNTING INTRODUCTION 4-1 FRAME RAILS 4-1 CRITICAL CLEARANCES 4-2 BODY MOUNTING USING BRACKETS 4-3 BODY MOUNTING USING U–BOLTS 4-7 SECTION 5: FRAME MODIFICATIONS INTRODUCTION 5-1 DRILLING RAILS 5-1 MODIFYING FRAME LENGTH 5-1 CHANGING WHEELBASE 5-1 CROSSMEMBERS 5-2 TORQUE REQUIREMENTS 5-3 WELDING 5-3 SECTION 6: CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN) COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION 6-1 SAE J1939 6-2 PARAMETER GROUP NUMBER 6-2 SUSPECT PARAMETER NUMBER 6-2 CAN MESSAGES AVAILABLE ON BODY CONNECTIONS 6-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 7: ELECTRICAL INTRODUCTION 7-1 ELECTRICAL ACRONYM LIBRARY 7-1 ELECTRICAL WIRING -
Parameter Sensitivity of the Dynamic Roll Over Threshold
7th International Svmposium on Heavv Vehicle Weights & Dimensions Delft. The Netherlands• .June 16 - 20. 2002 PARAMETER SENSITIVITY OF THE DYNAMIC ROLLOVER THRESHOLD Erik Dahlberg Scania cv AB, SE - 151 87 Sodertalje, Sweden ABSTRACT Knowledge of commercial vehicle rollover mechanics, required in the development of active dynamic control systems and when designing for increased safety, commonly relies on static analysis providing the steady state rollover threshold, SSRT. In a rolling vehicle kinetic energy is always present and that deteriorates the analysis of roll stability from SSRT. Therefore, knowledge of the dynamic rollover threshold, DRT, is equally relevant. In order to investigate the parameter sensitivity of the dynamic rollover threshold, the Taguchi method is applied: simulations are performed according to a specific plan forming an orthogonal matrix existing of high, medium and low parameter values. The influences from five test parameters on SSRT as well as DRT of a truck and a tractor semitrailer combination are calculated, including the corresponding parameter interaction effects. Investigated parameters are frame roll stiffness plus axle roll stiffnesses and roll center heights offront and rear axles. Results show that the different vehicles are unequally sensitive to parameter changes: the rear axle roll characteristics are the most important semi trailer parameters, while the front axle roll stiffness is most important for the truck. An important result yielding from this is that two vehicles can be equally stable statically but different dynamical!.\'. INTRODUCTION Commercial vehicle roll over has grave implications: the accident type contributes substantially to injuries but also to environmental damage. Several vehicle occupants are seriously injured or killed every year and vehicles carrying hazardous goods often waste it. -
L761 Rev J 01-20 © 2009 – 2020 Hendrickson USA, L.L.C
UNDERSTANDING TRAILER AIR SUSPENSIONS Trailer Commercial Vehicle Systems A true innovator in the industry, Hendrickson is always on the brink of new and exciting products to adapt to an ever-changing market. With goals of reliability, quality and durability, Hendrickson has proven to be the favored choice in the trailer air suspension market. ULTRAA-K® UTKNT VANTRAAX® HKANT INTRAAX® AAZ HT™ SERIES HT230T INTRAAX® AAL INTRAAX® AANT INTRAAX® AAT RCA CONNEX™-ST CONNEX™ 866-RIDEAIR (743-3247) www.hendrickson-intl.com UNDERSTANDING AIR SUSPENSIONS Table of Contents Overview Air Suspensions ...............................2 Understanding Ride ....................................4 Understanding Roll Stability .............................6 Smart Spec’ing Tips ....................................8 TIREMAAX® .........................................10 User Friendly QUIK-DRAW® .............................12 VANTRAAX® HKANT Controlling Ride Height ...............................14 Loading Dock Solutions ...............................16 Value-Added Features and Options ......................18 Extended-Service Wheel-Ends ...........................20 Brake Efficiency ......................................22 Vehicle Controls .....................................24 Aftermarket .........................................26 Trailer Suspensions ...................................28 Standard Terminology .................................34 Applications. 36 UNDERSTANDING AIR SUSPENSIONS OVERVIEW Air Suspensions The popularity of air suspensions has grown in -
Truck Size and Weight Study Phase I: Working Papers 1 and 2 Combined
Truck Size and Weight Study Phase I: Working Papers 1 and 2 combined Vehicle Characteristics Affecting Safety Paul S. Fancher Kenneth L. Campbell University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute This paper addresses the relationship of truck size and weight (TS&W) policy, vehicle handling and stability, and safety. Handling and stability are the primary mechanisms relating vehicle characteristics and safety. Vehicle characteristics may also affect safety by mechanisms other than handling and stability. For example, vehicle length may affect safety through interactions with other vehicles, such as passing maneuvers and in clearing intersections, in addition to its influence on vehicle handling and stability. However, the safety effect of vehicle length due to its influence on handling and stability is within the scope of this paper, while safety effects arising through mechanisms other than handling and stability, such as passing and intersection clearance, are not. There is no direct relationship between TS&W policy and safety. Vehicle characteristics are altered in response to TS&W policy, and vehicle characteristics also influence handling and stability. A wide variety of vehicle characteristics may satisfy a given TS&W policy, and a wide range of safety effects can result. This paper begins with a discussion of the recent history of TS&W policy, and the influence of past policy on safety. The technical relationships between vehicle characteristics and safety are summarized in Section 2. This material has been condensed from a rather large body of literature. Performance measures are introduced to describe (quantify) the capability of the vehicle in various maneuvers. The material in Section 2 summarizes the relationship of various vehicle characteristics and pertinent performance measures (roll threshold, rearward amplification, braking efficiency, and offtracking). -
Trailer Axle Codes
Trailer Axle Codes Example Axle Part Number — R225S567L715 Below is a breakdown of what our axle part numbers mean: Spindle — ( R225S567L715 ) “R” - Tapered spindle - HM212049/HM218248 bearing combination “P” - Parallel spindle - HM518445/HM518445 bearing combination Wall Thickness — ( R225S567L715 ) “200” - 5/8" Wall rated at 20,000 lbs for air ride, 22,500 lbs for spring suspensions “225” - 5/8" Wall rated at 22,500 lbs for air ride, 25,000 lbs for spring suspensions “250” - 3/4" Wall rated at 25,000 lbs for air ride, 27,500 lbs for spring suspensions Axle Tube — ( R225S567L715 ) “S” - Straight “D” - 6" Drop center Available Axles: Axle Tube Size — ( R225S567L715 ) “R” Series “5” - 5" Round R200D567X715 - 6" Drop center R225S527L715 - 12.25" Brakes Brake Drum Diameter — ( R225S567L715 ) R225S567L715 “6” - 16.5" Drum diameter R225S567L775 “2” - 12.25" Drum diameter R250S527L775 - 12.25" Brakes R250S567L715 Brake Shoe Width — ( R225S567L715 ) R250S567L775 “7” - 7" wide shoe with 16.5" drum “7” - 7.5" wide shoe with 12.25" drum “P” Series P225S567L715 Cam Length — ( R225S567L715 ) P225S567L775 “L” - Straight axle long cam - 24.12" P250S567L715 “X” - Drop center axle - 22.40" P250S567L775 Axle Track — ( R225S567L715 ) “715” - 71.5" axle track “775” - 77.5" axle track (continued on page 2) Trailer Axle Component Options Part Qty/Axle Part Number Description “R” Series - Hub Pilot Wheels 11-0656A-71 Hub Options 2 Short Metric Stud - Steel Wheels 11-0656A-72 Long Metric Stud - Aluminum Wheels Wheel Nuts 20 13-3052 22mm Nut - 33mm Hex “R” Series -
Q1. How Does the Toe Angle of the Tires Affect the Acceleration of a Vehicle?
Q1. How does the toe angle of the tires affect the acceleration of a vehicle? Ans:- The toe angle identifies the exact direction the tires are pointed compared to the centerline of the vehicle when viewed from directly above. Toe can also be used to alter a vehicle's handling traits. Increased toe-in will typically result in reduced oversteer, help steady the car and enhance high-speed stability. Increased toe-out will typically result in reduced understeer, helping free up the car, especially during initial turn-in while entering a corner. Q2.What is caster angle? What are the reasons behind giving a positive caster angle to the vehicle? Ans:- Castor angle is the angular displacement of the steering axis from the vertical axis of a steered wheel in a car, motorcycle, bicycle, other vehicle or a vessel, measured in the longitudinal direction. The purpose of this is to provide a degree of self-centering for the steering — the wheel casters around in order to trail behind the axis of steering. This makes a vehicle easier to control and improves its directional stability (reducing its tendency to wander). Positive caster increases negative camber when the wheels are turned due to the geometry of the suspension components. This is good for cornering as it maximizes the area of tire that is in contact with the ground on the outside front wheel, which is under the most load during the turn Q3. What is the reason behind brake-fade? Ans:- Brake fade is caused by a buildup of heat in the braking surfaces and the subsequent changes and reactions in the brake system components and can be experienced with both drum brakes and disc brakes. -
Angles and Measurements 1
Angles & Measurement Adjustments Camber Caster Ride Height Droop Roll Centers/Camber Gain CAMBER Camber aects the car’s side traction. Generally more negative camber means egative____Positive N increased grip in corners since the side-traction of the wheel increases. Adjust front camber so that the front tires wear flat. Adjust rear camber so that the rear tires wear slightly more on the inside. The amount of front camber required to maintain the maximum contact patch also depends on the amount of caster. Higher caster angles (more inclined) require less negative camber, while lower caster angles (more upright) require more negative camber. The amount of front camber required to maintain maximum tire contact largely depends on the amount of caster. A steeper caster angle requires more camber, while a shallower caster angle requires less camber. Front Camber Rear Camber More Negative Camber = More Steering More Negative Camber = Decreases Traction Entering and While Cornering Less Negative Camber = Less Steering Less Negative Camber = Increases Rear Traction Entering and While Cornering to a Point CASTER Caster describes the angle of the front steering block with respect to a line perpendicular to the ground. The primary purpose of having caster is to have a self-centering steering system. Caster angle aects on- and o-power steering, as it tilts the chassis more or less depending on how much caster is applied. It is generally recommended that you use a 10 steeper caster angle (more vertical) on slippery, inconsistent and rough surfaces, and use 5 1 a shallower caster angle (more inclined) on smooth, high-grip surfaces. -
Key Largo Wastewater Treatment District Board of Commissioners Meeting Agenda Item Summary
Key Largo Wastewater Treatment District Board of Commissioners Meeting Agenda Item Summary Meeting Date; Agenda Item Number: H-1 February 16, 2021 Agenda Item Type: Agenda Item Scope: Recommended Action: Information / Presentation Review / Discussion Discussion Department: Sponsor: Finance Maintenance Dept. Subject: Fleet Replacement Plan - Admin Vehicle Summary of Discussion: At the January 5, 2021 KLWTD board meeting. The Board requested that the Admin vehicle purchase portion of the Fleet Replacement plan be placed on the agenda for the Feb. 16, 2021 board meeting. In addition, per Board request, we have included information regarding extended warranty for the Durango, and information regarding the use of employees' personal vehicles. Ea Reviewed I Approved Financial Impact Attachments Operations: 1.Memo 2.Brown & Brown Ins. emails Administration; regarding personal vehicle use Finance: Funding Source: 3.Fleet Replacement Plan for FY21 District Counsel: 4. Vehicle Quote District Clerk: Budgeted: 5. Extended Warranty info Yes 6. Kelley Blue Book info Engineering: El f 2 - //' Approved By: Date: General Manager 12 KLWTD Admin Dept. Vehicle Background: When Ryan Dempsey, Maintenance Manager, brought the fleet replacement plan to the Board, the plan included a replacement vehicle for Admin Dept In FY21, to se ll the Durango on GovDeals. In March 2020, due to Covid-19 policy changes to allow one employee in one vehicle, the Durango was given to Field Dept for use, and has continued to stay with Field Dept. It is no longer available for Admin Dept. use. An Admin Vehicle is used for: Short term Errands: • Monroe County (various offices), DMV, Post Office, KLWTD plant for meetings, records room • Centennial Bank, First St ate Bank • Trips to Marathon and lslamorada for meetings, CPR training; Countywide Meetings Long term trips: • Trips to airport to attend meetings in Tallahassee and Washington DC; Airvac training in Indiana (multiple field employees go at one time, can ta ke Admin vehicle vs. -
L579 DATE: April 2021 REVISION: H
TECHNICAL PROCEDURE TRAILER SUSPENSION SYSTEMS SUBJECT: Alignment Procedures LIT NO: L579 DATE: April 2021 REVISION: H TABLE OF CONTENTS Important Safety Notices ....................................................................................................................... 2 Conventions Applied in This Document ................................................................................................... 2 Explanation of Signal Words ........................................................................................................................ 2 Hyperlinks ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Contacting Hendrickson............................................................................................................................... 2 Relative Literature ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Other relative literature may include: ............................................................................................................ 3 Preparing Trailer for Maintenance Service .................................................................................................... 3 Tools And Equipment ................................................................................................................................... 4 TORX® Sockets ...........................................................................................................................................